Chapter 1 – HUMAN BODY & ORIENTATION  pancreas,

 pineal,
Anatomy- study of the structure and shape of the body and its  ovaries (in the female),
parts and their relationships to one another.  testes (in the male)
Cardiovascular system- are the heart and blood vessels Using
Term anatomy, derived from the Greek words meaning to cut (tomy) blood as a carrier, the cardiovascular system delivers oxygen,
apart. nutrients, hormones, and other substances to, and picks up wastes
such as carbon dioxide from, cells near sites of exchange.
(ana), is related most closely to gross anatomical studies because in White blood cells and chemicals in the blood- help to
such studies, preserved animals or their organs are dissected (cut up) protect the body from such foreign invaders as
to be examined. bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells.
Lymphatic system- complements that of the cardiovascular
Microscopic anatomy- Study of body structures that are too system. Its organs include lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and
small to be seen with the naked eye. other lymphoid organs such as the spleen and tonsils.
The lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs help to cleanse
Physiology- study of how the body and its parts work or function.
the blood and house white blood cells involved in
Anatomy and physiology are always inseparable.
immunity.
Chemical level- simplest level of the structural ladder. Respiratory system- keep the body supplied with oxygen and
Atoms- tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules to remove carbon dioxide. consists of the nasal passages, pharynx,
such as water, sugar, and proteins, like those that make up our larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
muscles. Digestive system- basically a tube running through the body
Cells- smallest units of all living things. from mouth to anus. Organs of the digestive system include the
Tissues- consist of groups of similar cells that have a common oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, stomach, small and large
function. intestines, and rectum plus a number of accessory organs (liver,
Organ- structure composed of two or more tissue types that salivary glands, pancreas, and others) Their role is to break down
performs a specific function for the body. food and deliver the resulting nutrients to the blood for
Organ system- group of organs that work together to accomplish dispersal to body cells.
a common purpose.
Organismal level- is the sum total of all structural levels working
together to keep us alive. Integumentary
Integumentary system- is the external covering of the body, or System
the skin, including the hair and fingernails waterproofs the body and
cushions and protects the deeper tissues from injury. Forms the external body
Skeletal system- It supports the body and provides a framework covering; protects deeper
that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement. tissue from injury;
cavities of the skeleton are the sites where blood cells are formed. synthesizes vitamin D;
The hard substance of bones acts as a storehouse for minerals. location of sensory
Muscular system- large, fleshy muscles attached to bones receptors (pain, pressure,
These muscles are distinct from the muscles of the heart and of other etc.) and sweat and oil
hollow organs, which move fluids (such as blood or urine) or other glands.
substances (such as food) along definite pathways within the body.
Nervous system- body’s fast-acting control System. It consists of
the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors the body must
be able to respond to stimuli coming from outside the body (such as Skeletal System
light, sound, or changes in temperature) and from inside the body
(such as decreases in oxygen or stretching of tissue). Protects and supports body
Sensory receptors- detect changes in temperature, pressure, or organs;
light, and send messages (via electrical signals called nerve impulses) provides a framework the
to the central nervous system. Central nervous system then assesses muscles
this information and responds by activating the appropriate body use to cause movement;
effectors (muscles or glands, which are organs that produce blood cells
secretions). are formed within bones;
Endocrine System- Like the nervous system controls body stores
activities but it acts much more slowly. minerals.
Endocrine glands- produce chemical molecules called hormones
and release them into the blood to travel to relatively distant target
organs.
 pituitary,
 thyroid,
 parathyroid
 adrenals,
 thymus
Muscular System Lymphatic System
Allows manipulation of the Picks up fluid leaked from blood
environment, locomotion, and facial vessels and returns it to blood;
expression; maintains posture; disposes of debris in the
produces heat lymphatic
stream; houses white blood cells
involved in immunity.

Nervous System

Fast-acting control system of the

body; responds to internal and
external changes by activating
appropriate muscles and glands.

Respiratory System

Keeps blood constantly

supplied with oxygen and
removes carbon dioxide; the
gaseous exchanges occur
through the walls of the air
sacs of the lungs.
Endocrine System

Glands secrete hormones that

regulate processes such as growth,
reproduction, and nutrient use by
body cells.

Digestive System

Breaks food down into

absorbable nutrients that
enter the blood for
distribution to body cells;
indigestible foodstuffs are
eliminated as feces.

Cardiovascular System

Blood vessels transport blood,

which carries oxygen, nutrients, Urinary System
hormones, carbon dioxide, wastes,
etc.; the heart pumps blood. Eliminates nitrogen-
containing wastes from
the body; regulates water,
electrolyte, and acid-base
balance of the blood.
(k) Male Reproductive System (l) Female Reproductive
System

Overall function of the reproductive system is production of

offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; ducts
and glands aid in delivery of viable sperm to the female
reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex
hormones; remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization
and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female
breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

Urinary system- removes the nitrogen-containing wastes

from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine.

Excretory system- is composed of the kidneys, ureters,

bladder, and urethra. important functions of this system include
maintaining the body’s water and salt (electrolyte) balance,
regulating the acid-base balance of the blood, and helping to
regulate normal blood pressure.