Mechanical Fundementals

EN6903

Roller Coaster

Mohamed Abbas 202001451 (lunch speed and acceleration)

Mohamed Abbas 202001451 (Power to Launch)
Ahmed Hasan 202000709 (Forces on the cart)
Hussain Sarhan 202002299 (Accident and Safety Systems)
Tutor: Dr. Mohammad El Zayyat
2021-2022

1
1.synopsis:

Going through specific procedures, stages, and instructions we are required to do

an experiment to study the parameters, and all the factors that play important
role in designing a roller coaster. We must start with establishing a special design
which allows the coaster to move and end safely without any engines.
After that we must have some assumptions by doing calculation based on the
theoretical data. Then, we should convert the data that we get in the experiment
with data that we need to study in the roller coaster. Also, we must calculate the
percentage of error, and work on decrease it by fixing the mistakes.
The percentages of error we are not noticed (less than 20%). However, it is
necessary to not neglect these percentages specially in this project because any
mistake could lead to death or injury to one of the roller coaster passengers.

2
Table of Contents

1.synopsis: .................................................................................................................................................... 2

2.1 Research: ................................................................................................................................................ 4

2.2 Design: .................................................................................................................................................... 9

3.1 The launch speed and acceleration: .................................................................................................... 11

3.2 The power to launch:............................................................................................................................ 14

4.1 The Hill: ................................................................................................................................................. 15

4.2 The Loop-the-Loop:............................................................................................................................... 17

4.3 The Loop-the Loop experience: ............................................................................................................ 18

5.1 Colliding parts: ..................................................................................................................................... 19

5.2 Buffer: ................................................................................................................................................... 20

6. Discussion: .............................................................................................................................................. 24

7. Appendix: ................................................................................................................................................ 28

8.Bibliography: ........................................................................................................................................... 30

3
2.1 Research:
Roller coaster: Roller coaster is a railway that carries a train of
passengers through a way that has steep inclines and deep
curves which causes sudden changes in velocity, acceleration,
and direction.

Types of Roller Coasters:

1-Accelerator Coaster: a type of roller coaster that designed to
provide the most excitement for passengers when the speed of
the coaster reaches the highest value at the shortest time

possible.
2-Flying Roller Coaster: a type of roller coasters that
established to simulate the sense of flying to the
passengers or the players. By going into specific
railway which make the passengers feel that they are
flying.
3-Bobseld Roller Coaster: a type of roller coaster which its
railway designed by pipes which allow the coaster to slide
freely to make the passengers feel that the are riding a real
bobsleigh on snow.
4-Standup Coaster: a type of roller coasters which provide
another type of excitement for passengers or riders, by
keep them in stand-up posture during the tour of the roller
coaster.
5-Floorless Coaster: a type of roller coasters dose not has
floor, so the passengers would seat directly to the coaster
while their legs can be swinging freely above the tracks.

4
6-Dive Coaster: a type of roller coasters designed to has extremely
vertical zones, that make the riders excited while looking downward
and feeling the sense of falling from high heights.

7-Inverted Roller Coaster: every roller coaster designed in

a way that where the riders can seat is above the tracks.
Except the inverted roller coaster, the seats in it are
attached under the tracks, so the passengers feel that they
are flying.

The main Parameters that help to study and design the roller coaster:
1-Velocity
Velocity is the rate of change of distance over the time taken for the movement.
It is a physical vector that requires a magnitude and direction to determine. The
scalar magnitude of velocity called the speed, which does not require a direction
to define.
Velocity is one of the most important in physics which relates to many topics that
would help us to study mechanics such as, motion, energy conservation, it also
can be related to Newton Laws, etc. However, in this project which aims to
describe and design a roller coaster, velocity is one of the high priority topics that
we need to focus on.
Velocity unit by referring to SI unit would be 1 meter per second (m/s), it can be
calculated by using many physical formulas, for example:

velocity (m/s)

5
2-Acceleration
Another helpful vector which will help us to design our roller coaster is
acceleration. Acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity with respect to the
time taken. It’s a vector that has a wide range of uses in physics. To clarify,
acceleration is related to Newtons Laws, motions, gravitational studies, and much
more.
Especially in roller coasters is an important factor because the more acceleration
during the coaster tour would create much more excitement and entertainment.
In the other hand, deceleration is important as like as the acceleration because it
is the factor which will be responsible to the safety which will lead to stop the
coaster by the end safely.
The basic unit for acceleration regard SI unit (m/s2). The acceleration can be
measured by using many formulas:

As we motioned above in the synopsis, in this project we are supposed to design

or create a roller coaster that works with out an engine. Therefore, we decided to
work on accelerator roller coaster that contain four stages.

6
Collisions
Collisions could be happened when two objects hit each other with in direct
contact. This may be caused because of the forces exerted by the bodies on each
other in short period during this event. Collisions classified into two types, which
are elastic collision and inelastic collisions.
However, elastic collision could be defined as a collision when there is no loss in
the kinetic energy through the system because of the collision. Therefore, kinetic
energy and momentum will be saved in elastic collision. To illustrate, kinetic
energy prior the collision, and after the collision will remains constant, so there is
no energy has transformed to any other type of energy. So, there will be no
change in momentum in the system (BYJUS, 2021).
In addition, inelastic collision between object will cause a loss in the kinetic
energy, while the momentum will be saved in this case. To clarify, the collision
might cause an internal friction, which may lead to loss in the kinetic energy. As
the energy cannot be destroyed, it will be turned into vibration, heat, and the
bodies will be deformed accordingly (inelastic collision, 2021).
collision equation of momentum is given by;
(𝑚1 𝑢1 ) + (𝑚2 𝑢2 ) = (𝑚1 𝑣1 ) + (𝑚2 𝑣2 )
𝑉1 − 𝑉2 = −(𝑢1 − 𝑢2 )

Where;
m1= mass of the carts
m2= mass of the spring
u1= Velocity of the cart before collision, which was equal to the velocity of the cart at
the end.
u2= Velocity of the spring before collision
v1= Velocity of the cart after collision.
V2= Velocity of the spring after collision.

7
Forces on chart
Forces are very important for this scenario, there is the centripetal force which is the
reason for motion along a circle, pushing the object in one direction, and there is also
the force of gravity and acceleration that helps with motion along the rollercoaster.

8
2.2 Design:
The roller coaster contains 4 different stages such as, propulsion stage, a loop, a
hill, and the final straight.
Propulsion stage:
In this stage where the roller coaster must start, it would move
downward by the effect of the gravity acceleration. We are supposed
to calculate both velocity and acceleration theoretically by using the
law of energy conservation and analyze the forces that effect on the
coaster. Also, the free body diagram should by drawn to get the
acceleration.
Loop The Loop stage:
This stage comes after the propulsion stage. In Loop the Loop,
acceleration propels you away from the coaster-car floor while
inertia propels you into it. Your own outward inertia produces a
kind of false gravity that keeps you anchored at the bottom of the
car even when it's upside down. A safety harness is required for
security, but in most loop-the-loops, you would remain in the car regardless of
whether you had a harness or not.
Hill stage:
after accelerating the car by going through loop the loop stage, the
car will go through the hill stage which shown in the figure. In this
stage at the peak, for moments the car would be stopped. Hence the
acceleration would be zero, and we supposed to analyze the forces
that act on the car at these moments.

Final straight stage:

It the final stage, which designed to deaccelerate the coaster to be
stopped by the end. It designed with specific elevation to reduce the
velocity by approximation to zero. However, the velocity and
acceleration may vary in cause of the variation of many
circumstances (passengers’ weight for example). Therefore, by the
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end of this stage there is a flexible piece that works on collision absorbing, which
will lead to stop the car totally.

Significance of collision
As the safety consideration in our project consist of spring at the end of the rail
path to reduce the velocity of the cart, and absorb the force exerted by the carts
force. It is important to study the collision cases because the velocity before
collision might be not same as the after collision for both, carts and spring. So,
studying collision is an important to find the velocities after collision and hence
figure out the safety aspects.

spring
The spring used to absorb the collision force so that will cause a reduce in the
velocity of the cart to minimum, and hence provide smooth crash. In addition,
strain energy is considered as a kind of potential energy which stored because of
the elastic collision deformation. Therefore, kinetic energy will be equal to the
strain energy referring to the energy conservation law which state that the energy
cannot be destroyed or created but it has transferred to another form of energy.

10
3.1 The launch speed and acceleration:
Theoretical acceleration & maximum velocity at the bottom of propulsion
Maximum Velocity
To find the acceleration and the maximum velocity at the propulsion stage
which shown in (Fig 1). We calculated the height and the straight distance
between point A and B.
To start with calculating the maximum velocity we are going to apply the law of
energy conservation between point A and B. It is obvious that the potential
energy at point A, would be equal to the kinetic energy at point B.
Figure 1 propulsion stage
Potential Energy (A)= Kinetic Energy (B)
mgh=1/2mv2
if we multiply both side of the equation by 1/m, we well get:
gh=1/2v2 , where g= is the acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s2)
h= the height (0.515m)
v= the maximum velocity that we need to calculate.

Acceleration
To find the theoretical acceleration we need to analyze the forces that acting on
the car. To clarify, from the lab we already measured the height and the straight
displacement, and the mass of the car.
Height= 0.515m Displacement= 0.925m Mass= 90g (0.09Kg)
Figure 2 free body diagram
We observe that the cart has weight (W=mg) which acting on it, we can take the
advantage of that by analyzing it for vertical and horizontal components. However, we need to
determine the value of angle O which will help us to analyze the weight.
The sum of the horizontal forces that act on the car is equal 0.
So, WsinO-ma=0
WsinO=ma
W=mg= (0.09)(9.81)=0.883N
O=33.83o

11
Experimental acceleration & maximum velocity at the bottom of
propulsion
Maximum Velocity:
We should start with finding the average of
velocity, which will lead to calculate the
maximum velocity. Through the experiment we
determined the total displacement of the car by
a rope (91cm=0.91m). Then, we took the time
in consideration, to get the optimum results, we
duplicated the experiment for 3 times, then we took the
average, which is t=0.6167s.

Acceleration:
After finding the velocity, it would be easy to calculate the acceleration by applying laws of
linear motion to the givens that we already have.

Error percentage between theoretical and experimental results (velocity and

acceleration):
Theoretical Experimental Error %
Max Velocity 3.179 m/s 2.952 m/s2 7%
Acceleration 5.4 m/s 4.787 m/s2 11.4%

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Graphical acceleration & distance at the bottom of propulsion:

Vmax (m/s) Time (s)

0.6784 0.3833
1.5222 0.4533
1.888 0.54
2.458 0.5533
2.9512 0.6167

Acceleration = slope of the graph:

Area under the graph = total distance

Triangle area= ½ base * high

Distance calculated Distance graphically Error %

0.91m 0.9019 0.89%

13
3.2 The power to launch:
Calculating the Force (F):
Mass= 90g (0.09Kg)
W=mg= (0.09) * (9.81) =0.883N
WsinO-ma=0
WsinO=ma, so F=WsinO
F=(0.883sin33.830)
F=0.4916N
Calculating the work (Wd):
Wd=F*d
Wd=(0.4916) * (0.925)= 0.45473 J.
Calculating Power (P):

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4.1 The Hill:

Mass=0.09kg

1-
∑Fx = 0
∑Fy = 0
F=ma=0.09 x 0 = 0
N=W=0.09 x 9.81 = 0.8829 N
No Acceleration

2-
W = 0.8829 N
θ=〖𝑡𝑎𝑛〗^(−1)(0.356/0.39)=42.39
Wsinθ=0.8829sin42.39 = 0.595 N
Wcosθ=0.8829cos42.39 = 0.652 N
∑Fx = 0 , W.sina+ma=0
∑Fy =0 , N-W.cosθ=0
0.09a=- 0.595
N = 0.652 N
a=-6. 611𝑚/𝑠 2

15
3-
Mass = 0.09 kg W = 0.8829 N

θ=〖𝑡𝑎𝑛〗^(−1)(0.356/0.365)=44.28
Wsinθ=0.8829sin44.28 =0.616 N
Wcosθ=0.8829cos44.28 =0.632 N
∑Fx = 0 ∑Fy = 0
Wsina-ma=0 N-Wcosθ=0
0.09a=0.616 N = 0.647 N
a = 6.844 〖𝑚/𝑠〗^2

4-
∑Fx = 0
∑Fy = 0
F=ma=0.09x0= 0
N=W=0.09x9.81=0.8829 N
No Acceleration

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4.2 The Loop-the-Loop:

T1 = 0.05 s , d1 = 0.12 m
T2 = 0.04 s , d2 = 0.13 m , Diameter = 0.26 m , Radius=0.13 m
T3 = 0.05 s , d3 = 0.125 m

VELOCITY (d/t) Angular Velocity (v/r)

1- V1 =0.12/0.05 = 2.4 m/s W1 = 2.4/0.13 = 18.46 rad/sec

2- V2 =0.13/0.04 = 3.25 m/s W2 = 3.25/0.13 = 25 rad/sec

3- V3 =0.125/0.05 = 2.5 m/s W3 = 2.5/0.13 = 19.23 rad/sec

17
4.3 The Loop-the Loop experience:
The reason why the passenger feels weightless at the top of the loop is because the
forces are acting on the passenger, the forces acting on the passenger are the force of
gravity and the normal force (the force of the seat pushing the person), inertia is always
acting opposite to the motion, so in this case, inertia is acting opposite to normal force.
And acceleration is acting opposite to gravity with almost equal force, and that’s what
creates a feeling of weightlessness.

Also, the reason why the passenger feels heavy at the bottom of the loop is because in
order for the net force to be directed inward, the normal force must be greater than
the outward gravity force, a large force exerted by the seat upon his body when at the
bottom of the loop is the explanation of why he feels heavy. In reality, he is only
experiencing the large magnitude of force which is normally exerted by seats upon
heavy people while at rest, so he is not heavier.

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5.1 Colliding parts:
Collision
(𝑚1 𝑢1 ) + (𝑚2 𝑢2 ) = (𝑚1 𝑣1 ) + (𝑚2 𝑣2 )
𝑉1 − 𝑉2 = −(𝑢1 − 𝑢2 )

Where.
m1= mass of the carts.
m2= mass of the spring.
u1= Velocity of the cart before collision, which was equal to the velocity of the
cart at the end.
u2= Velocity of the spring before collision.
v1= Velocity of the cart after collision.
V2= Velocity of the spring after collision.

19
5.2 Buffer:
Analytical method:
Total Energy at state 1 = Total Energy at state 3
1
𝑚1 𝑔1 ℎ1 = 𝑚3 𝑔3 ℎ3 + 𝑚(𝑉3 )2
2
1
(9.81)(0.515) = (9.81)(0.31) + (𝑉3 )2
2
1
5.0252 = 3.041 + (𝑉3 )2
2
1
2.011 = (𝑉3 )2
2
(𝑉3 )2 = 4.022
𝑉3 = 2.005 𝑚/𝑠
Experimental method
𝑑3
𝑉3 = , given that 𝑑3 = 440 𝑐𝑚 = 4.4𝑚
𝑡3

4.4
𝑉3 = = 1.806 𝑚/𝑠
2.4367
Error
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
× 100
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙

2.005 − 1.806
× 100 = 9.925 %
2.005
Theoretical Kinetic energy at the end, before impacts the spring
1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚(𝑉3 )2
2
1
𝐾𝐸 = (0.09)(2.005)2
2
𝐾𝐸 = 0.181 𝐽

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Stiffness with change in length of the spring that will provide a smooth crash.

Spring length= 0.09m

Spring compression:

First try = 0.011m

Second try = 0.009m

Third try = 0.013

Average= 0.011m

Change in length = 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ − 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

Change in length = 0.09 − 0.011 = 0.079𝑚

Kinetic energy after collision = Strain energy

1 1
(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )(𝑉3 )2 = 𝐾𝑥 2
2 2
Where, x= change in length
1 1
(0.09 + 0.006)(2.005)2 = (𝐾)(0.079)2
2 2
𝑁
𝐾 = 61.836
𝑚
Table-1 Force= (K)(X)

No. X in (m) K in (N/m) Force in (N)

1 0.01 61.8366 0.618366

2 0.02 61.8366 1.236732

3 0.03 61.8366 1.855098

4 0.04 61.8366 2.473464

5 0.05 61.8366 3.09183

6 0.06 61.8366 3.710196

7 0.07 61.8366 4.328562

8 0.08 61.8366 4.946928

21
 Force vs X
6
0.08, 4.946928
0.07, 4.328562
5
0.06, 3.710196
y = 61.837x
4
0.05, 3.09183
Force in (N)

0.04, 2.473464
3
0.03, 1.855098
2 0.02, 1.236732

0.01, 0.618366
1

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
X in (m)

Figure 3: Force vs change in length

The slope of the graph determines the stiffness.

Figure 4: Area under the curve

The area under the curve determines the strain energy.

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Area under the curve:
0.08
∫0.01 61.8366𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0.195 , or

1
(0.618 × 0.07) + ( × 0.07 × (4.9469 − 0.6183)) = 0.195
2

23
6. Discussion:
Launch speed and acceleration:
Was there a discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental results?
Why was there a difference?
We notice that there is slight difference between the theoretical and the
experimental results. These percentages of error are normal because of the
factors that effect on the experiment such as, man, equipment, calculations, etc.
The whole experiment was done by using manual tools or equipment, which the
man who is doing the experiment has the control on the data accuracy. Hence,
using manual equipment will lead to plot slight percentages of error. Also, the
calculations can increase or decrease the percentage of error, by controlling the
approximations and the decimal place.
Would you trust your theoretical equations if you were to apply them to design
an accurate, fully functioning roller coaster system? Why or why not?
Designing a roller coaster is a huge project that requires detailed study for all the
factors which may effect on the coaster movement such as, friction, air
resistance, weather conditions (raining, snowing, wind, etc), and so more.
Therefore, in designing roller coaster, depending on the theoretical data would be
invalid idea. However, the theoretical data could lead to build the basics, and then
the most focus should be in the experimental data to obtain the optimum results.
Several assumptions were made when using the theoretical formulae. Discuss
the validity of your assumptions.
In every experiment, it is possible to get a percentage of difference between the
theoretical data, and the experimental data. Specially in this experiment, the
theoretical results were done in a way which approximate the experimental, so
the percentage of error were less than 20%. In the other hand, in this project, we
cannot neglect these small percentages because any mistake, even if it was
simple, it may threat the life of the passengers of the coaster.
How might you improve the experiments?
The experiment was done in specific procedures, we duplicate each procedure
several times to get more accurate data. However, the experiment contains many

24
physical topics to discuss and study, such as, weight of passengers, friction, air
resistance, and anything else. Hence, it is difficult to improve the experiment
manually, it should be done by using professional and digital equipment.
Discuss how you could apply what you have learnt in this course to design a
fully functioning roller coaster system in real life.
designing roller coaster involves many topics, from what we have studied in this
course we observe that the law of energy conservation is helpful to find the
velocity by convert the potential energy to kinetic energy. linear motion to study
the velocity and acceleration. Free body diagram to determine the acceleration
and study the components of the weight. Friction and air resistance to notice the
changes of movements that may happen.
Accident and Safety Systems:
Briefly, we had a small percentage error which was 9.925% in finding the
minimum velocity of the cart at the end. This is because of various reasons, which
might be caused by man error, and money. However, man error could contribute
to this percentage of error as the students were not taking the data accurately
and precisely, so repeating the experiment would give more accurate
measurement. Also, money might be a part of causing errors, as if we have got
more accurate measurement tools same as laser machine, we will develop the
data accuracy. Furthermore, doing the experiment in a prototype has
manufactured perfectly with low value of tolerance may enhance the reading
more.
Moreover, I will trust the theoretical value with consideration to improve the
experimental value to close the gap of error between them. This is because
designing real functioning roller coaster system required a 0% of error as it is
related to safety. To illustrate, injuries and fatality might happen with a small
value of percentage error. So, various equipment has low tolerance required to
create a safety design for users to give reliable safety consideration.

25
Several assumptions were made when using the theoretical formulae. Discuss the
validity of your assumptions.

First of all, as the energy will transfer from one form to another, I have considered
the first point has maximum potential energy and zero kinetic energy, and the last
point have been considered with both, kinetic energy + potential energy referring
to (Figure 3 above), because at last point the potential energy caused by the
height while kinetic energy caused by moving. Given that: 𝑚1 𝑔1 ℎ1 = 𝑚3 𝑔3 ℎ3 +
1
𝑚(𝑉3 )2 to find 𝑉3 . Also, finding error value between experimental and
2
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙−𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
theoretical using a formula of: × 100.
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙

Second, kinetic energy at the end has been found by using the formula of 𝐾𝐸 =
1
𝑚(𝑉3 )2 , 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 . This is used because the cart is still moving at the end.
2

Third, using the collisions equation as we have collision between the cart and the
spring at the end by using the formula of:
(𝑚1 𝑢1 ) + (𝑚2 𝑢2 ) = (𝑚1 𝑣1 ) + (𝑚2 𝑣2 )
𝑉1 − 𝑉2 = −(𝑢1 − 𝑢2 )
Fourth, to find the stiffness with change in length of the spring that will provide a
smooth crash, the formula of change in length and strain energy have been used,
which state: Change in length = 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ − 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, and as
the kinetic energy will be equal to the strain energy referring to the energy

26
conservation law which state that the energy cannot be destroyed or created but
it has transferred to another form of energy.
Kinetic energy after collision = Strain energy
1 1
(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )(𝑉3 )2 = 𝐾𝑥 2 Where, x= change in length, in order to find
2 2
the stiffness.
Fifth, in order to find the force exerted in the system, we have used the force
equation which state that the force will be equal to the stiffness multiplied by
change in length, given that: Force= (K)(X), and created a graph of force against x
to be able to determine the slope, which refer to the stiffness. Hence, the area
below the graph will show the total strain energy in which it will stop the cart,
0.08
given that by:∫0.01 61.8366𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0.195 J

This experiment can be improved by minimizing the error in which it required a

money to purchase more accurate measurement tools, such as laser machine,
robot connected to computer in order to place the cart at the start point with
respect to time accuracy, and camera to measure the times, velocity, and how
much the spring being compressed. Also, giving the students more training in how
to minimize the error by taking reliable data.
Finally, applying the course material is a vital component in roller coaster project.
To illustrate, demonstrating SI units, derived units, apply the concept of mass,
force, equilibrium conditions in engineering systems, applying concept of energy,
energy conservation with respect to mechanical engineering systems, collisions,
momentum and impulse are all important to design real roller coaster in real life.
The main idea in our project is how to use the energy conservation law and
applying the energy cannot be destroyed or created but it can be transformed
from one form to another upon the conditions.

27
7. Appendix:
Experimental measurements:

28
Error percentage between theoretical and experimental values of velocity and
acceleration:

Calculations for graph (velocity-time):

Area Under the curve (distance):

Error between distance measured and graphically:

29
8.Bibliography:
David Pescovitz, what is roller coaster, https://www.britannica.com/topic/roller-coaster
Types of Roller coasters, https://trekbaron.com/types-of-roller-coasters/.
Accelerator Roller coaster, http://www.intlamusements.com/accelerator-coaster.html.
Velocity, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity.
Acceleration, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceleration.
Calculations for project (Moodle),
https://scalelites.bptest.cloud/playback/presentation/2.3/e2f7d51175d1c45c4ab70e92b83183f
4c9407140-1619013839317?meetingId=e2f7d51175d1c45c4ab70e92b83183f4c9407140-
1619013839317
Loop The Loop, https://science.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/roller-coaster7.htm.
Moodle,
https://scalelites.bptest.cloud/playback/presentation/2.3/e2f7d51175d1c45c4ab70e92b83183f
4c9407140-1619015729949?meetingId=e2f7d51175d1c45c4ab70e92b83183f4c9407140-
1619015729949.
BYJUS. (2021, June 18). Retrieved from BYJUS: https://byjus.com/physics/elastic-collision/
inelastic collision. (2021, January 21). Retrieved from https://byjus.com/physics/inelastic-
collision/.
www.physicsclassroom.com
The Physics Classroom Website
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Mechanics/hump.html
Amusement Park Physics (physicsclassroom.com)
https://www.worldsciencefestival.com/2015/06/roller-coaster-science-thrills-chills-physics/

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