CONTENTS

Chapter Title Page No

1 ABBREVIATION

2 INTRODUCTION

3 HISTORICAL REVIEW OF
WANDOOR

4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE OF
WANDOOR

5 CULTURAL LIFE OF WANDOOR

6 CONCLUSION

7 BIBLIOGRAPHY

8 APPENDIX

ABBREVIATIONS

S. V. R : Samagra Vikasana
 Rekha

T. B : Tourist Bungalow

S. C : Scheduled Caste

P. H. C : Primary Helth Center

C. H. C : Community Health
Center

Chapter-1

INTRODUCTION
 Local history is the historical study or it is the history of a particular area or

locality. The writing of local history became more popular in the 20th century. The

writing of local history is a study of history in a geographically local context and it

often concentrates on the local community. The study of local history is an inevitable

necessity. It enables everyone to know about the society and other factors of that

local place. The study of the past will help to understand the socio-economic and

cultural developments and its aspects of the area. It incorporates the cultural and

social factors of the history of the village. Local history is often documented by local

historical societies or groups that form to preserve local historical buildings or other

historical sites. An important aspect of local history is the publication and cataloguing

of documents preserved in local areas.national records which relate to particular

areas.1

Wandoor is a town in wandoor block in Malappuram district. Wandoor is an important

place in Kerala. This is an old market located in the south of Malabar. The village

was formed in 1956 January. Wandoor was largely associated with the Malabar

rebellion. This area is between Perinthalmanna and Nilambur. The residents here

are small traders. The panchayath is bounded by Nilambur municipality and

Amarambalam panchayath on the north, Porur and kalikavu panchayats on the

south, chokkad panchayath on the east and Thiruvali panchayath on the

east.Wandoor siva temple is the oldest worship place in wandoor. The lord siva of

this temple is known as thiru wandoor appan from which the name wandoor derived.

Karunalaya hospital, built in 1958 by the American missionary Henry Otten is located

in wandoor.The communal harmony of wandoor is an opportunity one become the

1 Finberg, local history : objective and pursuit

mosque, temple and church were close together.Wandoor also become the part of

Malabar. The village has a proud history and it has a good Socio-Economic heritage

to claim2

Aims and importance

The study about wandoor village helps to understand the local history of the area.

We can understand the past of the village. The study draws Socio-Economic and

cultural features of wandoor. Moreover discussed the historical traces. Written

records are not available. Myths and stories are not believable. Finding out facts is

difficult. It is the first attempt to study the village and its history.

Objectives of the study

• To understand the historical

review of wandoor

•To understand about the Socio-

Economic life

•Study the culture and tradition

•Understand present condition

Scope of the study

The scope is limited but

attempts have been made to
include all the know aspects of the
history of wandoor. Aspects of

2 Wandoor Grama Panchayath karad vikasana Rekha,2017

 social, economical condition of
wandoor have been discussed.
Aspects of the cultural and
traditional life. Record local history
and compare it with the local history
of other places.

Hypothesis

•wandoor has a great history to

claim

•wandoor has grown socially and

economically

•The cultural heritage is rich in

diversity

Historiography

There is no historical work about the history of wandoor. Samagra vikasana

rekha,interview and some books are available literature of this study.

Sources
Interview with some senior members of the village. Social and cultural of Kerala by T

K Gangadharan and Samagra vikasana rekha, Karad Vikasana rekha by Wandoor

panchayath. Also uses the Annual report of Karunalaya Hospital.

Methodology

Historical methodology used in in this study. It is mainly based on historical analysis

of data. The methodology of oral history and local history has been used for this

study.Date will be connected through visiting libraries and panchayath.

Chapterisation

This study is devided into six parts including introduction and conclusion. The

introduction includes the aims and importants of the study. First chapter discussed

about the historical review of wandoor. The second chapter denotes the socio

ecomic life. Third chapter discussed the cultural aspects of wandoor.

Review of Literature

There is a general work in malayalam on the subject of study.

● Social and Cultural of Kerala by T. K Gangadharan

 Chapter-2
Historical Review of Wandoor

The Wandoor Grama panchayath established in 1956.Wandoor is an area that has

earned its own place in determining the course of history.

At the time of formation, there was wandoor part and vaniyambalam part, but now

only wandoor village is in this panchayath. There is an hearsay behind the name

wandoor for this area, which is full of village beauty and city convenience. In ancient

times, fearing pestilence, people fled the area and later returned after some time to

find the fields and fields infested with beetles. Thus the area infested with beetles

was called the beetles 'ur,which later became Wandoor. 3

The history of wandoor dates back to the megalithic age. Megalithic monuments in

the form of 'Nannangadi' have been found from various places around the Wandoor

area, digging channels for constructing houses etc. These kinds of jars have been

found out. These urns seem to have been used for secondary burial. After the

primary burial, specific bones of the dead would be collected and entered in a huge

jar. The remains point out the prevalence of iron using people. The megalithic people

of Kerala practised agriculture. The earliest development of Kerala might be the

valley of hills like Wandoor and the neighbouring area.

A very famous market existed in Wandoor till 1895 at Nilambur road and later till at

pallikkunnu. Many people came from Malappuram. Manjeri, Nilambur, Kalikkavu and

Thuvur etc. for attending the market on Tuesday, in that market day in Wandoor

3 Ibid
create an atmosphere of festival. These fares were witnessed maintaining family

relations, political get-together, setting the disputes, marriage fixing and diversity etc.

The fear about epidemics that spread during the 1968 adversely affected the

activities of the fares. The merchants could not come into fares, gradually the fare

was completely declined.

For 16 years between 1972 and 1808,the Mysore rulers, Hyder Ali and Tipu sultan

ruled theMalabar region that included wandoor. Records in the Kozhikode

collectorate archives show that Tipu sultan donated property to temples and

mosques. It also mentions the wandoor Shiva temple. Wandoor residents were

represented in khilafath struggle and agrarian struggles. On August 21,1921

Khilafath-Congress leaders Kattilasseri Maulavi and M.P Narayana Menongave a

speech in Wandoor old Jumu'ah church yard,according to police records. There are

also records that the British army conducted a military operations centred on wandoo

T.B

In 1980,When the central government recognised the Malabar rebellion as a

freedom struggle, many people belonging to the wandoor panchayath got freedom

struggle pensions. A police station, sub-registrar office and village office have been

established in Wandoor since ancient times. Before 1921,a tourist Bungalow was

established at Wandoor. Later it was renovated and built as a PWD rest house. The

post office has been functioning since 1922. T.B area that the British concentrated at

Wandoor the Gurkha army was deployed in large numbers to quell the riots. It was in

this T.B area that the British concentrated at wandoor to quell the Malabar rebellion.

They shot and killed the older males. Many women committed suicide fearing rape.
The boys between the ages of 12 and 16 were arrested and taken to Bellary. The

police station was started at Wandoor by the British on 11th may. Railway travel

facilities were established in Vaniyambalam in 1927. In 1937 Abdurrahman Sahib

contested for the Madras assembly from Wandoor and won with a huge majority. In

1940,the communist party started working privately in Wandoor. Nalakath Enteen

kutty haji, Elattuparambil Elappa Beedi Elappa) gave prominence to beedi

swimmers. In 1941, the army demolished the tracks. Traffic resumed in 1953 with the

establishment of a railway line. Rev. Otten saip was "Father Damien" of Wandoor.

The Karunalaya hospital established by him brought tremendous benefits in the field

of health care in Wandoor. Karunalaya hospital was inaugurated on 3rd April 1952.

As a result of Otten saip's efforts, food and medicine were delivered to tuberculosis

patients from America for free and they went to their homes and gave medicine and

injunction.It because of his campaign against tuberculosis that Wandoor area is free

from tuberculosis. Karunalaya has also provided hospital treatment for snake bite

victims.

Chapter-3

SOCIO ECONOMIC LIFE OF WANDOOR

Society is the important aspect of a village. Historical studies and research have

reached a stage when the outline of the social and cultural history of kerala has

become clear.

The village is mainly with the Muslim community. The second largest community is

the Hindus and there are minority Christian families in Wandoor village. All of the

religious communities were living with harmony.

The expansion of education and it's system decreased the superstition that existed in

the society and also decreased the evil customs of the society. In early the people

looked at the deadly illness as the devilish affliction. But this type of superstition was

decreased and people are using modern medicine for this type of illness.

Caste system

The caste system existed in Wandoor. The Nambudiris were the upper and priestly

class of the society. The Embrandiris are accorded equality with the Nambudiris and

allowed to officiate as priests in wandoor.4

The Nayars and Thiyyas are another community. There are also scheduled castes

and backward classes in wandoor. The others were the occupational groups Assari,

kollan, Thattaan.

Ceremony
4 Menon A sreedharan, social and cultural of Kerala, p. 257
A ceremony is an event of ritual significance performed on a special occasion. The

major ceremonies of Kerala are the birth and death ceremonies which are in the

different religions.

In the case of the birth, the Hindus were at the first twenty eight day ceremony. This

is called as 'Noolukkett'. The next was named choroon which was the first feeding of

rice to the child. This was performed at the temples in the village and important

outside temples. The next one ceremony is the vidyarambham which is performed in

the vijayadashami.

The muslims also have this type of birth ceremonies. Among the Muslims when the

child is born the Mullahor the father of the child calls to prayer (Banku) in ear of the

child, each left and right. Another one was the sunnathkallyanam is performed in the

year before the fifteenth year or age.

Muslim community also had the ceremony of death. The dead body was called

mayyath. Then it is washed with warm water and covering with three clean clothes.

The cloth is known as khafan pudava. The ears, nose, toes and the space between

the fingers were stuffed with cotton. The mullah and the other relatives were sitting at

the side of the mayyith and reciting the holy Quran. Later it was taken to the mosque

for burial. The people were arranging and praying before the burial. After the prayer

the mayyith will placing in to the grave.

In the case of birth, the Christians were performing Baptism. Baptism a sacrament of

admission to Christianity. It is an important ritual in Christian. A church is admitted to

the church congregation as a member only through Baptism. Purifying the newborn

by sprinkling holy water, within eight days after birth.

Population

Population is one of the main factors in society. There are mainly two religions, the

Hindus and the Muslims. Christians are comparatively rare. They are the main

representation in the population.

The periodical census was the important source that views the population about the

panchayath. The total population of the panchayath was 49,013 inhabitants.23,561

males and 25,452 females. 6646 SC and 288 ST. 99% literacy rate. 5

Families

Today the village is growing as an urban centre by the influence of modern

technologies, literacy, education etc. Family is the most important factor of a society

for its growth. People lead simple lives in wandoor. In Early days the village

contained mainly the joint families with the Tharavadu. This is the family of more

members with one house and a common kitchen. The eldest member is known as

the karanavar and all the powers of the family were vested under him. More than

thousand families in 23 wards also including SC families. Today the family became a

nuclear family.

5 Wandoor Grama Panchayath, Samagra vikasana rekha, p. 4

Education

Wandoor has a better rank in the field of education today. But the education is for

the upper caste people in the early days. The development of modern education is

from the beginning of the 20th century. The first modern school at wandoor the

Hindu school established in 1919. The girls school started in 1930 has been the

pioneering institution of wandoor education. It was started by the Malabar district

board. The first high school at Wandoor started in 1948. This is the present VMC

school. Today the VMC is growing on higher secondary.

Namboothiri were in the forefront of the educational activities in the wandoor area

VMC. Bhattathirippad contributed 10 acres of land to this school. In 1980 another

school was started at Vaniyambalam.Now many schools established in wandoor like

Al-furquan school, Unity school, GGVHSS school etc.6

Health

Health care is the important factor for the better progress of a country or a state. The

basis for the state's impressive health standard is by the state wide infrastructure of

primary health centres in every village. PHC is for the treatment of the people at the

village level.

6 Interview with Abdulla Master (of VMC school Wandoor) aged 46 dated
02.12.2022 7 Basic Agricultural Data- KB wise, 2021
Firstly the Karunalaya hospital was established by Ottensaip. The hospital was

established in 1952. Ottensaip provide food and medicine were delivered to

tuberculosis patients from America for free. Karunalaya hospital has also provided

hospital treatment for snake bite victims.

Wandoor Govt. Taluk hospital is one of the most renowned hospitals in the area.

First it was PHC then it became CHC now it has become Taluk hospital. The hospital

provided better facilities.

Today the best services in the field of health are available in Wandoor. Jafar Medical

Center, NIMS hospital provide health care services

Agricultural sector

Agriculture was the main sector of the village in the early time. At that time almost all

of the people were engaged in this sector. The sector was mainly through the

process like the "pattam",'verum pattam","kanam" etc. After the land Reformation the

agriculture sector were better than the old days. By this peasants got the ownership

of land.

The fruit plants like pine apple, papaya, jackfruit, mango etc. are the common fruit

cultivation. Rice, banana, coconut, and vegetables are the main cultivation in

wandoor. In the early days the place was mainly with the paddy fields. But today the

amount of cultivation and the number of fields have also decreased. Today almost all
of the fields were used for various vegetables, banana, tapioca, pepper, ginger,

turmeric, tree spices, cashew, betel vine. 7

Comparatively rubber is rare. The rubber is mainly cultivated in hill areas. Viripp,

mundakan, puncha are three rice growing seasons. 1500 small, 2600 marginal, 185

largest farmers out of 4285 number of farmers.7

Crop wise Area and Productivity

The following table gives the details of productivity of coconut,

Area Productivity
(Ha) (Nuts/Ha)
250 1400

The following table gives the details of productivity of coconut,

Area Productivity
(Ha) (Ha)

40 30

The following table gives the details of the productivity of coconut,

Area Productivity
(Ha) (Ha)

60 12
The given table gives the details of the productivity of coconut, Arecanut and
vegetables.

7 Ibid
Tractor, Tiller, Harvester are the machineries available in the panchayath. Wells and
pump sets for irrigation facilities.

The following table gives the details of some plants.

Fruit trees Medical plants Beverage crops-tea

(T/Ha) (T/Ha) coffee
(T/Ha)
50 20 0

The Wandoor krishi bhavan led all the agricultural activities of the panchayath.

Another one is the wealth of cattle; it is also decreased today compared to the old.

The banana and coconut plantations were increased. Today it was the main one

cultivated by people. That is to say that the engagement of the people was

decreased today compared to earlier.

Industrialization

Industrialization is the one factor that is responsible for the growth of the village. With

the upcoming modern type of technologies changed the face of wandoor. The shift

has been made by the use of scientific methods and electricity. The trade activities

also helped for the expansion of the village. There are many small types of industries

in Wandoor. Food exports in Kanjirampadam coconut processing unit, Bramco

Aluminum are the industries in the village. And also construction works and furniture

works.8

8 Interview with Rajeev Rajan( senior clerk of wandoor Grama panchayath) aged 45 dated 16-01-
2023
The numbers of small scale industry.

SI No Category No of units

1 Cooperative of milk industry 2

2 Furniture Manufacturing units 1

3 Copra units 7

4 Paper cover unit 6

5 Printing press 6

6 Beedi industries 8

7 Aluminum utensils 1

Transport and Communication

Transport and communication is the important factor for the growth of the village.

The roads are the way of the village to the outside. There are the PWD main roads

that connect with the nearest town like Manjer, Perinthalmanna, Nilambur etc. The

roads are Manjeri-Kalikavu road, Perinthalmanna -Nilambur road. There is also a

small type of village road also.9

The village contains an average growth in its transport and communication. The

main road contains the bus and other taxi services. The main road under the PWD

department. The main taxi service is the auto for the people's journey.

9 Ibid
The number of private vehicles is increasing day by day. The main private vehicle is

the two Wheeler that are mainly used by the youths. Some people have private

vehicles like car and also other vehicles.

There are three post offices in wandoor panchayath. But the use of it was decreased

by modern techniques like e-mail. The upcoming use of mobile phones reduced the

use of public booths and reduced the number of them.

Gulf Migration

Many people migrated into the gulf countries like Saudi Arabia, Dubai, Kuwait etc.

The migrations are for better jobs and better economic conditions for them. The gulf

money is the major one factor for the growth of the village. The migrant people were

going abroad from the low level of economic background or lower level families.

Today the panic disease Corona will change the situation. Many people leave from

gulf countries. They worked in the village. However some peoples express the

tendency for going to abrod.

 Chapter-3

Cultural Aspects of Wandoor

Wandoor has a rich legacy of culture. It has been the product of evolution through

centuries. Aspects of Brahmanical culture, tribal culture and Islamic culture are seen

mixed in these areas. The bulk of people belong to the Muslim and Hindu

communities. The Christians form a minority. All these communities live in harmony

and love in this area. There are no elements of communalism. Even during the

period of Malabar Rebellion there prevailed the policy of give and take among the

different sections of the population.10

Temples and mosques loom large in the cultural life of wandoor. The temple has

been a living monument of feudal culture in this area. There are small Kavus in these

areas and this kavus represents Dravidian elements in culture. Kavus must help to

maintain a balance in ecology. Kavus are small shrines surrounded by small forest

areas. There are a lot of small kavus in wandoor locality like 'Pranthakavu' and

'Pamban kav' etc. The kavus were the place of worship and it affected all spheres of

10 SVR, P, 104
their life, Ulsavams were the festivals connected with kavus. This tradition may be

transformed into temple worship only after the advent of organisation. It brought

complete changes to their lives.

The vaniyambalam Banapuram temple of wandoor is among the earliest temples in

the area. It is on the top of the Vaniyambalam Para. Bhagavathi looking westward is

the deity of this temple. There is a pond and another perennial source on the hill top

is noted for the calm and beauty of the area.

The kuttiyil ayyappa temple and Melemadam temple also are centuries old 'pattus'

are the important ritual in these temples dedicated to ayyappa. This temple also has

rich landlords. The kuttiyil temple used to have 6000 parts of paddy as pattam.

These are large granaries attatched to this temple. With the introduction of land

reforms this temple lost their landed property and then the granaries were also

removed.11

Festivals celebrated in association with temples, mosques and churches have been

an important aspect of the cultural life of wandoor also. The important temple

festivals are ashttamirohini and sivarathri festivals of wandoor siva temple,

karthikolsavam of vaniyambalam Banapuram temple and akhandanaamam of kuttyil

ayyappa temple etc. Pukkulam Nercha has been an important festival occasion

connected with the mosques. Now it is not conducted. Muslims of the area reciting

Arabic poems has been a usual factor in connection with mouloodh.

The mariamman pooja, kali puja, Thalapoli, Ayyappan pattu, Pattulsavam etc are

important festivals in these areas. Apart from these there are famous festivals also

11 Interview with Haridasan( kuttiyil ayyappa temple committee president)aged 69 dated 24-12-2022
Onam, vishu, Bakrid, Eid, Christmas etc are celebrated as festivals of all sections of

people. They are an example of friendship and co-operation among all religions.

Wandoor siva temple is included in the Brahmin settlements of karikkad. This temple

and vast areas of Devaswom land has been a big janmi. A 'vedaghosham' was

conducted in the temple 15 years ago. It is the celebration connected with the

sivarathri, it is the un ending reading of true Vedas respectively from elders to

youngsters. The Pattulsav and Sivarathri celebrations are the important festive

occasions in this temple.

Kapil karim kalikavu is the only remaining major kavu in this panchayath. It is

believed that kali emerged from the third eye of lord shiva and killed the demon

Darika. There is a kalari attached to this karinkali kavu. Nattu Thalapoli and chuttu

Thalapoli have been the important festivals connected with karinkali kavu. Even now

there is komaram or Oracle in the kapil karinkali kavu. 12

The important mosques of wandoor are wandoor Jama Masjid and vaniyambalam

old jamath mosque, wandoor town sunni masjid, wandoor town Mujahid masjid. The

wandoor jummah mosque is the first mosque in the village. The jummah mosque

and its khabaristan were built 150 years ago. The pulpit of this was in the

architecture style of Arabia. The richly carved columns of the ball of this mosque

resemble those of Arabian mosques. K. K Sadakkathullah Moulavi a well known

scholar in 44 Islamic studies has been the khasi of these mosques. He came to

Wandoor. He was a physician also in the mosque for announcing the time of prayer.

12 Interview with Anilkumar( executive member of karikali kavu temple) aged 50 dated 16-01-2023
Even with the advent of modern electrical devices, this practice of beating the nakara

in the wandoor jummah mosque is going on.13

There is an Arabic college Jamia Vahabiya and a library attached to this mosque. In

1990 an Islamic mission trust was formed here. This mosque attracts a large number

of students studying Theology. Among the ritual festive occasions connected with

the sunni mosque is Nercha Muslims. It was associated with celebration ceremonies.

Food was distributed along with the hand music. But the Nercha at Wandoor do not

have the celebrated ceremonies seen in these nerchas.

The churches are the st. Mary's Syrian Catholic Orthodox church at Vaniyambalam,

Penthakosthu church and Evano Lutheran mission church in wandoor. Evano

Lutheran church is the first church. The burial place of Rev. Otten and his wife's

cemetery is in the church.

The Rev. Henry J. Otten is an unforgettable person in the cultural history of wandoor.

He reached Wandoor as a missionary of the Evangelical, a poverty stricken area.

Women group etc also beedi manufacturing and non-smokers were rare in the area.

Otten Saip and his family dedicated their life for the poor labourers of the area. 14

The development of art and literature is an important aspect of culture and wandoor

is a centre for folk arts. Chavittukali, nadeel pattu, thiruvathira kali, oppana etc.

Oppana, Duffmuttu and Arabanamuttu etc are the popular art forms in the Islamic

community. Pulikkottil Hyder, P.T Veeran kutty Moulavi, Pookavil Mollaka,

13 Interview with K T Abdul Azeez( local resident) aged 72 dated 28-12-2022

14 Karunalaya Mission Hospital Annual Report, 1991-1998 P, 2
16
SVR, P, 2
Nechikadan and Kunjahammed master are famous artists proficient in mappila arts.

K. B Sreedevi, the daughter of VMC Bhattathiripad is the author of 20 books. Her

novel 'Yajnam' received praise from the well known author belonging to Wandoor.

The publication of books has an important place in the cultural history of wandoor.

From 1969 a magazine called 'Nazarathul Aman' was published from here. Another

magazine called ' Bal- Bal Sailasree also was published from here.

Wandoor had its own traditions in sports and games. The kalapoot competition is

very famous in wandoor. The game of football has been part and parcel of the life

and culture of wandoor. The two famous cultures with the recognition from the

District football association was functioning at wandoor.

Libraries are an image of the cultural life of Wandoor. P. T Veerankutty Moulavi

Memorial library, Prabhath library, pallikkunnu seethi sahib library, pulikkottil Hyder

Memorial library are the important libraries.16

There is one theater in Wandoor. Harihar Film city in kuttiyil. This cinema theater is

running well even in the midst of the popularity of the electronic media.
CONCLUSION

The above accounts include the major events in the history of Wandoor. Wandoor is

the village in Nilambur Taluk in Malappuram District. It is the headquarters of

wandoor block.

Wandoor history can be structures back to the mesolithic period. Megalithic

monuments in the form of Nannangadi have been found from various places around

the wandoor area. Malabar Rebellion also influenced the national movement and

many areas of Eranad Taluk Wandoor also

saw education and social activities. Wandoor also witnessed the social reform

movement that began in the name of spreading to various other parts of South India.

Wandoor has been affected by almost all the major incidents and movements is

south Malabar in 20th century most important event among them in the first half of
the 20 th century is the Malabar Rebellion of 1921 national movement had its impact

on wandoor also peoples from wandoor had taken Wandoor part in the Manjeri

congress conference that was convened just before these.

The Malabar Rebellion has been the part of the khilafat movement and non

cooperation movement. During the early 1970s the area witnessed the activities of

communist party and the labor and present organizations associated with it. Like

many other areas of Ernad, Taluk wandoor also sees education and social activities.

Wandoor also witnessed the social reform movement that began in Malabar.

The libraries and arts sports clubs played a major role in the cultural life of people.

During the mid decades of the 20th century the name spread to South India through

their beedi industries. Otten Saip is the key player for the precipitation of culture. He

dedicated his life for the eradication of epidemics and all round development of the

area along with the groups of other social workers of the area.

The experience of the people of Wandoor locality can be recorded only through local

histories. History of small areas like this may help us in rereading and reassessment

of the region.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Primary Sources

● Annual report Karunalaya mission Hospital 1991-1998

● Basic Agriculture data- KB wise,2021

● Wandoor Grama Panchayath Karad Vikasana rekha, 2017-2022 ● Wandoor

Grama Panchayath Samagra Vikasana rekha
 Interview

● Interview with Anil Kumar (50) member of Karinkaali kavu temple, On

16-02-2023

● Interview with Haridasan (69) member of kuttyil temple, On 24-12-2022

● Interview with K T Abdul Azeez(72) Local resident, On 28-12-2022

● Rajeev Rajan(45) senior clerk, On 16-01-2023

Secondary sources

● Gangadharan T K, Social and cultural of Kerala, Calicut university, 1980

GLOSSARY

Beedi : Tobacco

Choroon : The ceremony that

giving first rice to
a child

Kanam : Land

Pattam : Rent
Khafan pudava : Clean cloth for
covering of a
dead body of a
Muslim

Mayyath : Dead body of a

Muslim

Tharavadu : A family

Ulsavam : Festival

Taluk : The administrative

subdivision
APPENDIX
Karunalaya Hospital
Wandoor Jama Masjid
Vaniyambalam Railway
Wandoor Town