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2

1 (a) A rocket has an initial mass of 7.4 × 106 kg.

(i) Calculate the initial weight of the rocket.

weight = ......................................................... [1]

(ii) Define, in words, the term weight.

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...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Fig. 1.1 shows part of the speed-time graph for the rocket as it leaves the ground and travels
into space.

10 000
B
9000

8000

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speed 7000 A
m/s
6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

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1000

O 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

time / s

Fig. 1.1

(i) Describe the motion of the rocket:

From O to A .......................................................................................................................
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From A to B ........................................................................................................................
[2]

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(ii) Draw a tangent to the graph at time = 400 s and use this to calculate the acceleration of
the rocket at this time. Show your working.
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acceleration = ......................................................... [2]

(c) Rockets are used to launch satellites into space. When the satellite is released, the rocket
returns to the Earth.

Explain in terms of forces why the rocket reaches terminal velocity as it travels through the
atmosphere back to the Earth.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]
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[Total: 8]
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4

2 Fig. 2.1 shows a golfer about to hit a golf ball with a golf club. The initial momentum of the golf ball
is zero.

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Fig. 2.1

(a) Define momentum.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

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(b) The golf club is in contact with the ball for 5.0 × 10–4 s. The velocity of the golf ball as it leaves
the golf club is 41 m / s. The golf ball has a mass of 0.046 kg.

(i) Calculate the impulse on the golf ball.

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impulse = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate the force applied to the ball by the golf club.
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force = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 5]

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3 (a) State two energy resources for which radiation from the Sun is the main source of energy.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) A wind turbine is used to generate electricity.

The useful output from the turbine in 1.0 s is 6000 J. The kinetic energy of the wind hitting the
turbine in 1.0 s is 11 000 J. The velocity of the wind hitting the turbine is 6.3 m / s.
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(i) Show that the mass of air hitting the turbine each second is approximately 550 kg.

[2]

(ii) Calculate the efficiency of the turbines. You may assume that all the kinetic energy stored
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in the wind is transferred to the turbine.

efficiency = ......................................................% [2]

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(c) Tidal energy and wind energy are both renewable energy resources.
Suggest one reason why tidal energy is a more useful energy resource than wind energy.

Ignore the costs of construction and maintenance.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 7]
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6

4 Fig. 4.1 shows a pressure cooker on an electric heating element. The cooker has a tight-fitting lid.

tight-fitting lid

water

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electric heating
element

Fig. 4.1

(a) The pressure cooker is half-full of water. As the water is heated some water evaporates
before the water boils.
Describe two differences between evaporation and boiling of the water in the cooker.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) As the water is heated, the pressure of the gas inside the cooker increases.
Explain this increase in pressure in terms of particles.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 6]
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5 On a sunny day, the temperatures of a black tarmac road and the air above the road increase.

(a) Explain why the surface temperature of the tarmac increases.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) State the method of thermal energy transfer from the tarmac to the air immediately above
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the road.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) State the main method of thermal energy transfer from the air immediately above the road to
the rest of the air.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) Explain why the surface temperature of the tarmac is higher than the surrounding air
temperature.
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...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 6]
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8

6 A student plays the violin near the doorway to a large room. Fig. 6.1 shows a young teacher
standing where he can hear the sound but cannot see the student.

student
playing
violin room

open door

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X

young teacher

Fig. 6.1

(a) (i) State the wave effect that allows the young teacher to hear sounds from the violin at the
position he is standing in Fig. 6.1.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(ii) Calculate the frequency of sound with a wavelength of 0.75 m.
The speed of sound in air is 340 m / s.

frequency = ......................................................... [2]

(iii) A violin produces sounds in the frequency range 200 Hz–3800 Hz. The width of the open
doorway is 0.75 m.

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Explain why the young teacher hears the frequency calculated in (a)(ii) clearly but finds
a frequency of 3500 Hz much harder to hear.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) A plane mirror is placed at point X so that the teacher can see the student.
On Fig. 6.1:
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• draw a light ray from the violin to point X and from point X to the teacher
• draw and label the mirror
• add an arrow to the ray to show how the teacher sees the student.

Use a ruler and sharp pencil for this drawing. [3]

[Total: 8]
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7 A washing machine has an electric motor and an electric heater. Fig. 7.1 shows a simplified circuit
diagram for the washing machine.

A
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Fig. 7.1

The heater has a resistance of 25 Ω and the power supply has an electromotive force (e.m.f.)
of 230 V.

(a) State the meaning of electromotive force.

...................................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) State the potential difference (p.d.) across the heater.

p.d. = ......................................................... [1]

(c) Calculate the current in the heater.

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Current = ......................................................... [2]

(d) The current in the motor is 1.6 A.

Determine the reading on the ammeter in Fig. 7.1. Explain your answer.

Ammeter reading ......................................................................................................................

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Explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 7]

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10

8 A fisherman uses high frequency sound waves to locate fish in the sea. Fig. 8.1 shows the sound
waves emitted from the boat.

fishing boat

sound waves

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seabed

Fig. 8.1 (not to scale)

(a) State the name of sound waves which have a frequency greater than 20 kHz.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

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(b) High frequency sound waves travel from the boat through the sea water.
The speed of sound in water is 1500 m / s. The seabed is 22 m below the boat.

Calculate the time taken for the boat to receive the reflected wave from the seabed after the
sound is emitted.

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time = ......................................................... [3]

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11

(c) Fig. 8.2 shows a fish below the boat.

fishing boat

sound waves
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fish

seabed

Fig. 8.2 (not to scale)

Describe and explain how the reflected sound wave received by the boat from the fish differs
from the reflected sound wave received from the seabed.

...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 6]
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12

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a wireless charging plate used to charge the battery in a mobile phone (cell phone).
The coil of wire is part of an electric circuit.

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charging plate coil of wire

Fig. 9.1

The charging plate is connected to an a.c. power supply. The power supply is turned on.

(a) Describe the magnetic field around the charging plate in terms of its magnitude and direction.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

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(b) A mobile phone is placed on the charging plate as shown in Fig. 9.2. The coil in the mobile
phone is part of a separate circuit that charges the battery.

secondary coil
mobile phone

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charging plate
primary coil

Fig. 9.2

The coil in the charging plate and the coil in the mobile phone act like a transformer.

(i) Explain why there is a current in the secondary coil shown in Fig. 9.2.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Suggest why the transformer made from the charging plate and mobile phone is not
100% efficient.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
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13

(c) The mobile phone battery can be recharged using this charging plate and stores 4.5 × 104 J
of energy when fully recharged. The current in the secondary coil is 0.63 A when the output
voltage is 12 V.

(i) Calculate the time taken to fully recharge a completely uncharged battery.
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time = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate the charge passing through the battery in 60 s.

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charge = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]
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14

14 12
10 Carbon-14 ( 6 C) is a radioactive isotope of carbon. Carbon-12 ( 6 C) is not radioactive.
14 12
(a) Explain how an atom of carbon-14 ( 6 C) differs from an atom of carbon-12 ( 6 C).

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) All living organisms contain both carbon-12 atoms and carbon-14 atoms. The ratio of
carbon-14 to carbon-12 is 1 : 1 × 1012.

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Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5700 years.

(i) When an organism dies no new carbon is absorbed. The amount of carbon-12 in the
dead organism remains fixed.

Describe how the amount of carbon-14 in the dead organism decreases with time.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) A sample of wood contains carbon-14 to carbon-12 atoms in the ratio 1 : 4 × 1012.

Calculate how many years ago the tree died.

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......................................... years ago [3]

(c) Other radioactive isotopes have different half-lives.

Suggest a use of a radioactive isotope with a half-life of one hour.

Explain why a short half-life is suitable for this use.

use ............................................................................................................................................
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explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 9]

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15

11 (a) (i) State the name of one planet that has an orbit further away from the Sun than Venus.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the name of one planet that has an orbit closer to the Sun than Venus.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Venus has an average radius of orbit of 1.1 × 1011 m and an orbital period of 220 Earth days.
Calculate the average orbital speed of Venus. Give your answer in m / s.
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average orbital speed = .................................................. m / s [3]

(c) State the relationship between the orbital speeds of the planets and their distances from the
Sun.
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...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) Comets are balls of ice and dust. Some comets orbit the Sun.

State how the speed of a comet changes as it orbits the Sun.

Explain your answer using ideas about the conservation of energy.

You may include a labelled diagram in your answer.

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...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 9]

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