La tradición histórica del español de California

Rebeca Acevedo La tradición histórica del español de California RESUMEN : El estado de California siempre se ha caracterizado por su riqueza lin- güística, aun antes de la llegada de los grupos colonizadores de origen europeo. En pleno siglo XXI, California se distingue por su plurilingüismo; sin embargo, después del inglés, el español es la lengua más empleada. En este ensayo se describe la realidad lingüística de la California decimonónica, con el fin de iden- tificar cuándo el español y el inglés entran en contacto y cuáles elementos influ- yeron en la pérdida de las lenguas indígenas ante la expansión de otras lenguas. Tomo en consideración también los elementos que influyeron en la decisión de aprender la lengua invasora. Para evaluar el peso que esos rasgos tienen en la selección de la lengua comunitaria se analizan las diferencias demográficas, cul- turales y de aislamiento o marginalización en la sociedad de la época. PALABRAS CLAVE : desplazamiento lingüístico, lenguas en contacto, bilingüismo. ABSTRACT : California has always had a rich linguistic tradition, even before the arrival of European settlers to the territory. In the twenty-first century, California is still defined by its linguistic diversity. In this article, I am describing the linguis- tic reality of nineteenth- century California in order to highlight the first time the English and Spanish languages came together. It also traces the most important elements that motivated the loss of Indigenous languages while other languages flourished. I am assessing the role that demographic and cultural differences play in the selection of the common language. Rebeca Acevedo KEYWORDS : language shift, language contact, bilingualism. 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La tradción histórica del español de California ^MZ[QLIL TQVO†y[\QKI LM TI[ KWU]VQLILM[ ZMXZM[MV\IZ I TI KWU]VQLIL TM[ LIJI MT QVLyOMVI[LQÅK]T\IJI[QVL]LIMTXZWKM[W LMZMKPWLMUWV\IZIKIJITTW LM KI[\MTTIVQbIKQ~V# XMZW XWZ W\ZW TILW 6WWJ[\IV\MTW[XZQ^QTMOQW[TIKI[\MTTI- \IUJQuV XZWUW^yI MT MUXTMW LMT M[XI- VQbIKQ~VMZIU]aTQUQ\ILIIÅVITM[LMM[\M }WT KWUW TMVO]I NZIVKI 4I I[QUQTIKQ~V XMZQWLWLMJQLWITI[MXIZIKQ~VY]MPIJyI LI QVQKQW XZQVKQXITUMV\M MV\ZM TW[ VQ}W[ MV\ZMTW[X]MJTW[aTI[UQ[QWVM[5]KPW[ ML]KILW[ MV TI[ UQ[QWVM[ -`Q[\MV \M[\Q- QVLyOMVI[KITQNWZVQIVW[[MUIV\MVyIVI]V UWVQW[ LM Y]M ^IZQW[ R~^MVM[ QVLyOMVI[ N]MZILMTIM[NMZILMKWV\ZWTLMTI[UQ[QW- N]MZWV [MTMKKQWVILW[ KWUW I[Q[\MV\M[ LM VM[TW[TTIUILW[»QVLQW[OMV\QTM[¼.IZV- UQ[Q~VXWZ\MVMZPIJQTQLILM[JQTQVO†M[;M [_WZ\Pa2IKS[WV!!IZO]UMV\IVY]M KWVWKM XWZ VWUJZMXZWXQW[WTW\ZM[ Y]M IƒVTW[QVLyOMVI[LMUQ[Q~VW»VM~Å\W[¼ [WJZM[ITQMZWV a N]MZWV MV^QILW[ MV   UIV\MVyIVITUMVW[]V LM[]K]T\]ZI IT KMV\ZW LM 5u`QKW a :WUI XIZI KWV- UI\MZQITaY]Qbn[]VUn[IT\WXWZKMV\IRM \QV]IZ[]ML]KIKQ~V"8MLZWLMTIUQ[Q~V XIZITWVWUI\MZQITaZMTQOQW[W;QVMUJIZ- LM;IV4]Q[7JQ[XW8IJTW<IKa)OIXQ\W OWTI[VMKM[QLILM[LMUIVWLMWJZIMV )UIUQ` LM TI UQ[Q~V LM ;IV 4]Q[ :Ma TW[XZM[QLQW[aZIVKPMZyI[PQ[XIVI[M`QOyIV 5K,WVVMTT "-[OZIKQI[I]VW ]VIUIaWZXIZ\QKQXIKQ~VLMTW[QVLyOMVI[ LMMTTW[8IJTW<IKY]MM`Q[\M]VTQJZW[W- MVM[XIKQW[[MK]TIZM[-[MVM[\I[nZMI[MV JZMTW[T]Q[M}W[a[]TMVO]I-[]VWLMTW[ TI[Y]MTW[QVLyOMVI[\MVLZnV]VIUIaWZ XWKW[\M[\QUWVQW[ QV\MZVW[ KWVMT Y]M [M M`XW[QKQ~VITITMVO]IPQ[XIVI K]MV\I[WJZMTIWZOIVQbIKQ~Va^QLILMTW[ QVLyOMVI[TWKITM[L]ZIV\MM[MXMZQWLW La secularización y el español -TM[XI}WT[MQUX][WMV\WLW[TW[IU- ,MJQLW IT IQ[TIUQMV\W MV Y]M [M MVKWV- JQMV\M[MVTW[Y]MQVÆ]a~MTV]M^WOWJQMZ- \ZIJI+ITQNWZVQIKWVZMTIKQ~VITZM[\WLMT VW [QV ZM[XM\IZ TW[ LMZMKPW[ TQVO†y[\QKW[ XIy[[][PIJQ\IV\M[VW\]^QMZWV]VIXIZ\Q- LM TW[ QVLyOMVI[ -V M[XI}WT [M VWUJZ~ KQXIKQ~VIK\Q^IMVTI[T]KPI[QVLMXMVLMV- I [][ KWU]VQLILM[ [][ M[XIKQW[ OMWOZn- \Q[\I[# XWZ M[W UQ[UW IT TTMOIZ TI[ I]\W- ÅKW[ a I MTTW[ UQ[UW[ IT [MZ JI]\QbILW[ ZQLILM[UM`QKIVI[ITIZMOQ~V VW >ITLu[6WKIJML]LIY]ML]ZIV\M N]MZWV ZMKQJQLW[ KWV U]KPW MV\][QI[UW M[M XMZQWLW MT M[XI}WT MZI TI ƒVQKI TMV- )V\M TI ZM[Q[\MVKQI LM TI WTQOIZY]yI TWKIT O]ITMOy\QUIaTITMVO]ILMXZM[\QOQWY]M a XIZI ZM[WT^MZ MT IQ[TIUQMV\W MV MT Y]M IJZyI LQ^MZ[I[ XW[QJQTQLILM[ IT QVLyOMVI [MMVKWV\ZIJIMT\MZZQ\WZQWMTXZWaMK\WLMT Y]MTIILY]QZQMZI)[yTWM^QLMVKQITIKQ\I V]M^WOWJQMZVWQVLMXMVLQMV\MK]JZyITI[ Y]MWNZMKM0QT\WV!!LMTXILZM)UW- [QO]QMV\M[QVQKQI\Q^I["QVKMV\Q^IZTIXWJTI- Z~[ Y]QMV MV   QVNWZUIJI Y]M ¹KWV KQ~V KQ^QT IJZQZ NZWV\MZI[ a V]M^I[ Z]\I[ \ITY]MPIJTMVUMLQIVIUMV\MTI+I[\QTTI LM KWU]VQKIKQ~V ZM]JQKIZ TI KIXQ\IT a [WV\MVQLW[XWZPuZWM[LMM[\I[V]M^I[\QM- PIKMZ MNMK\Q^I TI [MK]TIZQbIKQ~V LM TI[ ZZI[º  !! 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