Designation: C 76 – 98

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS

100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM

Standard Specification for

Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 76; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope C 150 Specification for Portland Cement5

1.1 This specification covers reinforced concrete pipe C 309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-
intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial pounds for Curing Concrete4
wastes, and storm water, and for the construction of culverts. C 497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections,
1.2 A complete metric companion to Specification C 76 has or Tile3
been developed—C 76M; therefore, no metric equivalents are C 595/C 595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic Ce-
presented in this specification. ments5
C 618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined
NOTE 1—This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specifica- Natural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in
tion only, and does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, or the
relationship between field load condition and the strength classification of
Portland Cement Concrete4
pipe. However, experience has shown that the successful performance of C 655 Specification for Reinforced Concrete D-Load Cul-
this product depends upon the proper selection of the class of pipe, type vert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe3
of bedding and backfill, and care that installation conforms to the C 822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related
construction specifications. The owner of the reinforced concrete pipe Products3
specified herein is cautioned that he must correlate the field requirements C 1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and
with the class of pipe specified and provide inspection at the construction Shotcrete4
site.
NOTE 2—Attention is called to the specification for reinforced concrete
D-load culvert, storm drain, and sewer pipe (Specification C 655).
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to con-
2. Referenced Documents crete pipe, see Terminology C 822.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A 82 Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Concrete Re- 4. Classification
inforcement2 4.1 Pipe manufactured in accordance with this specification
A 185 Specification for Steel Welded Wire, Fabric, Plain, shall be of five classes identified as Class I, Class II, Class III,
for Concrete Reinforcement2 Class IV, and Class V. The corresponding strength require-
A 496 Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, for Concrete ments are prescribed in Tables 1- 5.
Reinforcement2
A 497 Specification for Steel Welded Wire Fabric, De- 5. Basis of Acceptance
formed, for Concrete Reinforcement2 5.1 Unless otherwise designated by the owner at the time
A 615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Billet- of, or before placing an order, two separate and alternative
Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement2 bases of acceptance are permitted as follows:
C 14 Specification for Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and 5.1.1 Acceptance on the Basis of Plant Load-Bearing Tests,
Culvert Pipe3 Material Tests, and Inspection of Manufactured Pipe for Visual
C 33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates4 Defects and Imperfections—Acceptability of the pipe in all
C 39 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical diameters and classes produced in accordance with 7.1 or 7.2
Concrete Specimens4 shall be determined by the results of the three-edge bearing
tests as defined in 11.3.1; by such material tests as are required
in 6.1, 6.2, and 6.4; by absorption tests on selected samples of
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-13 on concrete from the wall of the pipe; and by visual inspection of
Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.02 on
Reinforced Sewer and Culvert Pipe. the finished pipe to determine its conformance with the
Current edition approved Jan. 10, 1998. Published June 1998. Originally accepted design and its freedom from defects.
published as C 76 – 30 T. Last previous edition C 76 – 97.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.04.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.05.
4 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.

1
 C 76
TABLE 1 Design Requirements for Class I Reinforced Concrete PipeA

NOTE 1—See Section 5 for basis of acceptance specified by the owner.

The strength test requirements in pounds-force per linear foot of pipe under the three-edge-bearing method shall be either the D-load (test load
expressed in pounds-force per linear foot per foot of diameter) to produce a 0.01-in. crack, or the D-loads to produce the 0.01-in. crack and the ultimate
load as specified below, multiplied by the internal diameter of the pipe in feet.
D-load to produce a 0.01-in. crack 800
D-load to produce the ultimate load 1200
Reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe wall
Wall A Wall B
Internal
Concrete Strength, 4000 psi Concrete Strength, 4000 psi
Designated
Diameter, Circular Circular
in. Wall ReinforcementB Wall ReinforcementB
Elliptical Elliptical
Thickness, Thickness,
Inner Outer ReinforcementC Inner Outer ReinforcementC
in. in.
Cage Cage Cage Cage
60 5 0.25 0.15 0.28 6 0.21 0.13 0.23
66 51⁄2 0.30 0.18 0.33 61⁄2 0.25 0.15 0.28
72 6 0.35 0.21 0.39 7 0.29 0.17 0.32
78 61⁄2 0.40 0.24 0.44 71⁄2 0.32 0.19 0.36
84 7 0.45 0.27 0.50 8 0.37 0.22 0.41
90 71⁄2 0.49 0.29 0.54 81⁄2 0.41 0.25 0.46
96 8 0.54 0.32 0.60 9 0.46 0.28 0.51

Concrete Strength, 5000 psi

102 8⁄ 12 0.63 0.38 Inner Circular 0.25 91⁄2 0.54 0.32 Inner Circular 0.22
Plus Elliptical 0.38 Plus Elliptical 0.32
108 9 0.68 0.41 Inner Circular 0.27 10 0.61 0.37 Inner Circular 0.24
Plus Elliptical 0.41 Plus Elliptical 0.37
A A
114 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A
120 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A
126 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A
132 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A
138 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A
144 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A
For modified or special designs see 7.2 or with the permission of the owner utilize the provisions of Specification C 655. Steel areas may be interpolated between those
shown for variations in diameter, loading, or wall thickness. Pipe over 96 in. in diameter shall have two circular cages or an inner circular plus one elliptical cage.
B
As an alternative to designs requiring both inner and outer circular cages the reinforcement may be positioned and proportioned in either of the following manners:
An inner circular cage plus an elliptical cage such that the area of the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the outer cage in the table and the total area
of the inner circular cage plus the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the inner cage in the table,
An inner and outer cage plus quadrant mats in accordance with Fig. 1 , or
An inner and outer cage plus an elliptical cage in accordance with Fig. 2.
C
Elliptical and quadrant steel must be held in place by means of holding rods, chairs, or other positive means throughout the entire casting operation.

5.1.2 Acceptance on the Basis of Material Tests and Inspec- 6.2 Cementitious materials:
tion of Manufactured Pipe for Defects and Imperfections— 6.2.1 Cement—Cement shall conform to the requirements
Acceptability of the pipe in all diameters and classes produced for portland cement of Specification C 150 or shall be portland
in accordance with 7.1 or 7.2 shall be determined by the results blast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement con-
of such material tests as are required in 6.1, 6.2, and 6.4; by forming to the requirements of Specification C 595/C 595M,
crushing tests on concrete cores or cured concrete cylinders; by except that the pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland
absorption tests on selected samples from the wall of the pipe; pozzolan cement shall be fly ash and shall not exceed 25 % by
and by inspection of the finished pipe including amount and weight.
placement of reinforcement to determine its conformance with 6.2.2 Fly Ash—Fly ash shall conform to the requirements of
the accepted design and its freedom from defects. Class F or Class C of Specification C 618.
5.1.3 When agreed upon by the owner and manufacturer, 6.2.3 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious Materials—
any portion or any combination of the tests itemized in 5.1.1 or The combination of cementitious materials used in the concrete
5.1.2 may form the basis of acceptance. shall be one of the following:
5.2 Age for Acceptance—Pipe shall be considered ready for
6.2.3.1 Portland cement only,
acceptance when it conforms to the requirements as indicated
by the specified tests. 6.2.3.2 Portland blast furnace slag cement only;
6.2.3.3 Portland pozzolan cement only, or
6. Materials 6.2.3.4 A combination of portland cement and fly ash
6.1 Reinforced Concrete—The reinforced concrete shall wherein the proportion of fly ash is between 5 and 25 % by
consist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates, and weight of total cementitious material (portland cement plus fly
water, in which steel has been embedded in such a manner that ash).
the steel and concrete act together. 6.3 Aggregates—Aggregates shall conform to Specification
2
 C 76
TABLE 2 Design Requirements for Class II Reinforced Concrete PipeA

NOTE 1—See Section 5 for basis of acceptance specified by the owner.

The strength test requirements in pounds-force per linear foot of pipe under the three-edge-bearing method shall be either the D-load (test load
expressed in pounds-force per linear foot per foot of diameter) to produce a 0.01-in. crack, or the D-loads to produce the 0.01-in. crack and the ultimate
load as specified below, multiplied by the internal diameter of the pipe in feet.
D-load to produce a 0.01-in. crack 1000
D-load to produce the ultimate load 1500
Reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe wall
Wall A Wall B Wall C
Internal
Desig- Concrete Strength, 4000 psi Concrete Strength, 4000 psi Concrete Strength, 4000 psi
nated
Circular Circular Circular
Diameter, Wall Wall Wall
Thick- ReinforcementB Elliptical Thick- ReinforcementB Elliptical Thick- ReinforcementC Elliptical
in.
ness, Inner Outer ReinforcementC ness, Inner Outer ReinforcementC ness, Inner Outer ReinforcementD
in. Cage Cage in. Cage Cage in. Cage Cage
12 13⁄4 0.07B ... ... 2 0.07B ... ... 23⁄4 0.07B ... ...
15 17⁄8 0.07B ... ... 21⁄4 0.07B ... ... 3 0.07B ... ...
18 2 0.07B ... 0.07B 21⁄2 0.07B ... 0.07B 31⁄4 0.07B ... 0.07B
21 21⁄4 0.12 ... 0.10 23⁄4 0.07B ... 0.07B 31⁄2 0.07B ... 0.07B
24 21⁄2 0.13 ... 0.11 3 0.07B ... 0.07B 33⁄4 0.07B ... 0.07B
27 25⁄8 0.15 ... 0.13 31⁄4 0.13 ... 0.11 4 0.07B ... 0.07B
30 23⁄4 0.15 ... 0.14 31⁄2 0.14 ... 0.12 41⁄4 0.07B ... 0.07B
33 27⁄8 0.16 ... 0.15 33⁄4 0.15 ... 0.13 41⁄2 0.07B ... 0.07B
36 3 0.14 0.08 0.15 4E 0.12 0.07 0.13 43⁄4E 0.07 0.07 0.08
42 31⁄2 0.16 0.10 0.18 41⁄2 0.15 0.09 0.17 51⁄4 0.10 0.07 0.11
48 4 0.21 0.13 0.23 5 0.18 0.11 0.20 53⁄4 0.14 0.08 0.15
54 41⁄2 0.25 0.15 0.28 51⁄2 0.22 0.13 0.24 61⁄4 0.17 0.10 0.19
60 5 0.30 0.18 0.33 6 0.25 0.15 0.28 63⁄4 0.22 0.13 0.24
66 51⁄2 0.35 0.21 0.39 61⁄2 0.31 0.19 0.34 71⁄4 0.25 0.15 0.28
72 6 0.41 0.25 0.45 7 0.35 0.21 0.39 73⁄4 0.30 0.18 0.33
78 61⁄2 0.46 0.28 0.51 71⁄2 0.40 0.24 0.44 81⁄4 0.35 0.21 0.39
84 7 0.51 0.31 0.57 8 0.46 0.28 0.51 83⁄4 0.41 0.25 0.46
90 71⁄2 0.57 0.34 0.63 81⁄2 0.51 0.31 0.57 91⁄4 0.48 0.29 0.53
96 8 0.62 0.37 0.69 9 0.57 0.34 0.63 93⁄4 0.55 0.33 0.61
Concrete Strength, 5000 psi
102 81⁄2 0.76 0.46 Inner 0.30 91⁄2 0.68 0.41 Inner 0.27 101⁄4 0.62 0.37 Inner 0.25
Circular Circular Circular
Plus El- 0.46 Plus El- 0.41 Plus El- 0.37
liptical liptical liptical
108 9 0.85 0.51 Inner 0.34 10 0.76 0.46 Inner 0.30 103⁄4 0.70 0.42 Inner 0.28
Circular Circular Circular
Plus El- 0.51 Plus El- 0.46 Plus El- 0.42
liptical liptical liptical
A A A
114 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
120 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
126 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
132 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
138 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
144 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A
For modified or special designs see 7.2 or with the permission of the owner utilize the provisions of Specification C 655. Steel areas may be interpolated between those
shown for variations in diameter, loading, or wall thickness. Pipe over 96 in. in diameter shall have two circular cages or an inner circular plus one elliptical cage.
B
For these classes and sizes, the minimum practical steel reinforcement is specified. The actual ultimate strength is greater than the minimum strength specified for
nonreinforced pipe of equivalent diameters in Specification C 14.
C
As an alternative to designs requiring both inner and outer circular cages the reinforcement may be positioned and proportioned in either of the following manners:
An inner circular cage plus an elliptical cage such that the area of the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the outer cage in the table and the total area
of the inner circular cage plus the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the inner cage in the table,
An inner and outer cage plus quadrant mats in accordance with Fig. 1 , or
An inner and outer cage plus an elliptical cage in accordance with Fig. 2.
D
Elliptical and quadrant steel must be held in place by means of holding rods, chairs, or other positive means throughout the entire casting operation.
E
As an alternative, single cage reinforcement may be used. The reinforcement area in square in. per linear foot shall be 0.20 for wall B and 0.16 for wall C.

C 33 except that the requirement for gradation shall not apply. 6.6 Synthetic Fibers—Collated fibrillated virgin polypropy-
6.4 Admixtures and Blends—Admixtures and blends may be lene fibers may be used, at the manufacturer’s option, in
used with the approval of the owner. concrete pipe as a nonstructural manufacturing material. Only
6.5 Steel Reinforcement—Reinforcement shall consist of Type III synthetic fibers designed and manufactured specifi-
wire conforming to Specification A 82 or Specification A 496 cally for use in concrete and conforming to the requirements of
or of wire fabric conforming to Specification A 185 or Speci- Specification C 1116 shall be accepted.
fication A 497 or of bars of Grade 40 steel conforming to
Specification A 615/A 615M.

3
 C 76
TABLE 3 Design Requirements for Class III Reinforced Concrete PipeA

NOTE 1—See Section 5 for basis of acceptance specified by the owner.

The strength test requirements in pounds-force per linear foot of pipe under the three-edge-bearing method shall be either the D-load (test load
expressed in pounds-force per linear foot per foot of diameter) to produce a 0.01-in. crack, or the D-loads to produce the 0.01-in. crack and the ultimate
load as specified below, multiplied by the internal diameter of the pipe in feet.
D-load to produce a 0.01-in. crack 1350
D-load to produce the ultimate load 2000
Reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe wall
Wall A Wall B Wall C
Internal Concrete Strength, 4000 psi Concrete Strength, 4000 psi Concrete Strength, 4000 psi
Designated
Circular Circular Circular Elliptical
Diameter, in.Wall Wall Wall
Thick- ReinforcementB Elliptical Thick- ReinforcementB Elliptical Thick- ReinforcementB ReinforcementC
nesses, Inner Outer ReinforcementC nesses, Inner Outer ReinforcementC nesses, Inner Outer
in. Cage Cage in. Cage Cage in. Cage Cage
12 13⁄4 0.07D ... ... 2 0.07D ... ... 23⁄4 0.07D ... ...
15 17⁄8 0.07D ... ... 21⁄4 0.07D ... ... 3 0.07D ... ...
18 2 0.07D ... 0.07D 21⁄2 . 0.07D ... 0.07D 31⁄4 0.07D ... 0.07D
21 21⁄4 0.14 ... 0.11 23⁄4 . 0.07D ... 0.07D 31⁄2 0.07D ... 0.07D
24 21⁄2 0.17 ... 0.14 3 . 0.07D ... 0.07D 33⁄4 0.07 ... 0.07D
27 25⁄8 0.18 ... 0.16 31⁄4 0.16 ... 0.14 4 0.08 ... 0.07D
30 23⁄4 0.19 ... 0.18 31⁄2 0.18 ... 0.15 41⁄4 0.10 ... 0.08
33 27⁄8 0.21 ... 0.20 33⁄4 0.20 ... 0.17 41⁄2 0.12 ... 0.10
36 3 0.21 0.13 0.23 4 E 0.17 0.10 0.19 43⁄4E 0.08 0.07 0.09
42 31⁄2 0.25 0.15 0.28 41⁄2 0.21 0.13 0.23 51⁄4 0.12 0.07 0.13
48 4 0.32 0.19 0.35 5 0.24 0.14 0.27 53⁄4 0.16 0.10 0.18
54 41⁄2 0.38 0.23 0.42 51⁄2 0.29 0.17 0.32 61⁄4 0.21 0.13 0.23
60 5 0.44 0.26 0.49 6 0.34 0.20 0.38 63⁄4 0.25 0.15 0.28
66 51⁄2 0.50 0.30 0.55 61⁄2 0.41 0.25 0.46 71⁄4 0.31 0.19 0.34
72 6 0.57 0.34 0.63 7 0.49 0.29 0.54 73⁄4 0.36 0.22 0.40

Concrete Strength, 5000 psi

78 61⁄2 0.64 0.38 0.71 71⁄2 0.57 0.34 0.63 81⁄4 0.42 0.25 0.47
84 7 0.72 0.43 0.80 8 0.64 0.38 0.71 83⁄4 0.50 0.30 0.56

Concrete Strength, 5000 psi Concrete Strength, 5000 psi

90 7⁄ 12 0.81 0.49 0.90 8⁄ 12 0.69 0.41 0.77 9⁄
14 0.59 0.35 0.66
96 8 0.93 0.56 1.03 9 0.76 0.46 0.84 93⁄4 0.70 0.42 Inner 0.28
Circular
Plus El- 0.42
liptical
102 81⁄2 1.03 0.62 Inner 0.41 91⁄2 0.90 0.54 Inner 0.36 101⁄4 0.83 0.50 Inner 0.33
Circular Circular Circular
Plus El- 0.62 Plus El- 0.54 Plus El- 0.50
liptical liptical liptical
108 9 1.22 0.73 Inner 0.49 10 1.08 0.65 Inner 0.43 103⁄4 0.99 0.59 Inner 0.40
Circular Circular Circular
Plus El- 0.73 Plus El- 0.65 Plus El- 0.59
liptical liptical liptical
A A A
114 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
120 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
126 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
132 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
138 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
144 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A
For modified or special designs see 7.2 or with the permission of the owner utilize the provisions of Specification C 655. Steel areas may be interpolated between those
shown for variations in diameter, loading, or wall thickness. Pipe over 96 in. in diameter shall have two circular cages or an inner circular plus one elliptical cage.
B
As an alternative to designs requiring both inner and outer circular cages the reinforcement may be positioned and proportioned in either of the following manners:
An inner circular cage plus an elliptical cage such that the area of the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the outer cage in the table and the total area
of the inner circular cage plus the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the inner cage in the table,
An inner and outer cage plus quadrant mats in accordance with Fig. 1, or
An inner and outer cage plus an elliptical cage in accordance with Fig. 2.
C
Elliptical and quadrant steel must be held in place by means of holding rods, chairs, or other positive means throughout the entire casting operation.
D
For these classes and sizes, the minimum practical steel reinforcement is specified. The actual ultimate strength is greater than the minimum strength specified for
nonreinforced pipe of equivalent diameters in Specification C 14.
E
As an alternative, single cage reinforcement may be used. The reinforcement area in square in. per linear foot shall be 0.30 for wall B and 0.20 for wall C.

4
 C 76
TABLE 4 Design Requirements for Class IV Reinforced Concrete PipeA

NOTE 1—See Section 5 for basis of acceptance specified by the owner.

The strength test requirements in pounds-force per linear foot of pipe under the three-edge-bearing method shall be either the D-load (test load
expressed in pounds-force per linear foot per foot of diameter) to produce a 0.01-in. crack, or the D-loads to produce the 0.01-in. crack and the ultimate
load as specified below, multiplied by the internal diameter of the pipe in feet.
D-load to produce a 0.01-in. crack 2000
D-load to produce the ultimate load 3000
Reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe wall
Wall A Wall B Wall C
Internal
Concrete Strength, 5000 psi Concrete Strength, 4000 psi Concrete Strength, 4000 psi
Designated
Diameter, Circular Circular Circular
in. Wall ReinforcementB Elliptical Wall ReinforcementB Elliptical Wall ReinforcementB Elliptical
Thickness, Reinforce- Thickness, Reinforce-Thickness, Reinforce-
in. Inner Outer mentC in. Inner Outer mentC in. Inner Outer mentC
Cage Cage Cage Cage Cage Cage
12 13⁄4 0.15 ... ... 2 0.07 ... ... 23⁄4 0.07D ... ...
15 17⁄8 0.16 ... ... 21⁄4 0.10 ... ... 3 0.07D ... ...
18 2 0.17 ... 0.15 21⁄2 0.14 ... 0.11 31⁄4 0.07D ... 0.07D
21 21⁄4 0.23 ... 0.21 23⁄4 0.20 ... 0.17 31⁄2 0.07D ... 0.07D
24 21⁄2 0.29 ... 0.27 3 0.27 ... 0.23 33⁄4 0.07 0.07 0.08
27 25⁄8 0.33 ... 0.31 31⁄4 0.31 ... 0.25 4 0.08 0.07 0.09
30 23⁄4 0.38 ... 0.35 31⁄2 0.35 ... 0.28 41⁄4 0.09 0.07 0.10
A
33 ... ... ... 33⁄4 0.27 0.16 0.30 41⁄2 0.11 0.07 0.12
A
36 ... ... ... 4 0.30 0.18 0.33 43⁄4 0.14 0.08 0.15
A
42 ... ... ... 41⁄2 0.35 0.21 0.39 51⁄4 0.20 0.12 0.22
A
48 ... ... ... 5 0.42 0.25 0.47 53⁄4 0.26 0.16 0.29
A
54 ... ... ... 51⁄2 0.50 0.30 0.55 61⁄4 0.34 0.20 0.38

Concrete Strength, 5000 psi

A
60 ... ... ... 6 0.59 0.35 0.66 63⁄4 0.41 0.25 0.46
A
66 ... ... ... 61⁄2 0.69 0.41 0.77 71⁄4 0.51 0.31 0.57

Concrete Strength, 5000 psi

A
72 ... ... ... 7 0.79 0.47 0.88 73⁄4 0.61 0.37 0.68
A A
78 ... ... ... ... ... ... 81⁄4 0.71 0.43 0.79
A A
84 ... ... ... ... ... ... 83⁄4 0.85 0.51 0.94
A A A
90 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
96 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
102 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
108 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
114 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
120 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
126 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
132 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
138 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
144 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A
For modified or special designs see 7.2 or with the permission of the owner utilize the provisions of Specification C 655. Steel areas may be interpolated between those
shown for variations in diameter, loading, or wall thickness. Pipe over 96 in. in diameter shall have two circular cages or an inner circular plus one elliptical cage.
B
As an alternative to designs requiring both inner and outer circular cages the reinforcement may be positioned and proportioned in either of the following manners:
An inner circular cage plus an elliptical cage such that the area of the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the outer cage in the table and the total area
of the inner circular cage plus the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the inner cage in the table,
An inner and outer cage plus quadrant mats in accordance with Fig. 1, or
An inner and outer cage plus an elliptical cage in accordance with Fig. 2.
For Wall C, in sizes 24 to 33 in., a single circular cage with an area not less than the sum of the specified inner and outer circular reinforcement areas.
C
Elliptical and quadrant steel must be held in place by means of holding rods, chairs, or other positive means throughout the entire casting operation.
D
For these classes and sizes, the minimum practical steel reinforcement is specified.

7. Design request approval by the owner of modified designs that differ

7.1 Design Tables—The diameter, wall thickness, compres- from the designs in 7.1; or special designs for sizes and loads
sive strength of the concrete, and the area of the circumferen- beyond those shown in Tables 1-5, 7.1, or special designs for
tial reinforcement shall be as prescribed for Classes I to V in pipe sizes that do not have steel reinforcement areas shown in
Tables 1-5, except as provided in 7.2. Tables 1-5 of 7.1.
7.1.1 Footnotes to the tables herein are intended to be 7.2.2 Such modified or special designs shall be based on
amplifications of tabulated requirements and are to be consid- rational or empirical evaluations of the ultimate strength and
ered applicable and binding as if they were contained in the cracking behavior of the pipe and shall fully describe to the
body of the specification. owner any deviations from the requirements of 7.1. The
7.2 Modified and Special Designs: descriptions of modified or special designs shall include the
7.2.1 If permitted by the owner the manufacturer may wall thickness, the concrete strength, and the area, type,
5
 C 76
TABLE 5 Design Requirements for Class V Reinforced Concrete PipeA

NOTE 1—See Section 5 for basis of acceptance specified by the owner.

The strength test requirements in pounds-force per linear foot of pipe under the three-edge-bearing method shall be either the D-load (test load
expressed in pounds-force per linear foot per foot of diameter) to produce a 0.01-in. crack, or the D-loads to produce the 0.01-in. crack and the ultimate
load as specified below, multiplied by the internal diameter of the pipe in feet.
D-load to produce a 0.01-in. crack 3000
D-load to produce the ultimate load 3750
Reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe wall
Wall A Wall B Wall C
Internal
Concrete Strength, 6000 psi Concrete Strength, 6000 psi Concrete Strength, 6000 psi
Designated
Diameter, Circular Circular Circular
in. Wall ReinforcementB Elliptical Wall ReinforcementB Elliptical Wall ReinforcementB Elliptical
Thickness, Reinforce- Thickness, Reinforce- Thickness, Reinforce-
in. Inner Outer mentC in. Inner Outer mentC in. Inner Outer mentC
Cage Cage Cage Cage Cage Cage
A
12 ... ... ... 2 0.10 ... ... 23⁄4 0.07D ... ...
A
15 ... ... ... 21⁄4 0.14 ... ... 3 0.07D ... ...
A
18 ... ... ... 21⁄2 0.19 ... 0.16 31⁄4 0.10 ... ...
A
21 ... ... ... 23⁄4 0.24 ... 0.21 31⁄2 0.10 ... ...
A
24 ... ... ... 3 0.30 ... 0.24 33⁄4 0.12 0.07 0.13
A
27 ... ... ... 31⁄4 0.38 0.23 0.42 4 0.14 0.08 0.16
A
30 ... ... ... 31⁄2 0.41 0.25 0.46 41⁄4 0.18 0.11 0.20
A
33 ... ... ... 33⁄4 0.46 0.28 0.51 41⁄2 0.23 0.14 0.25
A
36 ... ... ... 4 0.50 0.30 0.56 43⁄4 0.27 0.16 0.30
A
42 ... ... ... 41⁄2 0.60 0.36 0.67 51⁄4 0.36 0.22 0.40
A
48 ... ... ... 5 0.73 0.44 0.81 53⁄4 0.47 0.28 0.52
A A
54 ... ... ... ... ... ... 61⁄4 0.58 0.35 0.64
A A
60 ... ... ... ... ... ... 63⁄4 0.70 0.42 0.78
A A
66 ... ... ... ... ... ... 71⁄4 0.84 0.50 0.93
A A
72 ... ... ... ... ... ... 73⁄4 0.99 0.59 1.10
A A A
78 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
84 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
90 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
96 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
102 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
108 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
114 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
120 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
126 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
132 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
138 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
144 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
...
A
For modified or special designs see 7.2 or with the permission of the owner utilize the provisions of Specification C 655. Steel areas may be interpolated between those
shown for variations in diameter, loading, or wall thickness. Pipe over 96 in. in diameter shall have two circular cages or an inner circular plus one elliptical cage.
B
As an alternative to designs requiring both inner and outer circular cages the reinforcement may be positioned and proportioned in either of the following manners:
An inner circular cage plus an elliptical cage such that the area of the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the outer cage in the table and the total area
of the inner circular cage plus the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the inner cage in the table,
An inner and outer cage plus quadrant mats in accordance with Fig. 1, or
An inner and outer cage plus an elliptical cage in accordance with Fig. 2.
C
Elliptical and quadrant steel must be held in place by means of holding rods, chairs, or other positive means throughout the entire casting operation.
D
For these classes and sizes, the minimum practical steel reinforcement is specified.

placement, number of layers, and strength of the steel rein- ment per unit lengths of pipe.
forcement.
7.2.3 The manufacturer shall submit to the owner proof of 8. Reinforcement
the adequacy of the proposed modified or special design. Such 8.1 Circumferential Reinforcement—A line of circumferen-
proof may comprise the submission of certified three-edge- tial reinforcement for any given total area may be composed of
bearing tests already made, which are acceptable to the owner two layers for pipe with wall thicknesses of less than 7 in. or
or, if such three-edge-bearing tests are not available or accept- three layers for pipe with wall thicknesses of 7 in. or greater.
able, the manufacturer may be required to perform proof tests The layers shall not be separated by more than the thickness of
on sizes and classes selected by the owner to demonstrate the one longitudinal plus 1⁄4 in. The multiple layers shall be
adequacy of the proposed design. fastened together to form a single cage. All other specification
7.2.4 Such pipe must meet all of the test and performance requirements such as laps, welds, and tolerances of placement
requirements specified by the owner in accordance with in the wall of the pipe, etc., shall apply to this method of
Section 5. fabricating a line of reinforcement.
7.3 Area—In this specification, when the word area is not 8.1.1 Where one line of circular reinforcement is used, it
described by adjectives, such as cross-section or single wire, it shall be placed from 35 to 50 % of the wall thickness from the
shall be understood to be the cross-sectional area of reinforce- inner surface of the pipe, except that for wall thicknesses less
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than 21⁄2 in., the protective cover of the concrete over the
circumferential reinforcement in the wall of the pipe shall be 3⁄4
in.
8.1.2 In pipe having two lines of circular reinforcement,
each line shall be so placed that the protective covering of
concrete over the circumferential reinforcement in the wall of
the pipe shall be 1 in.
8.1.3 In pipe having elliptical reinforcement with wallthick-
nesses 21⁄2 in. or greater, the reinforcement in the wall of the
pipe shall be so placed that the protective covering of concrete
over the circumferential reinforcement shall be 1 in. from the
inner surface of the pipe at the vertical diameter and 1 in. from
the outer surface of the pipe at the horizontal diameter. In pipe
having elliptical reinforcement with wall thicknesses less than
21⁄2 in., the protective covering of the concrete shall be 3⁄4 in. at
the vertical and horizontal diameters.
8.1.4 The location of the reinforcement shall be subject to NOTE 1—The total reinforcement area (Asi) of the inner cage plus the
the permissible variations in dimensions given in 12.5. quadrant mat in Quadrants 1 and 2 shall not be less than that specified for
8.1.5 The spacing center to center of circumferential rein- the inner cage in Tables 1 to 5.
NOTE 2—The total reinforcement area (Aso) of the outer cage plus the
forcement in a cage shall not exceed 4 in. for pipe up to and
quadrant mat in Quadrants 3 and 4 shall not be less than that specified for
including pipe having a 4-in. wall thickness nor exceed the the outer cage in Tables 1 to 5.
wall thickness for larger pipe, and shall in no case exceed 6 in. NOTE 3—The reinforcement area (A8si) of the inner cage in Quadrants
8.1.6 Where the wall reinforcement does not extend into the 3 and 4 shall be not less than 25 % of that specified for the inner cage in
joint, the maximum longitudinal distance to the last circumfer- Tables 1 to 5.
ential from the inside shoulder of the bell or the shoulder of the NOTE 4—The reinforcement area (A8so) of the outer cage in Quadrants
1 and 2 shall be not less than 25 % of that specified for the outer cage in
spigot shall be 3 in. except that if this distance exceeds one-half
Tables 1 to 5.
the wall thickness, the pipe wall shall contain at least a total NOTE 5—If the reinforcement area (A8so) of the outer cage in Quad-
reinforcement area of the minimum specified area per linear rants 1 or 2 is less than 50 % of that specified for the outer cage in Tables
foot times the laying length of the pipe section. The minimum 1 to 5, the quadrant mats used for the outer cage in Quadrants 3 and 4 shall
cover on the last circumferential near the spigot shoulder shall extend into Quadrant 1 and 2 not less than a distance equal to the wall
be 1⁄2 in. thickness as specified in Tables 1 to 5.
FIG. 1 Quadrant Reinforcement
8.1.6.1 Where reinforcement is in the bell or spigot the
minimum end cover on the last circumferential shall be 1⁄2 in. to position the cages during the placement of the concrete shall
in the bell or 1⁄4 in. in the spigot. not be a cause for rejection.
8.1.7 The continuity of the circumferential reinforcing steel 8.3 Joint Reinforcement—The length of the joint as used
shall not be destroyed during the manufacture of the pipe, herein means the inside length of the bell or the outside length
except that when agreed upon by the owner, lift eyes or holes of the spigot from the shoulder to the end of the pipe section.
may be provided in each pipe for the purpose of handling. The end distances or cover on the end circumferential shall
8.1.8 If splices are not welded, the reinforcement shall be apply to any point on the circumference of the pipe or joint.
lapped not less than 20 diameters for deformed bars and When convoluted reinforcement is used, these distances and
deformed cold-worked wire, and 40 diameters for plain bars reinforcement areas shall be taken from the points on the
and cold-drawn wire. In addition, where lapped cages of convolutions closest to the end of the pipe section. Unless
welded-wire fabric are used without welding, the lap shall otherwise permitted by the owner, the following requirements
contain a longitudinal wire. for joint reinforcement shall apply.
8.1.8.1 When splices are welded and are not lapped to the 8.3.1 Joint Reinforcement for Non-Rubber Gasket Joints:
minimum requirements above, pull tests of representative 8.3.1.1 For pipe 36 in. and larger in diameter, either the bell
specimens shall develop at least 50 % of the minimum speci- or spigot shall contain circumferential reinforcement. This
fied strength of the steel, and there shall be a minimum lap of reinforcement shall be an extension of a wall cage, or may be
2 in. For butt-welded splices in bars or wire, permitted only a separate cage of at least the area per foot of that specified for
with helically wound cages, pull tests of representative speci- the outer cage or one-half of that specified for single cage wall
mens shall develop at least 75 % of the minimum specified reinforcement, whichever is less.
strength of the steel. 8.3.1.2 Where bells or spigots require reinforcement, the
8.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement—Each line of circumferen- maximum end cover on the last circumferential shall be
tial reinforcement shall be assembled into a cage that shall one-half the length of the joint or 3 in., whichever is less.
contain sufficient longitudinal bars or members, to maintain the 8.3.2 Joint Reinforcement for Rubber Gasket Joints:
reinforcement in shape and in position within the form to 8.3.2.1 For pipe 12 in. and larger in diameter, the bell ends
comply with permissible variations in 8.1. The exposure of the shall contain circumferential reinforcement. This reinforce-
ends of longitudinals, stirrups, or spacers that have been used ment shall be an extension of the outer cage or a single wall
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NOTE 1—The total reinforcement area of the inner circular cage and the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the inner cage in Tables
1 to 5.
NOTE 2—The total reinforcement area of the outer circular cage and the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the outer cage in Tables
1 to 5.
FIG. 2 Triple Cage Reinforcement

cage, whichever is less, or may be a separate cage of at least the 10.2.1 Steam Curing—Pipe may be placed in a curing
same area per foot with longitudinals as required in 8.2. If a chamber, free of outside drafts, and cured in a moist atmo-
separate cage is used, the cage shall extend into the pipe with sphere maintained by the injection of steam for such time and
the last circumferential wire at least one in. past the inside such temperature as may be needed to enable the pipe to meet
shoulder where the pipe barrel meets the bell of the joint. the strength requirements. The curing chamber shall be so
8.3.2.2 Where bells require reinforcement, the maximum constructed as to allow full circulation of steam around the
end cover on the last circumferential shall be 11⁄2 in. entire pipe.
10.2.2 Water Curing—Concrete pipe may be water-cured
9. Joints by covering with water saturated material or by a system of
9.1 The joints shall be of such design and the ends of the perforated pipes, mechanical sprinklers, porous hose, or by any
concrete pipe sections so formed that the pipe can be laid other approved method that will keep the pipe moist during the
together to make a continuous line of pipe compatible with the specified curing period.
permissible variations given in Section 12. 10.2.3 The manufacturer may, at his option, combine the
methods described in 10.2.1 to 10.2.4 provided the required
10. Manufacture concrete compressive strength is attained.
10.1 Mixture—The aggregates shall be sized, graded, pro- 10.2.4 A sealing membrane conforming to the requirements
portioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitious of Specification C 309 may be applied and should be left intact
materials and water as will produce a homogeneous concrete until the required strength requirements are met. The concrete
mixture of such quality that the pipe will conform to the test at the time of application shall be within 10°F of the atmo-
and design requirements of this specification. All concrete shall spheric temperature. All surfaces shall be kept moist prior to
have a water-cementitious materials ratio not exceeding 0.53 the application of the compounds and shall be damp when the
by weight. Cementitious materials shall be as specified in 6.2 compound is applied.
and shall be added to the mix in a proportion not less than 470
lb/yd3 unless mix designs with a lower cementitious materials 11. Physical Requirements
content demonstrate that the quality and performance of the 11.1 Test Specimens—The specified number of pipe re-
pipe meet the requirements of this specification. quired for the tests shall be furnished without charge by the
10.2 Curing—Pipe shall be subjected to any one of the manufacturer and shall be selected at random by the owner, and
methods of curing described in 10.2.1 to 10.2.4 or to any other shall be pipe that would not otherwise be rejected under this
method or combination of methods approved by the owner, that specification. The selection shall be made at the point or points
will give satisfactory results. The pipe shall be cured for a designated by the owner when placing the order.
sufficient length of time so that the specified D-load is obtained 11.2 Number and Type of Test Required for Various Delivery
when acceptance is based on 5.1.1 or so that the concrete will Schedules:
develop the specified compressive strength at 28 days or less 11.2.1 Preliminary Tests for Extended Delivery
when acceptance is based on 5.1.2. Schedules—An owner of pipe, whose needs require shipments
8
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at intervals over extended periods of time, shall be entitled to 11.5.3.3 When the compressive strength of the cylinders
such tests, preliminary to delivery of pipe, as are required by tested does not conform to the acceptance criteria stated in
the type of basis of acceptance specified by the owner in 11.5.3.1 or 11.5.3.2, the acceptability of the group shall be
Section 5, of not more than three sections of pipe covering each determined in accordance with the provisions of 11.6.
size in which he is interested. 11.6 Compression Testing of Cores:
11.2.2 Additional Tests for Extended Delivery Schedules— 11.6.1 Obtaining Cores—Cores shall be obtained and pre-
After the preliminary tests described in 11.2.1, an owner shall pared in accordance with Section 6 of Test Methods C 497.
be entitled to additional tests in such numbers and at such times 11.6.2 Number of Cores—One core shall be taken from a
as he may deem necessary, provided that the total number of pipe section selected at random from each day’s production run
pipe tested (including preliminary tests) shall not exceed 1 % of a single concrete strength.
of the pipe delivered. 11.7 Acceptability on the Basis of Core Test Results:
11.3 External Load Crushing Strength: 11.7.1 When the compressive strengths of cores tested for a
11.3.1 The load to produce a 0.01-in. crack or the ultimate group of pipe sections is equal to or greater than the design
load, as determined by the three-edge-bearing method as concrete strength, the compressive strength of the concrete for
described in the Test Methods C 497 shall be not less than that the group is acceptable. Concrete represented by core tests
prescribed in Tables 1-5 for each respective class of pipe. Pipe shall be considered acceptable if: (1) the average of three cores
that have been tested only to the formation of a 0.01-in. crack is equal to at least 85 % of the specified strength, and (2) no
and that meet the 0.01-in. crack load requirements shall be single core is less than 75 % of the specified strength.
accepted for use. Three-edge-bearing test to ultimate load is not
11.7.2 If the compressive strength of the core tested is less
required for any class of pipe 60 in. or less in diameter listed
than the design concrete strength, the pipe section from which
in Tables 1-5 provided all other requirements of this specifi-
that core was taken may be recored. If the compressive strength
cation are met.
of the recore is equal to or greater than the design concrete
NOTE 3—As used in this specification, the 0.01-in. crack is a test compressive strength, the compressive strength of the concrete
criterion for pipe tested in the three-edge-bearing test and is not intended for the group is acceptable.
as an indication of overstressed or failed pipe under installed conditions. 11.7.3 If the compressive strength of the recore is less than
11.3.2 Retests of Pipe Not Meeting the External Load the design concrete strength, the pipe section from which the
Crushing Strength Requirements—Pipe shall be considered as core was taken shall be rejected. Two pipe sections from the
meeting the strength requirements when all test specimens remainder of the group shall be selected at random and one
conform to the strength requirements. Should any of the test core shall be taken from each pipe section. If the compressive
specimens fail to meet the strength requirements, the manufac- strength of both cores is equal to or greater than the design
turer shall be allowed a retest on two additional specimens for concrete compressive strength, the concrete compressive
each specimen that failed, and the pipe shall be acceptable only strength of the remainder of the group shall be acceptable. If
when all of the retest specimens meet the strength require- the compressive strength of either of the two cores tested is less
ments. than the design concrete compressive strength, then the re-
CONCRETE TESTING mainder of the group shall be either rejected or, at the option of
11.4 Type of Specimen—Compression tests determining the manufacturer, each pipe section of the remainder shall be
concrete compressive strength may be made on either standard cored and accepted individually, and any of the pipe sections
rodded concrete cylinders or concrete cylinders compacted and that have a core with less than the design concrete compressive
cured in like manner as the pipe, or on cores drilled from the strength shall be rejected.
pipe. 11.8 Plugging Core Holes—Core holes shall be plugged
11.5 Compression Testing of Cylinders: and sealed by the manufacturer in a manner such that the pipe
11.5.1 Cylinder Production—Cylinders shall be prepared in section will meet all of the requirements of this specification.
accordance with Section 11 of Test Methods C 497. Pipe sections so plugged and sealed shall be considered
11.5.2 Number of Cylinders—Prepare no fewer than five satisfactory for use.
test cylinders from a group (one day’s production) of pipe 11.9 Absorption—The absorption of a sample from the wall
sections. of the pipe, as determined in accordance with Test Methods
11.5.3 Acceptability on the Basis of Cylinder Test Results: C 497, shall not exceed 9 % of the dry mass for Method A or
11.5.3.1 When the compressive strengths of all cylinders 8.5 % for Method B. Each Method A sample shall have a
tested for a group are equal to or greater than the design minimum mass of 0.1 kg, shall be free of visible cracks, and
concrete strength, the compressive strength of concrete in the shall represent the full wall thickness of the pipe. When the
group of pipe sections shall be accepted. initial absorption sample from a pipe fails to conform to this
11.5.3.2 When the average compressive strength of all specification, the absorption test shall be made on another
cylinders tested is equal to or greater than the design concrete sample from the same pipe and the results of the retest shall be
strength, and not more than 10 % of the cylinders tested have substituted for the original test results.
a compressive strength less than the design concrete strength, 11.10 Retests of Pipe—When not more than 20 % of the
and no cylinder tested has a compressive strength less than concrete specimens fail to pass the requirements of this
80 % of the design concrete strength, then the group shall be specification, the manufacturer may cull the project stock and
accepted. may eliminate whatever quantity of pipe desired and shall mark
9
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those pipe so that they will not be shipped. The required tests used, the inner cage nominal area may vary to the lower limit
shall be made on the balance of the order and the pipe shall be of 85 % of the elliptical nominal area and the outer cage
accepted if they conform to the requirements of this specifica- nominal area may vary to the lower limit of 51 % of the
tion. elliptical nominal area provided that the total nominal area of
11.11 Test Equipment—Every manufacturer furnishing pipe the inner cage plus the outer cage shall not vary beyond the
under this specification shall furnish all facilities and personnel lower limit of 140 % of the elliptical nominal area.
necessary to carry out the tests described in Test Methods
C 497. 13. Repairs
12. Permissible Variations 13.1 Pipe may be repaired, if necessary, because of imper-
fections in manufacture or damage during handling and will be
12.1 Internal Diameter—The internal diameter of 12 to acceptable if, in the opinion of the owner, the repaired pipe
24-in. pipe shall vary not more than 61.5 % from the design conforms to the requirements of this specification.
diameter. The internal diameter of 27-in. and larger pipe shall
not vary from the design diameter by more than 6 1 % of the 14. Inspection
design diameter or 63⁄8 in., whichever is greater.
14.1 The quality of materials, the process of manufacture,
12.2 Wall Thickness—The wall thickness shall not vary
and the finished pipe shall be subject to inspection and
more than shown in the design or specified wall by more than
approval by the owner.
65 % or 3⁄16 in., whichever is greater. A specified wall
thickness more than required in the design is not cause for 15. Rejection
rejection. Pipe having localized variations in wall thickness
exceeding those specified above shall be accepted if the 15.1 Pipe shall be subject to rejection on account of failure
three-edge-bearing strength and minimum steel cover require- to conform to any of the specification requirements. Individual
ments are met. sections of pipe may be rejected because of any of the
12.3 Length of Two Opposite Sides—Variations in the lay- following:
ing length of two opposite sides of the pipe shall not be more 15.1.1 Fractures or cracks passing through the wall, except
than 1⁄4 in. for all sizes through 24-in. internal diameter, and not for a single end crack that does not exceed the depth of the
more than 1⁄8 in./ft for all sizes larger with a maximum of 5⁄8 in. joint.
in any length of pipe through 84-in. internal diameter, and a 15.1.2 Defects that indicate proportioning, mixing, and
maximum of 3⁄4 in. for 90-in. internal diameter or larger, except molding not in compliance with 10.1 or surface defects
where beveled end pipe for laying on curves is specified by the indicating honey-combed or open texture that would adversely
owner. affect the function of the pipe.
12.4 Length of Pipe—The underrun in length of a section of 15.1.3 The ends of the pipe are not normal to the walls and
pipe shall not be more than 1⁄8 in./ft. with a maximum of 1⁄2 in. center line of the pipe, within the limits of variations given in
in any length of pipe. Regardless of the underrun or overrun in 12.3 and 12.4.
any section of the pipe, the end cover requirements of Sections 15.1.4 Damaged or cracked ends where such damage would
8 and 12 shall apply. prevent making a satisfactory joint.
12.5 Position or Area of Reinforcement: 15.1.5 Any continuous crack having a surface width of 0.01
12.5.1 Position—The maximum variation in the position of in. or more and extending for a length of 12 in. or more,
the reinforcement shall be 6 10 % of the wall thickness or regardless of position in the wall of the pipe.
61⁄2 in., whichever is greater. Pipe having variations in the
16. Marking
position of the reinforcement exceeding those specified above
shall be accepted if the three-edge-bearing strength require- 16.1 The following information shall be legibly marked on
ments obtained on a representative specimen are met. In no each section of pipe:
case, however, shall the cover over the circumferential rein- 16.1.1 The pipe class and specification designation,
forcement be less than 1⁄4 in. as measured to the end of the 16.1.2 The date of manufacture,
spigot or 1⁄2 in. as measured to any other surface. The preceding 16.1.3 The name or trademark of the manufacturer, and
minimum cover limitations do not apply to mating surfaces of 16.1.4 Identification of plant.
nonrubber gasket joints or gasket grooves in rubber gasket 16.2 One end of each section of pipe with elliptical or
joints. If convoluted reinforcement is used, the convoluted quadrant reinforcement shall be clearly marked during the
circumferential end wire may be at the end surface of the joint process of manufacturing or immediately thereafter, on the
providing the alternate convolutions have at least 1 in. cover inside and the outside of opposite walls along the minor axis of
from the end surface of the joint. the elliptical reinforcing or along the vertical axis for quadrant
12.5.2 Area of Reinforcement—Reinforcement will be con- reinforcing.
sidered as meeting the design requirements if the area, com- 16.3 Markings shall be indented on the pipe section or
puted on the basis of nominal area of the wire or bars used, painted thereon with waterproof paint.
equals or exceeds the requirements of 7.1 or 7.2. Actual area of
the reinforcing used may vary from the nominal area according 17. Keywords
to permissible variations of the standard specifications for the 17.1 circular pipe; culvert; D-load; pipe; reinforced con-
reinforcing. When inner cage and outer cage reinforcing is crete; sewer pipe; storm drain
10
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The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection
with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such
patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your
views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.

11