Challenges to Women's Mobility for the Achievement of Higher
Education: Status and Implications
SUBMITTED TO
Ms. Sameen Sadaqat
SUBMITTED BY
Yashfa Khalid
Roll# 1042
BS Psychology
5Th Semester Morning
DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF OKARA
1. Research Topic
Challenges to Women's Mobility for the Achievement of Higher Education: Status and
Implications
2. Introduction
Psychological problems, such as anxiety and depression, are often the result of challenges with
family, friends, and school. This study aims to review the literature on major barriers and
challenges for non-traditional women in higher education in the United States and examine
strategies for identifying and coping with psychological problems.
Public transport systems in Pakistan have failed to provide high levels of mobility, sustainability,
and environmental protection. Women's dread of public transit causes behavioral changes, leading
to the introduction of alternate transportation systems to guarantee women's safety and equal
rights.
Mexico City has introduced women-only buses to combat violence and crime against women,
focusing on the relationship between women and the transportation system. By addressing these
issues, cities can provide more opportunities for women to participate in urban life and contribute
to a more inclusive and equitable society.
Dependent Variables:
1. Academic Performance
2. Psychological Well-being
3. Mobility Satisfaction
Independent Variables:
1. Safety Measures
2. Transportation Accessibility
3. Institutional Support
Background Information of the Variables:
Academic performance is a crucial indicator of a student's success in an educational setting.
Factors like cognitive abilities, motivation, teaching quality, and environmental factors influence
it. Psychological well-being is essential for students to manage stress, engage in academic
activities, and form meaningful relationships. Factors like mobility satisfaction, safety measures,
transportation accessibility, and institutional support can impact academic performance. Positive
psychological well-being leads to higher resilience, better coping strategies, and improved
academic outcomes. Inadequate transportation options can lead to missed classes, tardiness, and
reduced time for study or social activities. Institutional support provides resources and services to
help students succeed academically, socially, and emotionally.
Theoretical Framework
Social Capital Theory:
The theory of social capital: how individuals can mobilise resources and opportunities
through social contacts. When it comes to mobility difficulties, this theory can explain how
female students’ social relations, in and outside of educational organisations, can be a
source of support, advice and resources that assist in managing the challenges they
encounter. You can explore the ways in which and to what extent social capital facilitates
the access to transportation by female students, the availability of safe housing and dealing
with issues of safety.
Literature Review
In well-established institutions in Europe and Australia, privatization and deregulation of
public transport is a major factor in ridership and service declines (Mees 2005). Apart from
the financial aspect, there are many other factors that are believed to affect the performance
of public transport systems. These include car ownership, traffic volume, car policy, fuel
prices, travel options and opportunities, city density, urban sprawl, network planning.
Public transport, attractiveness of public transport modes, and perceptions and
management (Kennedy et al. 2005). The next section discusses the extent to which these
factors influence urban public transport planning and policy development and
implementation in Pakistan.
Many studies have analyzed sexual harassment on public transport, particularly in crowded
places. Gardner's (1995) ethnography of public harassment in Indianapolis is one of the
first works to address this issue. The author of this study analyses the perspectives of
women subjected to various forms of exploitation, how they handle it in public and semi-
public settings, the situations in which harassment occurs, the roles that men and women
play, and the analysis of results and protective techniques.
More recently, other research has focused specifically on sexual harassment of women in
public spaces, including transportation. Most research has been done in industrialized
nations; one example is a Logan (2015) study on assault on sidewalks. Here, the author
discusses both the issue of victim blaming and the issue of harassment that is perceived as
"not harmful physical exposing" simply "human." Additionally, he distinguished between
sexual harassment on the street and other types of harassment, such those that occur in the
office, stressing that the victim in the first scenario is frequently a stranger adversary.
Hypothesis
Hypothesis-1: The female students who encounters mobility barriers face lower grades.
Hypothesis-2: It is hypothesized that female students who have mobility difficulty for
example being harassed for or experiencing violence on them while in transit shall exhibit
poor health status, high levels of anxiety, stress, depression and other related mental health
problems that result to poor health and congestion that compromises their performance in
their examinations.
Hypothesis-3: Due to Mobility disability, female students may loose physical activity on
campus, restricted access of social support and feelings of isolation worsened well-being
and sense of place in learning environment.
Hypothesis-4: Female students with challenges of inadequate and unreliable transport,
limited, and expensive accommodation and safety in their Universities may have
difficulties in attending and making it on time for classes, accessing facilities and
participating in co-curricular activities, which will affect their performance and health
respectively.
3.Methodology
Design Type: The Researcher will use Quantitative research method
Research Population:
The research population will be the female students of the University of Okara.
4.Variables Measurement Technique
The researcher will use Stratified Random Sampling technique to measure variables.
Measurement Tools:
Likert scale which is commonly used for data collection in social research and researcher will
also use it.
5.Ensure Ethical Treatment
Plan for Ethics: After removing all security related concerns questionnaire will be provided to
the students also without consent of the student’s questionnaire will be not provided to the
students.
6.Evaluating the Data
Analyze Data: SPSS software will be used to analyze the data and to perform test on all
hypothesis like t test, z test etc.
7.Report the Results
The case study will highlight the mobility challenges faced by female students, including safety
issues, lack of transport, timetable problems, and social isolation. These issues negatively impact
their academic, psychological, and educational functioning. The study recommends improvements
in transport, safety measures, affordable accommodation, support services, community spirit, time
management, and raising awareness. By implementing these guidelines, education centers and
policymakers can improve the situation for female students and enhance their performance.
However, the findings are context-dependent and may not be applicable to all educational settings.
Addressing these issues promotes gender equality and equal opportunities for education.
8. Limitations:
This study is only limited to the female students of the universities under Higher Education
Commission.
This study does not need any flow chart.
