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Engineering Microbiomes for Green Technologies

Edited by:
Associate Professor Vijai Kumar Gupta, PhD, Dublin City University, Ireland
Professor Jack A. Gilbert, PhD, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, SIO Biology Section Head, University of California San Diego, United States of America
Professor Meisam Tabatabaei, PhD, Higher Institution Centre of Excellence, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia

Submission Deadline: Closed

This Collection no longer accepts submissions.


Environmental Microbiome, Microbiome,  Biotechnology for Biofuels and BioproductsFungal Biology and Biotechnology and Microbial Cell Factories are calling for submissions to our Collection on 'Engineering Microbiomes for Green Technologies.' We invite Research, Review, Correspondence, Methodology, and Brief report papers in this new cross-journal series, looking at the microbiome engineering-based innovations in biomanufacturing.

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  1. Bloodstream infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) are a significant public health problem, with high morbidity and mortality. Detection and identification of CRAB is essential f...

    Authors: Lin Yu, Jingzhi Zhang, Ze Liu, Chushi Guan, Siyi Liu, Yandong Zhang, Ziman Wu, Xiaodan Zheng, Xianling Zhou and Baoqing Sun
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2025 24:219
  2. The pig industry generates copious amounts of liquid pig manure (LPM), which poses a great challenge to the environment; conventional treatment of the manure is often time-consuming and inefficient. We develop...

    Authors: Bihui Wang, Chunling Chang, Zhigang Wang, Yunlong Hu, Weihui Xu, Wenjing Chen and Neil McLaughlin
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2025 24:175
  3. As outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, we need to approach global net zero CO2 emissions by approximately 2050 to prevent warming beyond 1.5 Â°C and the associated environmental tipping poin...

    Authors: Shaylynn D. Miller, Kathryne C. Ford, Megan C. Gruenberg Cross and Michaela A. TerAvest
    Citation: Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts 2025 18:72
  4. Biosynthesis of CdSe quantum dots is the process of converting metal ions into semiconductor nanomaterials. Studies have shown that CdSe quantum dots synthesized by Saccharomyces cerevisiae are rich in ribosomal ...

    Authors: Jiye Liu, Yong Li, Jiawei Tu, Daiwen Pang, Lipeng Zhong and Zhixiong Xie
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2025 24:152
  5. Fatty acids (FAs) are a class of diverse biomolecules that are essential for a wide variety of biological processes. Recently, ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) have received a lot of attention for their...

    Authors: Michela Cerone, Louise L. Major and Terry K. Smith
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2025 24:142
  6. The production of value-added bioproducts from renewable carbon sources has gained increasing attention in recent years. The aim of this study was to develop economical approaches for the production of prebiot...

    Authors: Lusha Wei, Shuo Sun, Yuan Chen, Xin An, Hanning Wu and Yifei Wu
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2025 24:139
  7. The modification of single or multiple genes via metabolic engineering can lead to the dysregulation of central metabolism and affect bacterial growth and metabolite accumulation. Meanwhile, transcription fact...

    Authors: Xiangjun Zhang, Lu Liu, Pilian Niu, Tong Ye, Wei Ding, Xiaobo Wei, Junnan Xu, Haitian Fang and Huiyan Liu
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2025 24:103
  8. Microbial communities associated with roots play a crucial role in the growth and health of plants and are constantly influenced by plant development and alterations in the soil environment. Despite extensive ...

    Authors: Honglei Ren, Huilong Hong, Bire Zha, Sobhi F. Lamlom, Hongmei Qiu, Yongqiang Cao, Rujian Sun, Haorang Wang, Junkui Ma, Hengbin Zhang, Liping Sun, Qing Yang, Changjun Zhou, Xiulin Liu, Xueyang Wang, Chunlei Zhang…
    Citation: Microbiome 2025 13:105
  9. The global energy crisis, driven by economic growth and the increasing demand for energy, highlights the urgency of searching for alternative energy sources to mitigate environmental pollution and climate chan...

    Authors: Raíza dos Santos Azevedo, Hugo Santana, Vinícius Rosa Seus, Alex Dias Camargo, Adriano Velasque Werhli, Karina dos Santos Machado, Letícia Jungmann Cançado, Betania Ferraz Quirino and Luis Fernando Marins
    Citation: Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts 2025 18:44
  10. The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolism of Schizochytrium, an excellent oil-producing microorganism, is closely related to phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis, which favors the migration and accumulation ...

    Authors: Xiaowen Cui, Tingting Chen, Yizhen Meng, Xueshan Pan, Ruizhe Wu, Yinghua Lu, Chuanyi Yao, Xihuang Lin and Xueping Ling
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2025 24:81
  11. The use of biocatalysis technology to manufacture rare natural products can solve the contradiction between the market demand for rare natural products in large health industry fields and the protection and su...

    Authors: Saijian Ma, Chao An, Wenjiao Xue, Chen Liu, Hao Ding, Qiwen Zhang, Xinwei Shi, Jingjing Zhang, Yao Liu and Jingjing Shao
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2025 24:80
  12. Cyanobacteria bear great biotechnological potential as photosynthetic cell factories. In particular, hydrogenases are promising with respect to light-driven H2 production as well as H2-driven redox biocatalysis. ...

    Authors: Sara Lupacchini, Ron Stauder, Franz Opel, Stephan Klähn, Andreas Schmid, Bruno Bühler and Jörg Toepel
    Citation: Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts 2025 18:41
  13. To address the challenge of microbial tolerance in industrial biomanufacturing, we developed an adaptive evolution strategy for Escherichia coli W3110 to enhance its salicylic acid (SA) tolerance. Utilizing a Cme...

    Authors: Kai Wang, Xuewei Pan, Taowei Yang and Zhiming Rao
    Citation: Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts 2025 18:40
  14. Xylanase is an industrial enzyme with diverse applications, including nutritional supplements, agro-waste valorization, and paper pulp bleaching. This study aims to investigate the production of recombinant th...

    Authors: Safaa M. Ali, Nehad Noby, Nadia A. Soliman and Sanaa H. Omar
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2025 24:69
  15. The growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives in bioprocessing, healthcare, and manufacturing has stimulated significant interest in Bacillus subtilis surface display technology. This innovativ...

    Authors: Howra Bahrulolum and Gholamreza Ahmadian
    Citation: Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts 2025 18:34
  16. A variety of probiotics have been utilized as chassis strains and engineered to develop the synthetic probiotics for disease treatment. Among these probiotics, Lactobacilli, which are generally viewed as safe and...

    Authors: Yunpeng Yang, Peijun Yu, Yufei Huang, Wanying Zhang, Yanhong Nie and Changshan Gao
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2025 24:53
  17. Nattokinase, the thrombolytically active substance in the health food natto, nevertheless, its lower thermostability restricts its use in food and pharmaceutical applications. In this study, two heat-resistant...

    Authors: Kongfang Yu, Liangqi Chen, Yaolei Tang, Aixia Ma, Wenhui Zhu, Hong Wang, Xiyu Tang, Yuan Li and Jinyao Li
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2025 24:51
  18. Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is an important zoonotic pathogen. The diseases such as necrotic enteritis (NE), enterotoxemia, gas gangrene and food poisoning caused by its infection seriously threaten ...

    Authors: Zeyu Song, Yanhong Deng, Jichuan Zhang, Zhongmei Wen, Shui Liu, Xuming Deng, Qiaoling Zhang and Qianghua Lv
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2025 24:45
  19. The composition of anaerobically digested sludge is inherently complex, enriched with structurally complex organic compounds and nitrogenous constituents, which are refractory to biodegradation. These characte...

    Authors: Xuefeng Zhu, Shicai Cheng, Zexian Fang, Guangyin Zhen, Xueqin Lu, Hongbo Liu, Jing Qi, Zhen Zhou, Xuedong Zhang and Zhichao Wu
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2025 24:23
  20. Banana Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense is a soil-borne fungal disease. Especially, tropical Race 4 (Foc TR4) can infect almost Cavendish subgroup and has a fatal threat to banana industr...

    Authors: Haiyang Cui, Qifeng Cheng, Tao Jing, Yufeng Chen, Xiaojuan Li, Miaoyi Zhang, Dengfeng Qi, Junting Feng, Farinaz Vafadar, Yongzan Wei, Kai Li, Yankun Zhao, Dengbo Zhou and Jianghui Xie
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2025 24:22
  21. The healthcare sector faces a growing threat from the rise of highly resistant microorganisms, particularly Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR P...

    Authors: Nahed Fathallah Fahmy, Marwa Mahmoud Abdel-Kareem, Heba A. Ahmed, Mena Zarif Helmy and Ekram Abdel-Rahman Mahmoud
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2025 24:6
  22. Pseudomonas putida KT2440, a non-pathogenic soil bacterium, is a key platform strain in synthetic biology and industrial applications due to its robustness and metabolic versatility. Various systems have been dev...

    Authors: Qifeng Wen, JinJin Chen, Jin Li, Ida Putu Wiweka Dharmasiddhi, Maohua Yang, Jianmin Xing and Yilan Liu
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2024 23:349
  23. This comprehensive review explores the emergence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) as versatile nanomaterials, particularly exploring their biogenic synthesis methods through different biological entit...

    Authors: Ahmed Ghareeb, Amr Fouda, Rania M. Kishk and Waleed M. El Kazzaz
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2024 23:341
  24. Originally native to South America, tobacco and is now distributed worldwide as a major cash crop. Nicotine is the main harmful component of tobacco leaves, cigarette smoke and tobacco waste, which severely af...

    Authors: Zi-Jia Li, Dong-Dong Yang, Zhi-Yun Wei, Jie Huang, Yi-Qian Chi, You-Xuan Lu and Feng-Wei Yin
    Citation: Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts 2024 17:144
  25. Pharmaceutical residues, now recognized as a new category of environmental pollutants, have potentially risks to both ecosystems and human health effects. Recently, biosorption has emerged as one of the most p...

    Authors: Heba Salah, Nabila Shehata, Noha Khedr and Khaled N. M. Elsayed
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2024 23:329
  26. Xylose from lignocellulose is one of the most abundant and important renewable and green raw materials. It is very important how to efficiently transform xylose into useful bioproducts such as fumaric acid and...

    Authors: Peng Wang, Hao Chen, Xin Wei, Guang-Lei Liu, Zhe Chi, Bo Jiang and Zhen-Ming Chi
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2024 23:327
  27. Bear bile, a valuable animal-derived medicinal substance primarily composed of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), is widely distributed in the medicinal market across various countries due to its significant t...

    Authors: Tang Shijing, Pan Yinping, Yang Qiong, Lou Deshuai, Zhu Liancai, Tan Jun, Liu Shaoyong and Wang Bochu
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2024 23:326
  28. Trichoderma reesei is renowned for its cellulase-producing ability and is used for biofuel production from lignocellulose. In plants and fungi, cellulase production is induced by cellulose and suppressed by gluco...

    Authors: Jiajia Wang, Yumeng Chen, Jiawei Cong and Wei Wang
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2024 23:314
  29. Hypoxanthine, prevalent in animals and plants, is used in the production of food additives, nucleoside antiviral drugs, and disease diagnosis. Current biological fermentation methods synthesize quantities insu...

    Authors: Siyu Zhao, Tangen Shi, Liangwen Li, Zhichao Chen, Changgeng Li, Zichen Yu, Pengjie Sun and Qingyang Xu
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2024 23:309
  30. Myceliophthora thermophila has been engineered as a significant cell factory for malic acid production, yet strategies to further enhance production remain unclear and lack rational guidance. 13C-MFA (13C metabol...

    Authors: Junfeng Jiang, Defei Liu, Jingen Li, Chaoguang Tian, Yingping Zhuang and Jianye Xia
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2024 23:295
  31. The efficient use of softwood in biorefineries is hampered by its recalcitrance to enzymatic saccharification. In the present study, the fungus Thermothielavioides terrestris LPH172 was cultivated on three steam-...

    Authors: Fabio Caputo, Romanos Siaperas, Camila Dias, Efstratios Nikolaivits and Lisbeth Olsson
    Citation: Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts 2024 17:127
  32. The integration of anaerobic digestion into bio-based industries can create synergies that help render anaerobic digestion self-sustaining. Two-stage digesters with separate acidification stages allow for the ...

    Authors: Maximilian Barth, Magdalena Werner, Pascal Otto, Benjamin Richwien, Samira Bahramsari, Maximilian Krause, Benjamin Schwan and Christian Abendroth
    Citation: Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts 2024 17:123
  33. The ability of lignocellulose degradation for filamentous fungi is always attributed to their efficient CAZymes system with broader applications in bioenergy development. ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activat...

    Authors: Tuo Li, Qin Wang, Yang Liu, Jiaguo Wang, Han Zhu, Linhua Cao, Dongyang Liu and Qirong Shen
    Citation: Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts 2024 17:122
  34. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a major cause of viral encephalitis, genital mucosal infections, and neonatal infections. Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) has been proven to be an effective vehicle for deliv...

    Authors: Shaoju Qian, Ruixue Li, Yeqing He, Hexi Wang, Danqiong Zhang, Aiping Sun, Lili Yu, Xiangfeng Song, Tiesuo Zhao, Zhiguo Chen and Zishan Yang
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2024 23:244
  35. Long-term antibiotic treatment results in the increasing resistance of bacteria to antimicrobials drugs, so it is necessary to search for effective alternatives to prevent and treat pathogens that cause diseas...

    Authors: Sobhy S. Abdel-Fatah, Nasser H. Mohammad, Rana. Elshimy and Farag M. Mosallam
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2024 23:240
  36. The composition of the root microbiome affects the host’s growth, with variation in the host genome associated with microbiome variation. However, it is not known whether this intra-specific variation of root ...

    Authors: Christopher J. Barnes, Maria Sophie Bünner, M. Rosario Ramírez-Flores, Ida Broman Nielsen, Jazmin Ramos-Madrigal, Daria Zharikova, Chloee M. McLaughlin, M. Thomas Gilbert and Ruairidh J.H. Sawers
    Citation: Environmental Microbiome 2024 19:64
  37. Lignocellulose is a renewable and sustainable resource used to produce second-generation biofuel ethanol to cope with the resource and energy crisis. Furfural is the most toxic inhibitor of Saccharomyces cerevisi...

    Authors: Junle Ren, Miaomiao Zhang, Xiaopeng Guo, Xiang Zhou, Nan Ding, Cairong Lei, Chenglin Jia, Yajuan Wang, Jingru Zhao, Ziyi Dong and Dong Lu
    Citation: Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts 2024 17:117
  38. Bioaugmentation is considered a sustainable and cost-effective methodology to recover contaminated environments, but its outcome is highly variable. Predation is a key top-down control mechanism affecting inoc...

    Authors: Esteban E. Nieto, Stephanie D. Jurburg, Nicole Steinbach, Sabrina Festa, Irma S. Morelli, Bibiana M. Coppotelli and Antonis Chatzinotas
    Citation: Microbiome 2024 12:146
  39. Acetogens, a diverse group of anaerobic autotrophic bacteria, are promising whole-cell biocatalysts that fix CO2 during their growth. However, because of energetic constraints, acetogens exhibit slow growth and t...

    Authors: Alexander Mook, Jan Herzog, Paul Walther, Peter Dürre and Frank R. Bengelsdorf
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2024 23:213
  40. Over the last two decades, hybridization has been a powerful tool used to construct superior yeast for brewing and winemaking. Novel hybrids were primarily constructed using at least one Saccharomyces cerevisiae ...

    Authors: Karolina Drężek, Zsuzsa Antunovics and Agnieszka Karolina Grabiec
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2024 23:203
  41. The holistic characterization of different microbiomes in anaerobic digestion (AD) systems can contribute to a better understanding of these systems and provide starting points for bioengineering. The present ...

    Authors: Pascal Otto, Roser Puchol-Royo, Asier Ortega-Legarreta, Kristie Tanner, Jeroen Tideman, Sjoerd-Jan de Vries, Javier Pascual, Manuel Porcar, Adriel Latorre-Pérez and Christian Abendroth
    Citation: Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts 2024 17:84
  42. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) recently received much attention due to its potential application in many fields such as medicine, nutrition and agriculture. Metabolic engineering is an efficient strategy to impro...

    Authors: Yuting Yang, Yuhong Zou, Xi Chen, Haidong Sun, Xia Hua, Lee Johnston, Xiangfang Zeng, Shiyan Qiao and Changchuan Ye
    Citation: Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts 2024 17:82
  43. Biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles using microorganisms are a fabulous and emerging eco-friendly science with well-defined sizes, shapes and controlled monodispersity. Copper nanoparticles, among other met...

    Authors: Nahla M. Abdel Aziz, Doaa A. Goda, Dina I. Abdel-Meguid, Ebaa E. EL-Sharouny and Nadia A. Soliman
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2024 23:156
  44. Thermotolerance is widely acknowledged as a pivotal factor for fungal survival across diverse habitats. Heat stress induces a cascade of disruptions in various life processes, especially in the acquisition of ...

    Authors: Tuo Li, Yang Liu, Han Zhu, Linhua Cao, Yihao Zhou, Dongyang Liu and Qirong Shen
    Citation: Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts 2024 17:54
  45. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are cost-effective carbon sources for an affordable production of lipids. Hexanoic acid, the acid with the longest carbon chain in the SCFAs pool, is produced in anaerobic ferme...

    Authors: Sergio Morales-Palomo, Clara Navarrete, José Luis Martínez, Cristina González-Fernández and Elia Tomás-Pejó
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2024 23:101
  46. Microorganisms are responsible for nutrient removal and resource recovery in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and their diversity is often studied by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. However, this approa...

    Authors: Huifeng Hu, Jannie Munk Kristensen, Craig William Herbold, Petra Pjevac, Katharina Kitzinger, Bela Hausmann, Morten Kam Dahl Dueholm, Per Halkjaer Nielsen and Michael Wagner
    Citation: Microbiome 2024 12:55
  47. One of the leading current trends in technology is the miniaturization of devices to the microscale and nanoscale. The highly advanced approaches are based on biological systems, subjected to bioengineering us...

    Authors: Joanna Żebrowska, Piotr Mucha, Maciej Prusinowski, Daria Krefft, Agnieszka Żylicz-Stachula, Milena Deptuła, Aneta Skoniecka, Agata Tymińska, Małgorzata Zawrzykraj, Jacek Zieliński, Michał Pikuła and Piotr M. Skowron
    Citation: Microbial Cell Factories 2024 23:81
  48. Biodiesel, an emerging sustainable and renewable clean energy, has garnered considerable attention as an alternative to fossil fuels. Although lipases are promising catalysts for biodiesel production, their ef...

    Authors: Jinsha Huang, Xiaoman Xie, Wanlin Zheng, Li Xu, Jinyong Yan, Ying Wu, Min Yang and Yunjun Yan
    Citation: Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts 2024 17:33

About the collection

Environmental Microbiome, Microbiome,  Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts, Fungal Biology and Biotechnology and Microbial Cell Factories are calling for submissions to our Collection on 'Engineering Microbiomes for Green Technologies.' 

The association of microbial communities with their surrounding environments directly or indirectly influences the biosynthesis of metabolites by regulating metabolic pathways. Functional core microbiomes (FCM) are emerging as novel microbial tools to accelerate the production of biomolecules and bioproducts, with a huge demand for agri-food-energy and environmental sectors. Owing to the complexity of the microbiome's interactions with its respective environment and the large diversity of microbes still remaining poorly described, the precise engineering of FCMs for producing bioproducts will need planned and collective efforts.

On a different front, contaminants seriously impact human health and the sustainability of the environment. Similarly, emerging microbiomes can also be an effective, low-cost and eco-friendly approach for developing biotechnological solutions in this context. Implementation of engineered microbiomes and metagenomics are regarded as advanced solutions for their applications in greener technologies and waste management at lower costs and energy use and in a more environmentally responsible way. The engineering of microbiomes can be utilized to alter the microbiota's structural components and restore ecological equilibrium. Given the above, more advanced technologies and reliable strategies must be developed in this domain. 

The application of microfluidics, synthetic biology, genome editing, machine learning, and big data processing to carry out more complex FCM screening will not only increase our capability in developing FCM(s)-based innovative bioformulations but will also improve specific bioproducts production, particularly the ones which are synthesized in minute quantities. Active collaborations among agriculturists, chemists, engineers, microbiologists, and data analysts are needed to identify/isolate FCMs, develop large data sets from screening platforms, and increase biomics-editing abilities. Engineered FCM can be used to develop renewable biofuels, biochemicals, and therapeutics.  

In light of the above, this Collection on Engineering Microbiomes for Green Technologies will cover recent advancements in the understanding of evolution of microbiome consortia, the latest signature microbiome-based development, and biotechnological solutions for sustainable environmental management and bioproduction systems in the wake of emerging challenges, including climate change. The significance and present use of microbiome engineering will be the key focus, especially on how it affects agriculture, the environment, and human health. This collection also covers the difficulties in engineering microbiomes and their prospective applications. We invite Research, Review, Correspondence, Methodology, and Brief report papers in this new cross-journal series, looking at the microbiome engineering-based innovations in biomanufacturing. Submissions are welcomed to Environmental Microbiome, Microbiome, Fungal Biology and BiotechnologyBiotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts, and Microbial Cell Factories.


Image credit: Â© Lazy_Bear / stock.adobe.com

Submission Guidelines

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This Collection welcomes submission of Research Article, Review, Correspondence, Methodology, and Brief report papers. Before submitting your manuscript, please ensure you have read the submission guidelines of the journal you are submitting to Environmental Microbiome, Microbiome,  Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts, Fungal Biology and Biotechnology and Microbial Cell FactoriesArticles for this Collection should be submitted via our submission system, SnappDuring the submission process you will be asked whether you are submitting to a Collection, please select "Engineering Microbiomes for Green Technologies" from the dropdown menu.

Articles will undergo the standard peer-review process of the journal they are considered in Environmental Microbiome, Microbiome,  Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts, Fungal Biology and Biotechnology and Microbial Cell Factories and are subject to all of the journal’s standard policies. Articles will be added to the Collection as they are published.

The Guest Editors have no competing interests with the submissions which they handle through the peer review process. The peer review of any submissions for which the Guest Editors have competing interests is handled by another Editorial Board Member who has no competing interests.