OUR LADY OF LOURDES COLLEGE FOUNDATION
Vinzons Avenue, Daet, Camarines Norte
Tel, Number 154-721-3254
MODULE 1
GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENTS
Introduction to Science
1. Historical antecedents in which social considerations changed the course of science and technology.
a) Introduction
b) In the World: Ancient, Middle and Modern Ages
c) In the Philippines
LEARNING OUTCOME
✓ Discuss the general concept of Science and Technology by answering 15 item quiz
✓ Discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history through activities
✓ Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society by answering an essay type
quiz.
Prepared by:
Enrico Daryl S. Francisco
Instructor
Vision: A locally-responsible and globally-competitive learning institution capable of producing highly competent, morally upright and productive citizenry
Mission: OLLCF is committed to provide dynamic, excellent and client-oriented services to ensure relevant and quality higher education accessible to all.
Goal: Relevant and quality higher education accessible to all.
OUR LADY OF LOURDES COLLEGE FOUNDATION
Vinzons Avenue, Daet, Camarines Norte
Tel, Number 154-721-3254
Introduction to Science, Technology & Society
Science
• From the Latin “scientia” meaning knowledge
• It refers to a systematic and methodical activity of building and organizing knowledge about how
the universe behaves through observation, experimentation or both
John Heilbron
• Science is a discovery as well as inventions
• A discovery in of regularity in nature, enough for natural phenomena to be described by
principles and laws
• Science required invention to devise techniques, abstractions, apparatuses, and organizations to
describe these natural regularities and their law-like description
Technology
• Application of scientific knowledge, laws, and principles to produce services, materials, tools,
and machines aimed at solving real-world problems.
• From the Greek root word techne meaning art skill or cunning of hand
Wolpert (2005)
• Made an interesting comparison between science and technology that is helpful in the study of
their interaction with society
• In his landmark paper, The Medawar Lecture 1998: Is Science Dangerous? He explained that
reliable scientific knowledge has no moral or ethical values.
• It is simple explain how nature and the universe work and that the obligations of scientist, beside
studying the nature of the universe is to explain the possible uses and applications of such
scientific knowledge
• Scientist are not responsible for the application of knowledge in technology
• Its honest interpretation and dissemination, technological application of science are influenced by
other sectors such as politics and governance, religion, and business.
Nowadays, advancement in science and technology have become pervasive.
They are manifested in the activities that humans pursue and the tools they use everyday
However, the dynamism and immensity of scientific knowledge and technological progress also pose
challenges and drawbacks to the way of human live.
• The introduction of machine tremendously cut the need for human workforce and gave rise to
questions about whether machines will eventually replace humans
• The inventions of drugs that cure previously incurable diseases introduced new strains of
bacteria and viruses that are resistant to the very same drug that once fought them. – take an
antibiotic resistant strain of gonorrhea as an example
• The rise of social media drastically changed the way humans communicate, interact, and
share information; however, this tends to puts people’s privacy at risks.
Vision: A locally-responsible and globally-competitive learning institution capable of producing highly competent, morally upright and productive citizenry
Mission: OLLCF is committed to provide dynamic, excellent and client-oriented services to ensure relevant and quality higher education accessible to all.
Goal: Relevant and quality higher education accessible to all.
OUR LADY OF LOURDES COLLEGE FOUNDATION
Vinzons Avenue, Daet, Camarines Norte
Tel, Number 154-721-3254
Indeed, science and technology have served a predominantly double edge in function
Science, Technology, and Society
A relatively field that combines previously independent and older principles such as the history of
science, philosophy of science, and sociology of science
In general, STS applies methods drawn from history, philosophy, and sociology to study the nature of
science and technology and ultimately judge their value and place in society.
STS seeks to bridge the gap between two traditionally exclusive cultures
• Humanities (interpretive)
• Natural Science (rational)
John J. Reilly Center for Science, Technology, and Values – responsible for listing 10 emerging dilemma
ethical dilemmas and policy issue in science and technology every year. Below is the list for 2018
1. Helix – a digital app store designed to read genomes
2. BlessU-2 and Pepper – first robot priest and monk
3. Emotion-Sensing Facial Recognition – a software being developed to assess your reactions to
anything such as shopping and playing games
4. Ransomware – a way of holding data hostages through hacking and requiring a ransom to be
paid
5. Textalyzer – a device that analyzes whether a driver was using his or her phone during an
accident
6. Social Credit System – a system of scoring citizen through their action by placing them under
constant surveillance.
7. Google Chips – a hands-free camera that lets the user capture every moment effortlessly.
8. Sentencing Software – a mysterious algorithm designed to aid courts in sentencing decisions
9. Friendbot – an app that stores the deceased’s digital footprint so one can still “chat” with them.
10. Citizen App – an app that notifies users of ongoing crimes or major event in a specific area.
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology
• One of the key interests of STS as an academic field is the history of science and technology
• It explores the impacts of scientific and technological innovations on the prevailing social,
cultural, political, and economic contexts throughout history
• An antecedent is defined as precursor to the unfolding or existence of something
Vision: A locally-responsible and globally-competitive learning institution capable of producing highly competent, morally upright and productive citizenry
Mission: OLLCF is committed to provide dynamic, excellent and client-oriented services to ensure relevant and quality higher education accessible to all.
Goal: Relevant and quality higher education accessible to all.
OUR LADY OF LOURDES COLLEGE FOUNDATION
Vinzons Avenue, Daet, Camarines Norte
Tel, Number 154-721-3254
ANCIENT PERIOD
The rise of ancient civilization paved the way for advances in science and technology. These advances
during period allowed civilizations to flourish by finding better ways of communication, transportation,
self-organization, and of living in general
1. Ancient Wheel
Used animals for transportation long before the invention of the
wheel. No one knows exactly who invented the wheel and when.
There is, however a general agreement that the ancient wheel grow
out of a mechanical device called potter’s wheel a heavy flat disk
made of hardened clay which was spun horizontally on an axis.
2. Paper
Roughly around 3000BC, the ancient Egyptians began writing on papyrus, a
material similar to thich paper. Papyrus is made from the pith of the papyrus
plant Cyperus papyrus
Before Egyptians invented the papyrus, writing was done on
stone. Because of the difficulty of writing on stone writing was
reserved only for very important occasion
3. Shadoof
It was an early tool invented and used by ancient Egyptians to irrigate land.
The shadoof, also spelled as shaduf, is a hand-operated device used for lifting
water. Because of this invention, irrigation and farming became much more
efficient. The shadoof is also believed to be an ancient precursor of more
sophisticated irrigation tools.
4. Antikythera mechanism
Even before the inventions of the antecedents of the modern
computer, the Greek had already invented the ancient worlds
analog computer orrery
It is akin to clock in the way that the case has a circular face and
rotating hands. A knob on the side makes t possible for it to be
wound forward or backward. As this knob moves forward or
backward, it mechanism allows it to display celestial time
It is used to predict astronomical positions and eclipse for
calendar and astrological purposes
Vision: A locally-responsible and globally-competitive learning institution capable of producing highly competent, morally upright and productive citizenry
Mission: OLLCF is committed to provide dynamic, excellent and client-oriented services to ensure relevant and quality higher education accessible to all.
Goal: Relevant and quality higher education accessible to all.
OUR LADY OF LOURDES COLLEGE FOUNDATION
Vinzons Avenue, Daet, Camarines Norte
Tel, Number 154-721-3254
5. Aeolipile (Hero’s Engine)
Is widely believed to be the ancient precursor of the steam engine.
Hero of Alexandria
The aeolipiles a steam powered turbine which spun when the water
container at is center was heated, thus making it practically the first
rudimentary steam engine
6. Spinning Wheel
Another important invention of the Middle Ages is the spinning wheel, a
machine used for transforming fibers into thread or yarn and eventually
woven into cloth on a loom
MODERN AGES
As the world populations steadily increased, people of the modern ages realized the utmost importance of
increasing the efficiency of transportation, communication and production
1. Compound Microscope
A Dutch spectacle maker named Zacharias Jansen
is credited for the inventions o the first compound
microscope in 1590
This led to an amazing discovery that an object,
when placed near the end of the tube, can be
magnified far larger than what a simple
magnifying lens can do. Janssen’s compound
microscope was an important progression form
the single lens
Today the compound microscope is an important
instrument in many scientific studies such as in the
areas of medicine, forensic studies, tissue analysis,
atomic studies, and genetics.
Vision: A locally-responsible and globally-competitive learning institution capable of producing highly competent, morally upright and productive citizenry
Mission: OLLCF is committed to provide dynamic, excellent and client-oriented services to ensure relevant and quality higher education accessible to all.
Goal: Relevant and quality higher education accessible to all.
OUR LADY OF LOURDES COLLEGE FOUNDATION
Vinzons Avenue, Daet, Camarines Norte
Tel, Number 154-721-3254
2. Telescope
Most important technological invention in the study of
astronomy during the Modern Ages was the practical
telescope invented by Galileo Galilei
It was Galileo who first used the telescope skyward and
made important astronomical discoveries and identified the
presence of craters and mountains on the moon
3. Jacuard Loom
The most critical drivers of the revolution
Build by French weaver Joseph Marie Jacquard, the
Jacquard loom simplifies textile manufacturing. Prior to
the invention, a drawloom was used which required two
individuals to operate – the weaver and a drawboy
MIDDLE AGES
1. Heavy Plough
The most important technological innovations
during the Middle Ages is the invention of
heavy plough.
Clay soil despite being more fertile than lighter
types of soil, was not cultivated because of its
heavy weight. However, through the
inventions of the heavy plough, it became
possible to harness clay soil
The heavy plough turned European agriculture and economy on its head. Suddenly the fields with the
fatty, and moist clay soils became those that gave the
greatest yields
2. Gunpowder
Chinese alchemist accidentally invented black powder.
Multiple account suggest that the gunpowder might have
been an unintended by product of attempts made by the
Vision: A locally-responsible and globally-competitive learning institution capable of producing highly competent, morally upright and productive citizenry
Mission: OLLCF is committed to provide dynamic, excellent and client-oriented services to ensure relevant and quality higher education accessible to all.
Goal: Relevant and quality higher education accessible to all.
OUR LADY OF LOURDES COLLEGE FOUNDATION
Vinzons Avenue, Daet, Camarines Norte
Tel, Number 154-721-3254
Chinese to invent the elixir of life, which is why the Chinese called it huoyao, roughly translated as fire
potion
3. Paper Money
Although it was not until the 17th century that ba nk notes
began to be used Europe
Before the introduction of paper money, precious metals
such as gold and silver were used as currency. However,
the idea of assigning value to marked piece of paper did
not immediately popular.
4. Mechanical Clock
The development of mechanical clocks paved the way for
accurately keeping track of time. The sophistication of clockwork
technology of the mechanical clock drastically changed way days
were spent and work patter were established.
5. Engine Powered Airplane
Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright are credited for designing and successfully operating the first
engine powered aircraft. The Wright brothers approached the design of powered aircraft flight
scientifically.
They demonstrated their own flying machine patent showing that slightly – tilted wings, which they
referred to as aeroplanes, were the key features of a powered aircraft. Their pioneering success
marked an age of powered flights
6. Television
The Scottish engineer John Logie Baird is largely
credited for the inventions of the modern
television. Baird successfully televised objects in
outline in 1924, recognizable human faces in
1925, and moving objects in 1926, and projected
colored images in 1928.
Baird’s television technology caught on really
swiftly. In fact, the British Broadcasting
Corporation (BBC) used this for its earliest
television programming in 1929.
Vision: A locally-responsible and globally-competitive learning institution capable of producing highly competent, morally upright and productive citizenry
Mission: OLLCF is committed to provide dynamic, excellent and client-oriented services to ensure relevant and quality higher education accessible to all.
Goal: Relevant and quality higher education accessible to all.
OUR LADY OF LOURDES COLLEGE FOUNDATION
Vinzons Avenue, Daet, Camarines Norte
Tel, Number 154-721-3254
Inventions by Filipino Scientist
Throughout Philippine History, Filipinos are responsible for developing many scientific and technological
innovations focused on navigation, traditional shipbuilding, textiles, food processing, indigenous arts and
techniques, and even cultural inventions
1. Electronic Jeepney (e-Jeepney)
Most recognizable national symbols of the Philippines and the most popular mode of public
transportation in the country.
Jeepney were designed and improvised from scratch out of military jeeps that the Americans left in
the country after World War II. As demands for more responsive transportation technology arose, the
e jeepney was introduced in Metro Manila and Bacolod City.
E- Jeepneys are designed to be environment friendly, eliminating noise and air pollution as they run
on electricity. They are also more economical for electricity is far cheaper than ordinary diesel,
allowing jeepney driver to earn more profit.
2. Erythromycin
One of the important medical inventions is the
Erythromycin. The Ilonggo scientist Abelardo
Aguilar invented this antibiotic out of a strain of
bacterium called Streptomyces erythreus, from
which this drug derived its name.
However, Aguilar was not credited for this discovery
by Eli Lilli Co., Aguilar’s US employer, to whom he
sent the strain for separation. The US company
eventually owned the merits for this discovery
3. Medical Incubator
World – renowned Filipino pediatrician
and national scientist, Fe de Mundo is
credited or the inventions of the
incubator and Jaundice relieving device.
Del mundo was the first woman
pediatrician to be admitted to the
prestigious Harvard University School
of Medicine. She is also the founder of
the first pediatric hospital in the country
In 1977 she won, Ramon Magsaysay Award, Asia’s premier prize granted t outstanding individuals
whose selfless service remarkably contributed to the betterment of the society.
Vision: A locally-responsible and globally-competitive learning institution capable of producing highly competent, morally upright and productive citizenry
Mission: OLLCF is committed to provide dynamic, excellent and client-oriented services to ensure relevant and quality higher education accessible to all.
Goal: Relevant and quality higher education accessible to all.
OUR LADY OF LOURDES COLLEGE FOUNDATION
Vinzons Avenue, Daet, Camarines Norte
Tel, Number 154-721-3254
Her original improvised incubator consisted of two native laundry basket of different sizes that are
placed one inside the other. Warmth is generated by bottles with hot water placed around the baskets.
A makeshift hood over the baskets allows oxygen to circulate inside the incubator
4. Mole Remover
In 2000 a local invention that had the ability easily
remove moles and warts on the skin without the
need for any surgical procedure shot to fame,
Rolando dela Cruz is credite for the invention of a
local more remover that made use of extracts of
casher nuts (Annacardium occidentale)
The indigenous formula easily caught on for its
accessibility, affordability, and painless and scar
less procedure. He won a gold medal for this
invention in the International Invention,
Innovation, Industrial Design, and Technology
Exhibition in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in 2000
5. Banana Ketchup
Filipino food technologist, Maria Orosa is credited for the invention of banana
ketchup, a variety of ketchup different from the commonly known tomato
ketchup.
He inventions appeals particularly to Filipinos who love using condiments to
go along with their food
As a result, Orosa developed a variety of ketchup that made use of mashed
banana, sugar, vinegar and spices, which were all readily available. Orosa
Banana ketchup is brownish yellow in natural color, but is dyed red to
resemble the color o the most loved tomato ketchup.
Vision: A locally-responsible and globally-competitive learning institution capable of producing highly competent, morally upright and productive citizenry
Mission: OLLCF is committed to provide dynamic, excellent and client-oriented services to ensure relevant and quality higher education accessible to all.
Goal: Relevant and quality higher education accessible to all.
