This Review discusses the scientific and technological breakthroughs reshaping transplant medicine, with a focus on the transformative role of artificial intelligence, xenotransplantation and tissue engineering as new sources of organs, and novel approaches to immunosuppression.

Recent progress on Alzheimer’s disease shows what we gain when scientists work together — and what the world loses when bad policies force them apart.

A new Global Neurodegeneration Proteomics Consortium provides a wealth of data to boost mechanistic understanding, biomarker research and drug development during aging and in neurodegenerative diseases — and dementia in particular.

Laurence Zitvogel reflects on the essential contribution of the immune system to the efficacy of anticancer chemotherapy.

A free-living trial in people with overweight or obesity found that minimally processed diets led to greater weight loss and cardiometabolic improvements than ultraprocessed diets following UK healthy eating guidelines at 8 weeks.

Five-year follow-up and prespecified exploratory biomarker analysis from the phase 3 KEYNOTE-426 trial show that pembrolizumab plus axitinib compared to sunitinib as first-line therapy continues to show overall and progression-free survival benefits in patients with advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma and indicate that a T-cell-inflamed gene expression profile is predictive of response.

Multimodal data from 347 deeply phenotyped individuals including healthy, prediabetic individuals and individuals with T2D report remotely acquired patterns of glucose control via continuous glucose monitoring, and correlates them with diet and microbiome features and physiological signals, showing that these are able to discriminate individuals with T2D from control also in a large independent cohort.

Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of immune cells in the blood and liver of a human decedent receiving a pig liver xenograft reveals impaired adaptive immunity and monocyte features that may induce T cell exhaustion and contribute to platelet activation.

On the basis of encouraging preclinical activity, an anti-CEACAM5 antibody–drug conjugate with a topoisomerase 1 inhibitor payload is being tested in an ongoing phase 1 trial where recommended doses for further testing have been identified and an unconfirmed overall response rate of 15% was observed in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.

In a large cross-national study, education was linked to better memory and larger brain volumes but not to slower cognitive or brain decline with age, suggesting that the association reflects early-life factors rather than neuroprotective effects in aging.

After decades of underinvestment, the development of antifungal drugs is gaining momentum.

A new analysis shows that more-permissive state-level firearm laws have contributed to thousands of excess firearm-related child deaths, while a few states enacting stricter laws have seen these death rates decrease.

For women carrying pathogenic mitochondrial DNA variants, a novel technique — involving transfer of their nuclear DNA to an enucleated donor egg — resulted in successful pregnancies and healthy children.

DeepSeek’s potential for on-premises deployment in hospitals reveals a regulatory ‘gray area’ that requires enhanced guidance.

We propose a new nomenclature for mpox virus lineages with sustained human-to-human transmission to improve tracking, communication and public health response.