1.

Asphyxia & Smothering (Forensic Medicine)

 Abrasions around mouth/cheeks/lips → Smothering.

 Non-specific signs of asphyxia:

o Petechiae (face, eyelids, visceral pleura = Tardieu’s spots).

o Cyanosis (dark blood due to CO₂).

o Congested lungs (serosanguinous fluid in alveoli).

o Laryngeal congestion (slight oozing).

 Pressure marks may be postmortem artifacts (e.g., circumoral pallor from dependent
head).

 Key: These findings do NOT prove mechanical asphyxia (non-specific).

2. Age Estimation (Forensic Medicine)

 Wrist/knee X-rays to confirm age >18:

o Fusion ages:

Joint Fusion Age

Wrist (radius/ulna) 19 years

Knee (femur/tibia) 20 years

Shoulder
19 years
(humerus)

Hip (femur) 17 years

Elbow/Ankle 17 years

3. Paraphilias (Psychiatry)

 Transvestic fetishism: Sexual arousal from wearing opposite-gender clothes (no

hormonal/genital abnormality).

 Differentials:

o Gay preference: Attraction to same gender.

o Gender dysphoria: Distress from sex-gender mismatch.

o Voyeurism: Pleasure from secretly watching others.

4. Posthumous Child (Medical Jurisprudence)

 Definition: Born after parent’s death (e.g., via postmortem C-section). Or father
death.

 Legal issues: Legitimacy, inheritance, slander compensation.

 Other terms:

o Illegitimate: Born to unmarried parents.

o Surrogate: Child carried for another.

o Supposittitious: Fake pregnancy (fraudulent claim).

5. Datura Poisoning (Toxicology)

 Anticholinergic triad: Delirium, dry mouth, hyperthermia.

 Other signs: Mydriasis, tachycardia, urinary retention, seizures.

 Management:

o Gastric decontamination (seeds trap in GI folds).

o Physostigmine (severe cases).

6. Semen/Blood Tests (Forensic Science)

 Barberio test: Semen → Yellow needle-shaped spermine picrate crystals.

 Florence test: Semen → Dark brown choline iodide crystals.

 Teichmann test: Blood → Hemin crystals (rhombic, brown-black).

 Takayama test: Blood → Pink hemochromogen crystals.

7. Rigor Mortis (Forensic Medicine)

 Order (Nysten’s rule): Head → Toe (appears & disappears same order).

o Sequence: Heart → Eyelids → Jaw → Face → Chest → Arms → Abdomen →

Legs → Fingers/toes.

8. Iron Poisoning (Toxicology)

  Symptoms: Vomiting, GI bleed, acidosis → hepatic/renal failure.

 Diagnosis: X-ray (radiopaque pills), plasma iron levels.

 Antidote: Deferoxamine (IM/IV).

 Other chelators: Deferiprone, deferasirox (thalassemia).

9. In-Camera Trial (Medical Jurisprudence)

 Definition: Closed court (public excluded).

 BNSS 366: Applies to rape cases.

10. Autopsy & Inquest (Forensic Medicine)

 Police inquest (BNSS 194/CrPC 174): For unnatural deaths (RTA, suicide, etc.).

 Magistrate inquest (BNSS 196/CrPC 176): For custodial deaths, dowry deaths, etc.

Mnemonics:

 Datura toxicity: "Hot as a hare, blind as a bat, dry as a bone, red as a beet, mad as a
hatter" (anticholinergic effects).

 Rigor mortis order: "He Eats Nice Fresh Apples Daily" (Heart, Eyelids, Neck, Face,
Arms, Legs).

1. Ethylene Glycol Poisoning

 Triad: Tachypnea, hypotension, high anion gap metabolic acidosis + hypocalcemia.

 Metabolites: Glycolic acid → Oxalic acid → Calcium oxalate crystals (urine/kidneys

→ AKI).

 Symptoms: Vomiting → CNS depression → Circulatory collapse (12-24h) → Renal

failure (1-3 days).

 Treatment:

o Antidotes: Ethanol or Fomepizole (inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase).

o Supportive: NaHCO₃ (acidosis), Ca gluconate

(hypocalcemia), hemodialysis (severe cases).

 Postmortem: Oxalate crystals in brain/kidneys, cerebral edema.

 Mnemonic: "EG = Ethylene Glycol = Excreted as Crystals, Gasping for breath".

2. Chronic Arsenic Poisoning

 Key Signs:

o Raindrop pigmentation (flexures, neck).

o Aldrich-Mees lines (transverse white nails).

o Hyperkeratosis (palms/soles).

 Types:

o Fulminant: Death in 1-3h (vascular collapse).

o GI: Rice-water stools (mimics cholera).

 Tests:

o 24h urine arsenic, Atomic absorption spectroscopy (gold standard).

 Antidotes: DMSA, BAL (Dimercaprol), Penicillamine.

3. Gunshot Wound Analysis

 Close-range features:

o Blackening (smoke, <15 cm, wipes off).

o Tattooing (unburnt powder, <50 cm, stippling).

o Abrasion collar (bullet spin → perpendicular = round, oblique = oval).

o Grease collar (entry direction, seen on clothes).

 Mnemonic: "BLAST" (Blackening, Lining [abrasion collar], Asoot, Singeing, Tattooing).

4. Methanol Poisoning

 Metabolites: Formic acid (optic nerve damage → blindness) + Lactic acid (acidosis).

 Symptoms: Blurred vision, confusion, abdominal pain, CNS depression.

 Antidote: Fomepizole or Ethanol (compete with ADH).

 Vs. Ethylene glycol: "Methanol = Eyes; EG = Kidneys".

5. Diatom Test (Drowning)

  Antemortem drowning: Diatoms in bone marrow (femur best), brain, liver (via
pulmonary circulation).

 Gold standard: Acid digestion of tissue + microscopy (birefringent diatoms).

 Negative in: Postmortem submersion, dry drowning.

 Mnemonic: "Diatoms Dig Deep" (Digestion, Distant organs, Drowning proof).

6. Superfetation vs. Superfecundation

Term Definition Key Point

Fertilization of 2 ova from different Babies born weeks/months

Superfetation
cycles apart.

Superfecundation Fertilization of 2 ova by different acts Twins with different fathers.

Born after father’s death (conceived

Posthumous child Inheritance rights.
before).

7. Emergency Consent (BNS Section 30 / IPC 92)

 Life-saving procedures (e.g., emergency hysterectomy) can be done without

consent if:

o Delay harms patient.

o Patient unable to consent (unconscious, no guardian).

 Example: Postpartum hemorrhage → Emergency hysterectomy.

8. Adipocere (Late Postmortem Change)

 Process: Saponification of fats → Greasy-white, waxy preservation.

 Time: 3 weeks (summer) to 6 months (complete limb).

 Medicolegal:

o Preserves facial features (ID possible).

o Estimates time since death.

9. Declarations (Medical Ethics)

Declaration Focus

Oslo (1970) Therapeutic abortion.

Tokyo Torture prohibition.

Helsinki Human experimentation ethics.

Malta Hunger strikes.

10. Barium Carbonate Poisoning

 Source: Rat poison → Hypokalemia, paralysis, cardiac arrhythmias.

 Treatment:

o Gastric lavage + Na₂SO₄/MgSO₄ (precipitate barium sulfate).

o IV sodium sulfate, symptomatic care.

 Mnemonic: "Ba = Bad K" (Barium → HypoKalemia).

Mnemonics for Quick Recall:

 Poison Antidotes: "BAL for Arsenic, Fomepizole for Alcohols (Methanol/EG)".

 Postmortem Changes: "Early = Rigor; Late = Rot or Wax (Adipocere)".

1. Cyanide Poisoning Antidotes

Key Drugs:

 Amyl nitrite (inhaled), Sodium nitrite (IV), Sodium thiosulfate (IV).

Mechanism:

o Nitrites → Convert Hb to methemoglobin → Binds cyanide →

Forms cyanmethemoglobin.

o Thiosulfate → Converts cyanide to thiocyanate (excreted in urine).

Doses:

o Sodium nitrite: 0.3g in 10mL sterile water (IV over 5 mins).

o Sodium thiosulfate: 25g in 50% solution (IV over 10 mins).

Alternate Antidotes: Hydroxocobalamin (Vit B12), Dicobalt EDTA.

Mnemonic: "Cyanide Kit = A-N-T" (Amyl nitrite, Nitrite, Thiosulfate).

2. Fetal Autopsy Protocol

Order: HEAD → ABDOMEN → THORAX (to note diaphragm position).

Priority Cavities:

 Newborn: Abdomen > Thorax.

 Poisoning/Asphyxia: Cranium first.

Fetal Exam: Umbilicus, cord, placenta, lanugo hair, scrotal sac wrinkling,
head/chest/abdominal circumference.

Mnemonic: "HAT" (Head-Abdomen-Thorax).

3. Paraphilias (Match Table)

Term Definition

Eonism Sexual pleasure by wearing opposite sex clothes.

Algolagnia Sexual gratification from pain (Sadism = active).

Frotteuris Rubbing against non-consenting person.

m

Necrophilia Intercourse with dead bodies.

Mnemonic: "EAFN" (Eonism-Algolagnia-Frotteurism-Necrophilia).

4. Marshall’s Triad (Blast Injuries)

Secondary Blast Injuries:

 Triad: Abrasions, Bruises, Puncture lacerations.

Blast Injury Types:

1. Primary: Gas-containing organs (ear, lungs, GI tract).

2. Secondary: Shrapnel/debris (most common cause of death).

3. Tertiary: Blast wind throws victim.

4. Quaternary: Burns, crush injuries, toxic gas.

Mnemonic: "1-2-3-4: Gas-Shrap-Wind-Burns".

5. Heat Exhaustion vs. Heat Stroke

Feature Heat Exhaustion Heat Stroke

Temp <40.5°C (105°F) >40.5°C (105°F)

CNS No dysfunction Delirium, seizures

Thermoregulatio Intact Lost

n

Symptoms Sweating, dizziness Hot, dry skin

Mnemonic: "Exhausted but intact, Stroke = System failure".

6. Toxicity-Antidote Pairs

Toxin Antidote Key Point

Flumazenil (GABA Reverses sedation/respiratory depression.

Benzodiazepines
antagonist)

Organophosphates Atropine + Pralidoxime Atropine for muscarinic, 2-PAM for nicotinic.

Arsenic BAL/DMSA Fresh ferric oxide for gastric arsenic.

Used in Phosphorus Coats phosphorus → harmless copper

Copper Sulphate
poisoning phosphide.

Mnemonic: "Benz-Flume, OP-AtroPAM, Arsenic-BAL".

7. Phosphorus Poisoning

 Symptoms: Garlicky breath, luminescent vomit ("smoky stool"), phossy jaw (chronic).

 Treatment:

o Gastric lavage with 0.2% copper sulphate (forms copper phosphide).

o Avoid copper overdose (caustic).

Mnemonic: "Phossy Jaw = Phosphorus + Jaw Necrosis".

Final Tips:

 Cyanide: Think methemoglobin formation.

 Blast Injuries: Secondary = Marshall’s Triad (Abrasions/Bruises/Punctures).

  Heat Stroke: No sweating + CNS dysfunction.

 Antidotes: Flumazenil (BZD), Atropine+PAM (OP), BAL (Arsenic/Mercury).

1. Antemortem Burns

Key Features:

 Zone of hyperemia: Red line at burn edges (due to capillary dilatation).

 Antemortem blister: Raised dome with serous fluid (proteins + chlorides), red base,
swollen papillae.

 Vital reactions: ↑ ATP, esterases, phosphatases, sulfhydryl groups.

Differential Diagnosis:

Condition Features

Barbiturate blisters Frictional areas (genitals, interdigital).

Chemical burns No blisters, no singed hair, no red line.

Pemphigus vulgaris Flaccid blisters, +Nikolsky’s sign, mucosal erosions (4th–6th decade).

Mnemonic: "Antemortem = Alive Signs" (Hyperemia, Enzymes, Serous fluid).

2. Scorpion Bite Management

Symptoms:

 Local: Redness, burning pain, punctate hemorrhages.

 Systemic: Catecholamine surge → Hypertension, pulmonary edema, myocarditis.

Treatment:

 Prazosin (α1-blocker) for adrenergic surge.

 Benzodiazepines for agitation/spasms.

 Antivenom + supportive care (atropine for cholinergic effects).

Mnemonic: "Scorpion = PRAZ (Prazosin) + BENZ (Benzos)".

3. Alcohol Intoxication vs. Influence

Key Table:
Smell of Alcohol Motor Coordination Inference

Present Normal Consumed, not under influence

Present Abnormal Under influence

Blood Alcohol Concentration (mg/dL):

 50-100: Slurred speech, laughter.

 150-200: Staggering gait, nausea.

 >350: Respiratory paralysis (fatal).

Mnemonic: "100 = Slur, 200 = Stagger, 350 = Stop Breathing".

4. Arsenic Poisoning (Blackfoot Disease)

Chronic Features:

 Skin: Melanosis, hyperkeratosis, Bowen’s disease.

 Nails: Mees’ lines.

 CVS: Blackfoot disease (gangrene from hypercoagulability).

 Neurologic: Encephalopathy, polyneuropathy.

Acute vs. Chronic:

Syste Acute
Chronic
m

GI Rice-water diarrhea Anorexia, weight loss

Liver Fatty infiltration Cirrhosis

Mnemonic: "Blackfoot = Blocked Vessels" (Hypercoagulability).

5. Heavy Metal Poisoning

Metal Key Feature

Barium Muscle cramps, laryngeal paralysis.

Cadmium Proteinuria, Ouch-Ouch disease (bone pain).

Antimony Similar to arsenic (metal fume fever).

Mnemonic: "Ba = Body cramps, Cd = Calcium loss (bone pain)".

6. POCSO Act 2012

Key Points:

 Mandatory reporting of child sexual abuse (failure = offense).

 Definitions:

o Penetrative assault: Physical penetration.

o Aggravated assault: By authority figure/weapon/gang.

 Examination: Consent → Document injuries → Free medical care.

Mnemonic: "POCSO = Protect Children, Report Soon".

7. Postmortem Hypostasis (Drowning)

Sites:

 Still water: Face, upper chest, hands (floating position).

 Fast-flowing water: No hypostasis (body moves).

Stages of Death:

1. Immediate: Cessation of respiration/circulation.

2. Early: Algor mortis, rigor mortis, livor mortis.

3. Late: Putrefaction, adipocere.

Mnemonic: "Drowning = Face Up" (Hypostasis on face/chest).

8. Aluminium Phosphide (ALP) Poisoning

Symptoms: Garlicky odor, cardiogenic shock (main cause of death).

Management:

 No gastric lavage with water (↑ phosphine release).

 Magnesium sulphate for arrhythmias/hypomagnesemia.

 Silver nitrate test: Black = Phosphine detected.

Mnemonic: "ALP = Arrhythmias, Lethal, Phosphine".

9. Cytochrome C Oxidase Inhibitors

Inhibitor Mechanism

Cyanide Binds Fe³⁺ in Complex IV (irreversible).

CO Binds Fe²⁺, blocks O₂ binding.

H₂S Binds heme (dose-dependent).

NO Does not block Complex IV.

Mnemonic: "Cytochrome Blockers = CO, CN, H₂S (Not NO)".

Final Rapid Recap:

 Antemortem burns: Hyperemia + enzymes.

 Scorpion bite: Prazosin for catecholamine surge.

 Arsenic: Blackfoot = vascular gangrene.

 ALP poisoning: MgSO₄ + silver nitrate test.

 POCSO: Mandatory reporting for <18 years.

1. Firearm Wound Analysis

Key Features to Determine Firing Range:

Range Characteristics

Contact Stellate wound, muzzle imprint, singeing, blackening (-ve), tattooing (-ve).

Close (2.5-7.5
Circular wound, +blackening, +tattooing, +singeing.
cm)

Small circular wound, only abrasion/grease collar. No

Distant (>60 cm)
blackening/tattooing.

Terms:

 Abrasion collar: Caused by bullet’s gyroscopic movement (rounded if perpendicular,

oval if angled).

 Grease collar: Lubricant deposit on clothing/skin.

 Blackening: Soot deposit (removable with wet cloth; seen up to 15 cm).

  Tattooing: Unburnt powder embedded in skin (seen up to 50 cm).

Mnemonic: "Close = Black + Tattoo, Distant = Only Collar".

2. Burns Calculation

Wallace’s Rule of 9 (Adults):

 Head: 9%, Arm: 9% each, Leg: 18% each, Torso: 18% (front + back).

 Anterior thigh: ~4.5% (varies by source).

Fluid Resuscitation Formulas:

Formula Use Case Calculation

Deep burns >20% TBSA 4mL × kg × %TBSA (1/2 in first 8h, 1/2 next 16h).
Parkland
(adults) Adjust based on urine output.

Normal saline + colloid NS = kg × %TBSA; Colloid = kg × %TBSA; Dextrose =

Evans
2000 mL. Halve after 24h.

Muir & Colloid administration

(kg × %TBSA)/2 → 6 portions over 36h.
Barclay

Children: Use Lund & Browder chart (adjusts for age-related BSA changes).

Mnemonic: "Parkland = Plasma, Evans = Equal parts, Muir = Multiple doses".

3. Datura Poisoning

Active Compounds: Atropine, scopolamine (anticholinergics).

Symptoms (Mnemonic: "Hot as a hare, blind as a bat, dry as a bone, red as a beet, mad as
a hatter"):

 Dry mouth, dilated pupils, delirium, hyperthermia, flushed skin.

 Medicolegal: Used for robbery/kidnapping ("rail-road poison").

Mnemonic: "Datura = Dry + Delirium".

4. Drowning Signs

Antemortem Findings:

 External:
 o Froth (mouth/nostrils), washerwoman’s hands (maceration).

o Cadaveric spasm: Grasped debris (weed/gravel) in hands.

 Internal:

o Water in stomach/middle ear, diatoms in bone marrow.

o Gettler test: Chloride difference (fresh vs. saltwater drowning).

Postmortem Changes:

 Early: Cutis anserina ("goose skin"), rigor mortis (appears early).

 Putrefaction: Green discoloration (right iliac fossa first).

Mnemonic: "Drowned = Froth + Firm grip".

5. Opium Trade History

Key Points:

 British East India Company smuggled opium (from India) into China for
tea/silk/porcelain.

 1729: First ban (Yongzheng emperor). 1838: 40,000 chests/year imported → Opium
Wars.

 Impact: Trade deficit reversal, widespread addiction in China.

Mnemonic: "Opium = British Profit, Chinese Problem".

6. Postmortem Hypostasis in Drowning

Sites:

 Still water: Face, upper chest, hands (floating position).

 Fast-flowing water: No hypostasis (constant movement).

Mnemonic: "Still = Face Up".

7. Poison-Site of Action

Poison Site of Action

Datura CNS (anticholinergic).

Poison Site of Action

Nicotine Cardiac muscle.

Nux vomica Spinal cord (strychnine).

Nitric acid Skin (corrosive).

Mnemonic: "Datura = Brain, Nicotine = Heart".

Final Rapid Recap:

 Firearm wounds: Close range = soot + tattooing.

 Burns: Parkland formula → 4mL/kg/%TBSA.

 Datura: Anticholinergic toxidrome.

 Drowning: Froth + diatom test = antemortem.

 Opium trade: British-China imbalance.

1. POCSO Act 2012

Key Points:

 Mandatory reporting (Section 21): Doctors/parents must report child sexual abuse
(CSA) cases to police. Failure = offense.

 Definitions:

o Penetrative assault: Physical penetration (max punishment: life

imprisonment).

o Aggravated assault: By authority figure/weapon/gang.

 First step: Register MLC (medico-legal case) immediately.

Mnemonic: "POCSO = Protect Children, Report Soon".

2. Pupil Changes in Poisoning

Miosis (Pinpoint Pupils) Mydriasis (Dilated Pupils)

Opioids (morphine), Organophosphates Datura, Cocaine, Nux vomica

Barbiturates, Pontine hemorrhage Amphetamines, Viper venom

Opioid Triad: Coma, respiratory depression, miosis.

Antidote: Naloxone (avoid in neonates of addicted mothers → withdrawal seizures).
Mnemonic: "Opioids = Tiny Pupils, Datura = Big Eyes".

3. Road Traffic Accident (RTA) Injuries

Pedestrians:

 Primary impact: Vehicle hits victim (e.g., bumper fractures).

 Secondary impact: Victim hits vehicle/ground.

 Tertiary injuries: Dragging injuries.

Occupants (Unrestrained):

 Front-seat: Head → windscreen (skull/C-spine fractures); Chest → steering wheel

(ribs, heart, liver).

 Aortic tear: Hyperflexion at descending arch.

 Motorcyclists: "Tail-gating" → decapitation (protective bars reduce risk).

Mnemonic: "RTA = Primary (Hit), Secondary (Fall), Tertiary (Drag)".

4. Drowning Types

Type Mechanism

Dry drowning Laryngeal spasm → airway closure (no water in lungs).

Freshwater
Surfactant disruption → alveolar collapse.
drowning

Immersion syndrome Vagal inhibition → cardiac arrest (cold water stimulus).

Secondary drowning Hypoxemia → brain damage/pulmonary edema (post-rescue).

Mnemonic: "Dry = Spasm, Fresh = Surfactant, Immersion = Vagal".

5. Cadaveric Spasm vs. Traumatic Asphyxia

 Cadaveric spasm: Instant rigor (muscles contracted at death). Seen in:

o Drowning, electrocution, brain injury, fear.

o Medicolegal clue: Grasped objects (e.g., weeds in drowning).

 Traumatic asphyxia (Perthes syndrome):

 o Sudden thoracic compression → craniocervical cyanosis, petechiae,
subconjunctival hemorrhage.

o No cadaveric spasm (death too sudden).

Mnemonic: "Spasm = Drowning, Asphyxia = Crush".

6. Grievous Hurt (BNS/IPC)

Clauses:

1. Emasculation.

2. Permanent blindness/deafness.

3. Privation of limb/joint.

4. Fracture/dislocation.

5. Severe pain/unable to work for 15 days (not 7 days).

Punishment:

 BNS 117(2): Up to 7 years + fine.

 BNS 118(2): Life imprisonment (if by dangerous weapon).

Mnemonic: "Grievous = Permanent or 15 Days".

7. Nicotine & Strychnine Poisoning

Nicotine Strychnine

Toxic dose: 60 mg. Source: Nux vomica seeds (crushed).

↑ BP, tachycardia, arrhythmias. Mechanism: Glycine antagonist → spinal hyperexcitability.

Treatment: Varenicline for Symptoms: Risus sardonicus, opisthotonus, tonic-clonic

cessation. seizures.

Mnemonic: "Nicotine = Heart Racing, Strychnine = Spine Arching".

8. Nitric Acid Burns

 Xanthoproteic reaction: Turns skin yellow (forms picric acid with tyrosine).

 Corrosive: Ulcerated patches, no blisters/singed hair.

Mnemonic: "Nitric = Yellow + Corrosive".

Final Rapid Recap:

 POCSO: Mandatory reporting for <18 years.

 Opioids: Miosis → Naloxone (not for addicted neonates).

 RTA: Aortic tear at descending arch.

 Dry drowning: Laryngeal spasm (no water in lungs).

 Grievous hurt: 15 days of severe pain.

1. Organ Removal Techniques

Technique Key Feature Mnemonic/Note

Organs removed one by one "V for Very meticulous" (order: cranial →
Virchow’s
spinal → thoracic → cervical → abdominal)

En bloc removal (thoracic, "Ghon Blocks" (like building blocks)

Ghon’s
cervical, pelvic, abdominal)

Rokitansky’ In situ dissection + en bloc "Rok-it-down" (neck → chest → abdomen)

s

Letulle’s En masse (single organ mass) "Letulle = Large & Fast" (<30 mins)

2. Semen Detection Tests

Test Target Key Feature

Seminal
Barberio Yellow needle-shaped crystals (spermine picrate)
fluid

Florence Semen Dark brown rhombic crystals (choline iodide)

Teichmann Blood Rhombic hemin crystals (bubbles with H₂O₂)

Acid Phos. Semen High enzyme levels (conclusive if no sperm seen)

Mnemonic: "BFT-A" (Barberio, Florence, Teichmann, Acid phosphatase).

3. Strychnine Poisoning

 Source: Crushed seeds of Strychnos nux vomica (1 seed = fatal dose).

  Mechanism: Glycine antagonist → hyperexcitability of motor neurons.

 Symptoms:

o Risus sardonicus (grinning face), opisthotonus (back arching).

o Convulsions (clonic → tonic), postmortem caloricity (↑ temp after death).

 Treatment:

o Benzodiazepines/barbiturates (control seizures).

o Dark room, activated charcoal, acidify urine.

Mnemonic: "SARDONIC" (Seizures, Antagonizes glycine, Risus sardonicus, Death via

convulsions, Opisthotonus, Nux vomica, Increased temp, Caloricity).

4. IPC Sections on Miscarriage (BNS vs. IPC)

BN
IPC Offense
S

88 312 Miscarriage with consent

89 313 Miscarriage without consent

90 314 Death of mother during miscarriage

91 315 Killing quick unborn child

Culpable homicide of quick unborn

92 316
child

Quick Child: Fetus with heartbeat, brain waves, movement, viability.

5. Postmortem Caloricity

 Definition: Raised body temp for ~2 hrs after death.

 Causes:

1. Pre-death hyperthermia (sunstroke, pontine hemorrhage).

2. Muscle hyperactivity (tetanus, strychnine poisoning).

3. Bacterial activity (septicemia, cholera).

Mnemonic: "HOT Bodies" (Hyperthermia, Overactive muscles, Toxic bacteria).

6. Snake Bites

Snake Venom Type Key Features

V-mark, diamond spots, bleeding,

Viper Hemotoxic
shock

Cobra Neurotoxic Ptosis, respiratory paralysis

Wasp Allergic Local edema, anaphylaxis

Scorpio
Neurotoxic Priapism, pulmonary edema
n

Viper Mnemonic: "VIPER" (V-mark, Intense pain, Prolonged bleeding, Edema, Redness).

Extra Mnemonics

 Organ Techniques: "VGRL" (Virchow, Ghon, Rokitansky, Letulle).

 Poisoning: "Strychnine = SARDONIC".

1. Antidotes & Poisoning

Pralidoxime (2-PAM)

 Use: Organophosphate poisoning (not heavy metals).

 Mechanism: Reactivates acetylcholinesterase by forming oxime-phosphonate.

 Key Point: Always give with atropine (prevents worsening).

 Avoid in: Carbamate poisoning (e.g., carbaryl).

Heavy Metal Antidotes

Poison Antidote Notes

Lead EDTA (acute), D-penicillamine (mild) Chronic lead: BAL + EDTA.

Arsenic/
BAL (Dimercaprol) Not for arsine/non-alkyl mercury.
Gold

Thallium Prussian blue, KI stomach wash Mees lines, lateral eyebrow hair loss.

Mnemonic: "LEAD with EDTA, BAL for Gold/Arsenic, Prussian for Thallium".

2. Snake Identification
Feature Poisonous Snake Non-Poisonous Snake

Belly scales Large, full coverage Small, partial

Head scales Small Large

Fangs Long, canalized Short, solid

Bite marks 2 fang marks Multiple small teeth marks

Mnemonic: "Poisonous = Small Head, Big Belly, Long Fangs".

3. Gunshot Wounds

Range Features

Circular wound, powder tattooing, no

Near-shot (<60 cm)
burning.

Close-shot (5-8 cm) Burning, singeing, blackening.

Intermediate (up to 7 ft) "Rat hole" appearance, fading tattooing.

Key Point: "Tattooing = Near-shot; Burning = Close-shot".

4. Defense Wounds

 Types:

o Active: Grasping weapon → irregular cuts on palms/fingers.

o Passive: Raised limbs → protects head/neck.

 Medicolegal Clues:

o Homicide indicator, sexual assault in females.

o Antemortem vs. Postmortem:

 Antemortem: Swollen edges, arterial bleeding, inflammation.

 Postmortem: No gaping, venous ooze, no clotting.

Mnemonic: "DEFEND" (Deep cuts, Evidence of struggle, Fingers/hands, Homicide sign,

Irregular edges).

5. Chronic Lead Poisoning (Plumbism)

  Sources: Batteries, paints, glass blowing.

 Symptoms:

o Burtonian line (blue gum line), facial pallor, foot/wrist drop.

o Enzyme Inhibition: ALA dehydratase & ferrochelatase.

 Diagnosis: Basophilic stippling, ↑ urinary lead/porphyrins.

 Treatment:

o Severe: BAL + EDTA.

o Mild: D-penicillamine.

Mnemonic: "LEAD" (Lines on gums, Enzyme block, Anemia, Drop foot).

6. Consent Types

Type Key Feature Example

Informed Full disclosure, patient agreement Surgery after risks explained.

Implied Non-verbal (e.g., arm for injection) Physical exam in hospital.

Expresse
Oral/written (explicit) Consent form for procedure.
d

Opt-out Patient refuses after disclosure Declining vaccination.

Key Point: "Informed = Full details; Implied = Actions speak".

7. Strangulation vs. Hanging

Feature Ligature Strangulation Hanging

Ligature Oblique, above thyroid, saliva

Horizontal, below thyroid, no saliva.
Mark dribble.

Cause Homicidal Suicidal/accidental.

Mnemonic: "STRANGLE" (Saliva absent, Transverse mark, Homicide, No suspension).

8. Criminal Negligence

 Definition: Gross lack of skill → injury/death (e.g., wrong amputation).

  Examples: Drunken surgery, leaving sponge in abdomen.

 Key Point: No contributory negligence defense in criminal cases.

Mnemonic: "CRIME" (Court prosecution, Reckless act, Intent not needed, Mistake gross,
Evidence required).

9. Dead Body Identification

 Best Samples: Blood, hair follicles, spleen, buccal smears.

 Least Useful: Nails (degradable, low DNA yield).

 Storage: Freeze at -20°C if delay in lab transport.

Mnemonic: "ID the Dead" (Intact follicles, DNA-rich samples, Degradation-resistant tissues).

Extra Mnemonics

 Snake Bites: "VIPER" (V-mark, Intense pain, Prolonged bleeding, Edema, Redness).

 Lead Toxicity: "PLUMBISM" (Pallor, Lines on gums, Urinary porphyrins, Muscle

weakness, Burtonian line, Anemia).

1. Types of Evidence

Type Key Feature Example

Direct Evidence Direct observation of fact (eyewitness). "Saw A shoot B."

Indirect Inference from related facts (no direct Fingerprints at crime

(Circumstantial) witness). scene.

Second-hand information (not personally "C told me B was

Hearsay
witnessed). murdered."

Hostile Evidence Witness hides truth or lies (has motive). Relative giving false alibi.

Mnemonic: "DIHH" (Direct, Indirect, Hearsay, Hostile).

2. Fingerprints

 Development: Forms at 12-16 weeks IUL, complete by 24 weeks.

 Unique: Differs even in identical twins.

 Patterns: Loops, whorls, arches.

Key Point: "Fingerprints = Forever Unique".

3. Poisonous Plants

Plant Toxin/Effect Clinical Features

Argemone Sanguinarine (mustard oil Epidemic dropsy: Edema,

mexicana adulterant). glaucoma.

Nerium odorum Cardiac glycosides (digitalis-like). Cardiac failure, heat-resistant.

Papaver
Opium (morphine). Euphoria → coma → death.
somniferum

Mnemonic: "ANP" (Argemone-Nerium-Papaver).

4. Organophosphate Poisoning

 Mechanism: Acetylcholinesterase inhibition → DUMBBELSS (Muscarinic):

o Diarrhea, Urination, Miosis, Bronchospasm, Bradycardia, Emesis, Lacrimation,

Salivation, Sweating.

 Treatment:

o Atropine (muscarinic antagonist).

o Pralidoxime (nicotinic effects).

 Toxicity Order: Muscarinic → CNS → Nicotinic.

Mnemonic: "DUMBBELSS + Atropine Saves Lives".

5. Cocaine Intoxication

 Stages:

1. Excitement: Tachycardia, dilated pupils, hypertension, hallucinations.

2. Depression: Respiratory collapse, convulsions, death.

 Chronic Use: Cocaine bugs (Magnan’s symptom), nasal septum ulcer.

 Antidote: Amyl nitrite (inhalational).

Key Point: "Cocaine = Dilated Pupils + Tachycardia".

6. Arsenic Poisoning

 Acute: Rice-water stools, vomiting, shock.

 Chronic:

o Raindrop pigmentation, Mees lines (leukonychia).

o Peripheral neuritis, hyperkeratosis.

 Antidote: Dimercaprol (BAL).

 Forensic Clue: Detected in skeletonized remains.

Mnemonic: "ARSENIC" (Antidote BAL, Raindrop skin, Skeleton detection, Mees lines).

7. Hesitation Cuts (Suicide)

 Features: Superficial, multiple cuts at wound start (throat/wrist).

 Differentiate from Homicide: No defense wounds, no struggle signs.

Key Point: "Hesitation = Suicide’s First Try".

8. Leading Questions (Indian Evidence Act)

 Allowed Only in: Cross-examination (to discredit witness).

 Not Allowed in: Examination-in-chief, re-examination, dying declaration.

Mnemonic: "Cross-Examine = Leading Questions OK".

9. Patterned Bruises

 Definition: Mirrors object shape (e.g., belt marks, tire treads).

 Forensic Use: Identifies weapon/object used.

Key Point: "Pattern = Weapon’s Signature".

Extra Mnemonics

 OP Poisoning: "DUMBBELSS" (Muscarinic symptoms).

 Cocaine: "COCAINE" (Collapse, Opiate antidote, Cardiac arrest, Amyl nitrite).

1. Poisoning & Antidotes

Arsenic Poisoning

 Acute: Rice-water stools, vomiting, shock.

o Raindrop pigmentation, Mees lines (leukonychia).

o Hyperkeratosis, peripheral neuritis.

 Antidote: Dimercaprol (BAL).

 Forensic Clue: Detected in skeletonized remains.

Mnemonic: "ARSENIC" (Antidote BAL, Raindrop skin, Skeleton detection, Mees lines).

Atropa belladonna (Anticholinergic Poisoning)

 Mechanism: Blocks muscarinic receptors → delirium, dry mouth, dilated pupils.

 Symptoms:

o Hot as a hare (fever), blind as a bat (mydriasis), dry as a

bone (anhidrosis), red as a beet (flushing).

 Treatment: Physostigmine (reverses CNS effects).

Mnemonic: "Mad as a hatter, hot as a hare".

Cardiac Poisons

Poison Source Key Features

Aconite Aconitum napellus Perioral numbness, bradycardia, hypotension.

Thevetin Cerbera thevetia Irregular pulse, heart block.

Nicotiana Autonomic ganglia stimulation → tachycardia →

Nicotine
tabacum collapse.

Mnemonic: "ACT-N" (Aconite, Cardiac, Thevetin, Nicotine).

2. Forensic Tests

Seminal Stain Detection

Test Target Key Feature

Barberio Spermine Yellow rhombic crystals (picric acid).

Florence Choline Dark brown crystals (choline iodide).

Lugol’s Iodine Vaginal cells Brown color (glycogen in vaginal epithelium).

Test Target Key Feature

Acid
Semen High enzyme levels (prostatic origin).
Phosphatase

Mnemonic: "BFL-A" (Barberio, Florence, Lugol’s, Acid phosphatase).

Blood Stain Detection

 Benzidine test: Blue color change.

 Teichmann test: Hemin crystals (rhombic).

 Takayama test: Hemochromogen crystals (pink).

Key Point: "Blood tests = Benzidine (Blue), Teichmann (Rhombic), Takayama (Pink)".

3. Injury Types

Injury Cause Key Features

Contusion Blunt force Subcutaneous bleeding, intact epidermis.

Abrasion Friction Superficial epidermal loss (gravel rash).

Laceration Blunt force Torn edges, irregular wound.

Stab
Sharp object Clean-cut edges, deeper than wide.
Wound

Mnemonic: "CAL-S" (Contusion, Abrasion, Laceration, Stab).

4. Autonomic Instability in Poisoning

Poison Effect on Autonomic System

Organophosphates DUMBBELSS (parasympathetic dominance).

Sympathetic overdrive (hypertension,

Cocaine
tachycardia).

Arsenic Ventricular arrhythmias (VT/VF).

Atropa belladonna Anticholinergic crisis (tachycardia, mydriasis).

Key Point: "OP = Parasympathetic; Cocaine = Sympathetic".

5. Pupil Changes in Poisoning

 Hippus (alternating constriction/dilation): Aconite, alcohol, barbiturates.

 Mydriasis (dilated): Cocaine, atropine.

 Miosis (constricted): Organophosphates, opioids.

Mnemonic: "Dilated = Cocaine/Atropine; Constricted = OP/Opioids".

6. Deliriant Poisons

 Atropa belladonna: Anticholinergic delirium.

 Cocaine bugs: Tactile hallucinations (Magnan’s symptom).

 OP poisoning: CNS stimulation → seizures → coma.

Key Point: "Delirium = Belladonna, Cocaine bugs".

Final Mnemonics

 Antidotes: "BAL for Arsenic, Atropine for OP, Amyl nitrite for Cocaine".

 Forensic Tests: "Seminal = BFL-A; Blood = BTT (Benzidine, Teichmann, Takayama)".

1. Plant Poisons & Mechanisms

Poison Source Mechanism/Key Features

Datura spp. Anticholinergic: "Hot as a hare, blind as a bat, dry as a bone,

Datura
red as a beet" (fever, mydriasis, dry mouth, flushing).

Abrus Inhibits protein synthesis → abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea,

Abrin
precatorius convulsions.

Strychnin Strychnos nux- Glycine receptor blockade → tonic-clonic

e vomica seizures, opisthotonus, risus sardonicus.

Papaver Morphine/codeine → euphoria → coma → respiratory

Opioids
somniferum depression.

Mnemonic: "DASH" (Datura, Abrin, Strychnine, Heroin/Opioids).

2. Antemortem Drowning Signs

 Froth: Fine, shaving-lather-like at mouth/nostrils (mucous + surfactant agitation).

  Washerwoman’s hands: Macerated, wrinkled palms/soles.

 Cadaveric spasm: Gravel/weeds clutched in hands (vital sign).

 Lungs: Voluminous, ballooned, frothy fluid on cut section.

 Diatom test: Microscopic algae in bone marrow (confirmatory).

Mnemonic: "Frothy Hands Hold Clues" (Froth, Hands, Spasm, Diatoms).

3. Strangulation Techniques

Method Key Feature

Spanish Windlass Ligature + rod twist (judicial execution).

Bansdola Neck/chest squeezed between two sticks.

Mugging Neck compressed by arm/forearm.

Throttling Manual strangulation (thumb/finger marks).

Key Point: "Spanish = Rod twist; Bansdola = Stick squeeze".

4. Forensic Doctrines

Doctrine Application

"The thing speaks for itself" (obvious negligence, e.g., scissors left in
Res ipsa loquitur
abdomen).

Novus actus
Liability for consequences of actions (e.g., assault complications).
interveniens

Respondeat superior Employer liable for employee’s negligence.

Mnemonic: "Res Ipsa = Obvious Negligence".

5. Gunshot Wound Features

Distance Findings

Contact (0-1 cm) Muzzle imprint, singeing, blackening.

Close (5-8 cm) Burning, blackening, tattooing.

Near (30-50 cm) Tattooing only (no burning).

Distance Findings

Clean wound (no

Distant (>50 cm)
burning/blackening/tattooing).

Mnemonic: "CBT" (Contact = Burn, Close = Blackening, Near = Tattooing).

6. Drowning Types

 Typical (wet): Froth, water in airways.

 Atypical:

o Immersion syndrome: Vagal inhibition → cardiac arrest (cold water).

o Dry drowning: Laryngospasm → hypoxia (no water in lungs).

o Secondary drowning: Delayed pulmonary edema.

Key Point: "Cold water = Vagal arrest; Dry = Laryngospasm".

7. Sexual Paraphilias

 Eonism (Transvestism): Wearing opposite-gender clothes for pleasure.

 Anilingus: Oral-anal contact.

 Fetishism: Sexual arousal by non-living objects.

 Voyeurism: Watching others undress.

Mnemonic: "EAFV" (Eonism, Anilingus, Fetishism, Voyeurism).

8. Dental Eruption Timeline

Permanent Teeth

 First molar: 6-7 years.

 Central incisors: 6-8 years.

 Third molar (wisdom): 17-25 years.

Deciduous Teeth

 All erupted by: 2.5-3 years.

Mnemonic: "6-7-8" (First molar at 6, incisors at 7-8).

Final Mnemonics

 Datura Toxicity: "Hot, Blind, Dry, Red" (Fever, Mydriasis, Dry mouth, Flushing).

 Res Ipsa Loquitur: "Scissors in belly = Obvious negligence".

1. Intrauterine Fetal Death (IUFD) Signs

Sign Time After Death Key Feature

Roberts sign 12 hours Gas shadow in great vessels (aorta/heart).

Spalding
7 days Overlapping skull bones (brain shrinkage).
sign

Halo sign Variable Increased soft tissue width around skull.

Ball sign Variable Hyperflexed spine with rib crowding.

Mnemonic: "Roberts Sees Halo Balls" (Roberts, Spalding, Halo, Ball).

2. Wound Types & Features

Wound
Cause Key Feature
Type

Lacerated Blunt force Crushed hair bulbs, irregular margins, bruising.

Incised Sharp weapon Clean-cut edges, no bruising (unless heavy weapon).

Types: Linear (scratches), grazed (brush burns), imprint

Abrasion Friction/compression
(patterned), pressure (ligature marks).

Mnemonic: "LIA" (Lacerated = Irregular, Incised = Accurate, Abrasion = Epidermal loss).

3. Postmortem Changes

Change Feature Timeframe

Marbling Greenish-brown vein patterning (sulfhemoglobin). 36–48 hours.

Livor mortis Bluish-purple dependent lividity. 2–4 hours.

Putrefaction Green abdominal discoloration (Clostridium). 24–48 hours.

Change Feature Timeframe

Filigree
Lightning strike (tree-branch markings). Immediate.
burns

Key Point: "Marbling = Veins; Livor = Blood pooling; Putrefaction = Bacteria".

4. Poisoning & Antidotes

Phossy Jaw (Chronic Phosphorus Poisoning)

 Cause: White phosphorus fumes (matchbox factories).

 Features: Jaw necrosis, foul pus, tooth loss, garlic odor.

 Treatment: Potassium permanganate lavage, surgery.

Datura Poisoning

 Mechanism: Anticholinergic (blocks muscarinic receptors).

 Mnemonic: "Hot, Blind, Dry, Red, Mad" (Fever, Mydriasis, Dry mouth, Flushing,
Delirium).

 Antidote: Physostigmine (reverses CNS effects).

Hooch Tragedy (Methanol Poisoning)

 Metabolites: Formaldehyde → formic acid (blindness, renal failure).

 Treatment: Ethanol/fomepizole (competes with alcohol dehydrogenase).

Mnemonic: "Datura = Dry; Phossy = Pus; Hooch = Health crisis".

5. Snakebite Management

 Do’s:

o Immobilize limb (Sutherland wrap: 50–70 mmHg pressure).

o Hospitalize for ASV (anti-snake venom).

 Don’ts:

o Tourniquet, ice, incision, herbal remedies.

Key Point: "Pressure = Good; Tourniquet = Bad".

6. Legal Insanity Rules

Rule Key Principle

Durham’s "Act was product of mental disease".

M’Naghten’
"Incapable of knowing wrongfulness".
s

Current’s "Cannot regulate conduct due to mental defect".

Mnemonic: "Durham = Disease; M’Naghten = Morality".

7. Abrasion Types (Forensic Clues)

Type Example Medicolegal Use

Linear Nail scratch. Assault evidence.

Grazed Road rash (RTA). Accident reconstruction.

Imprint Bite marks, tire treads. Weapon identification.

Ligature marks
Pressure Suicide vs. homicide.
(hanging).

Key Point: "Patterned abrasions = Weapon match".

8. Yellow Oleander vs. Datura

Feature Yellow Oleander Datura

Toxin Thevetin (cardiac glycoside). Atropine (anticholinergic).

Symptoms Irregular pulse, heart block. Delirium, mydriasis, dry mouth.

Medicolegal
Suicide/homicide. Stupefying poison (robbery/rape).
Use

Mnemonic: "Yellow = Your heart stops; Datura = Delirium".

Final Mnemonics

 Datura: "Hot, Blind, Dry, Red, Mad".

 IUFD Signs: "Roberts Sees Halo Balls".

 Wounds: "LIA" (Lacerated, Incised, Abrasion).

1. Sexual Offenses & Legal Provisions

BNS
Disorder Punishment Key Feature
Section

Genital exposure to strangers for sexual

Exhibitionism 296 3 months/fine
gratification.

Fine up to Rubbing against non-consenting individuals (public

Frotteurism 292
₹1000 nuisance).

Sexual acts with corpses (trespassing burial

Necrophilia 301 1 year/fine
places).

Mnemonic: "EFN" (Exhibitionism, Frotteurism, Necrophilia).

2. Wound Types & Forensic Clues

Incised-Looking Laceration

 Cause: Blunt force over bony areas (scalp, shin).

 Features: Linear split, sharp margins, crushed hair bulbs, tissue bridges.

 Differentiation from Incised Wound: Bruising, irregular deeper tissues.

Laceration Types

Type Cause Example

Split Skin crushed between hard objects. Scalp wound from fall.

Overstretching (fracture
Stretch Bone piercing skin.
fragments).

Avulsed Skin peeled off (RTA). Degloving injuries.

Mnemonic: "SSA" (Split, Stretch, Avulsed).

3. Heat Stroke vs. Cocaine Intoxication

Feature Heat Stroke Cocaine Intoxication

Dry, hot, no
Skin Sweating present (early).
sweating.

Pupils Normal/dilated. Mydriasis.

Feature Heat Stroke Cocaine Intoxication

Heart
Tachycardia. Tachycardia (bradycardia excludes).
Rate

Key Sign Core temp >40.5°C. Cocaine bugs (tactile hallucinations).

Mnemonic: "Hot & Dry = Heat; High & Hallucinating = Cocaine".

4. Postmortem Immersion Signs

Sign Timeframe Key Feature

Washerwoman’s Skin Few hours–3 days Wrinkled palms/soles (keratin maceration).

Cutis Anserina Immediate Gooseflesh (cold water).

Marbling 36–48 hours Greenish-brown vein patterning (sulfhemoglobin).

Timeline Mnemonic: "Wrinkles → Chills → Marbles" (Washerwoman, Cutis, Marbling).

5. Plant Poisons & Clinical Features

Plant Toxin Key Feature

Semecarpus (Marking Bhilawano

Artificial bruises, brown urine, blisters.
Nut) l

Abrus precatorius Abrin Viperine snakebite mimic (injected).

Calotropis Calotropin Madar juice (conjunctivitis, vesicles).

Mnemonic: "SAC" (Semecarpus, Abrus, Calotropis).

6. Lightning vs. Putrefaction Signs

Feature Lightning (Lichtenberg’s Figures) Putrefaction (Marbling)

Appearanc
Fern-like, branching erythema. Greenish-brown vein patterning.
e

Timeframe Immediate (fades in 1–2 days). 36–48 hours postmortem.

Cause Electrical discharge. Bacterial hemolysis (sulfhemoglobin).

Key Point: "Lightning = Tree-like burns; Putrefaction = Vein stains".

7. Cocaine Withdrawal Phases

1. Crash Phase (9h–4d): Fatigue, hypersomnia, depression.

2. Normal Mood (4–7d): Anxiety, anhedonia.

3. Extinction Phase (7–10d): Relapse risk.

Treatment: Bromocriptine/amantadine (reduces craving).

Mnemonic: "Crash → Normal → Extinction".

8. Falanga Torture vs. Glove-Staining

Feature Falanga Glove-Staining

Cause Beating soles (torture). Dependent lividity (hanging).

Appearanc
Bruised, swollen soles. Purple discoloration of hands/feet.
e

Key Point: "Falanga = Trauma; Glove-staining = Postmortem".

Final Mnemonics

 Heat Stroke: "No Sweat, Hot Head" (Dry skin, hyperpyrexia).

 Cocaine: "Bugs & Tachycardia" (Tactile hallucinations, ↑HR).

 Marbling: "36–48 Hours, Vein Stains".

1. Heteroparental Superfecundation vs. Superfetation

Heteroparental
Feature Superfetation
Superfecundation

Twins with different fathers (same Twins conceived in different

Definition
cycle). cycles (within 12 weeks).

Same gestational age, different

Key Point Different gestational ages on ultrasound.
paternity.

Medicolegal
Suspected adultery. Rare, requires ART monitoring.
Issue

Mnemonic: "SuperF = Fathers differ; SuperFet = Fetal age differs".

2. Carotid Hold (Chokehold) Forensic Findings

 Mechanism: Forearm compression → airway/carotid obstruction →

unconsciousness.

 Injuries:

o Hyoid/larynx fracture (homicidal force).

o Carotid body pressure → cardiac arrest.

 Autopsy Clue: Neck bruising + internal trauma.

Key Point: "Chokehold = Airway + Carotid Combo".

3. Leading Questions in Court (IEA)

Examination Type Leading Questions Allowed? Purpose

Examination-in-
❌ (Except hostile witness). Elicit facts from witness.
Chief

Cross-Examination ✅ Test credibility, discredit witness.

Re-Examination ❌ Clarify doubts from cross-examination.

Mnemonic: "Cross = Challenge (leading allowed)".

4. Iron Toxicity Stages

Stage Time Symptoms

1 0–6 hours Vomiting, GI bleeding, shock, coma.

2 6–24 hours Asymptomatic (latent phase).

3 24–48 hours Metabolic acidosis, hepatic/renal failure.

4 1–2 weeks Gastric stricture, pyloric stenosis.

Treatment: Desferrioxamine, gastric lavage, hemodialysis.

Mnemonic: "Vomit → Asleep → Liver dies → Stricture".

5. Weapon-Injury Correlation
Weapon Injury Type Key Feature

Axe Chop wound Deep, irregular (sharp/blunt spectrum).

RTA Graze abrasion Brush burns (tangential friction).

Blade Incised wound Clean-cut, tailing indicates direction.

Lathi Tram-track bruise Parallel lines with central sparing.

Mnemonic: "Axe Chops; Blade Incises".

6. Postmortem Changes Timeline

Change Onset Feature

Marbling 24–48 hours Vein staining (sulfhemoglobin).

Urethral
2–3 days Secondary relaxation during decomposition.
Relaxation

Adipocere 4–5 days Grayish-white, waxy (anaerobic fat hydrolysis).

Liquefaction 5–10 days Black, semisolid tissue masses.

Key Point: "Marbling → Urethra → Adipocere → Liquefaction".

7. Lightning vs. Electrical Burns

Lichtenberg’s Figures
Feature Joule Burns (Electrical)
(Lightning)

Appearanc
Fern-like, branching erythema. Raised blisters (firm contact).
e

Duration Fades in 1–2 days. Persistent.

Mechanism Rupture of small vessels. Current passage → tissue damage.

Mnemonic: "Lightning = Leaf-like; Joule = Jagged blisters".

8. Hog-Tying Restraint

 Method: Prone, wrists/ankles bound behind back → positional asphyxia.

 Risks: Respiratory compromise → death.

  Autopsy: No specific marks; context crucial.

Key Point: "Hog-tie = High risk of asphyxia".

Final Mnemonics

 Iron Toxicity: "Vomit → Asleep → Liver dies → Stricture".

 Postmortem Changes: "Marbling → Urethra → Adipocere → Liquefaction".

 Weapon Injuries: "Axe Chops; Blade Incises".

1. Burking vs. Carotid Restraint

Feature Burking Carotid Sleeper Hold

Kneeling on chest + smothering Compressing carotids (no tracheal

Mechanism
mouth/nose. pressure).

Time to
Minutes (asphyxia). 10–15 seconds (cerebral hypoxia).
Unconsciousness

No neck damage (rare MI in

Autopsy Clues Rib fractures, petechiae.
cardiac patients).

Mnemonic: "Burking = Breath blocked; Carotid = Cerebral choke".

2. Semen Detection Tests

Test Target Key Feature

Barberio’s Spermine (prostate) Yellow rhombic crystals (picric acid).

Florence Choline (seminal vesicles) Dark brown crystals (choline iodide).

Acid
Prostatic enzyme Quantitative (>36 hrs = negative).
Phosphatase

Confirmatory Spermatozoa/LDH Absolute proof of semen.

Mnemonic: "Barberio = Bright yellow; Florence = Form crystals".

3. Age Estimation by Bone Fusion

Bone/Suture Fusion Age Medicolegal Use

Medial Clavicle 21–25 years Confirms adulthood (>21 years).

Sacrum 22–25 years Single bone = complete maturity.

Lambdoid Suture 45–50 years Skull suture fusion (unreliable).

Crista Scapulae 50 years Late marker for age estimation.

Mnemonic: "Clavicle at 21, Sacrum at 25, Lambdoid at 45".

4. Male vs. Female Skull/Pelvis

Skull Differences

Trait Male Female

Glabella Rough Smooth

Mastoid Large, prominent Small, narrow

Frontal
Small Large
Eminence

Orbits Square Round

Pelvis Differences

Trait Male Female

Acetabulum Large, deep Small, narrow

Subpubic V-shaped
U-shaped (90°)
Angle (70°)

Sciatic Notch Narrow, deep Wide, shallow

Mnemonic: "Male = Massive; Female = Flat & wide".

5. Drowning: Freshwater vs. Seawater

Feature Freshwater Drowning Seawater Drowning

Hemodilution, hyperkalemia
Blood Changes Hemoconcentration, hypernatremia.
.

Mechanism RBC lysis → arrhythmia. Pulmonary edema → heart failure.

Feature Freshwater Drowning Seawater Drowning

Surfactant Disrupted. Intact.

Key Point: "Fresh = Free K⁺; Sea = Salty Na⁺".

6. Fingerprint Alterations in Diseases

Change Associated Condition

Ridge atrophy Celiac disease.

Permanent loss Radiation/leprosy.

Increased ridge
Acromegaly.
spacing

Incomplete atrophy Dermatitis.

Mnemonic: "Celiac = Changed ridges; Acromegaly = Altered spacing".

7. Laceration Types

Type Cause Example

Crushing (scalp over

Split Fall on hard surface.
bone).

Avulsed Shearing force (RTA). Degloving injury.

Stretch Overstretching (fracture). Bone piercing skin.

Key Point: "Split = Scalp; Avulsed = Accident".

Final Mnemonics

 Burking: "Kneel + Smother = Kill".

 Age Estimation: "Clavicle 21, Sacrum 25".

 Drowning: "Fresh = K⁺; Sea = Na⁺".

1. Asphyxial Deaths

Type Mechanism Key Feature

Burking Chest compression + smothering. Rib fractures, petechiae (homicidal).

Type Mechanism Key Feature

Smothering Blocking nose/mouth (e.g., cloth). No external marks if soft material used.

Traumatic Facial cyanosis, subconjunctival

Crush injury (e.g., stampede).
Asphyxia hemorrhage.

Accidental chest compression

Overlaying No intentional trauma.
(infants).

Mnemonic: "Burking = Brutal; Smothering = Silent".

2. Burn Injuries

Type Cause Key Feature

Scald Moist heat (>60°C). Sodden skin, blisters, no singed hair.

Electric Current entry/exit. Joule burns (chalky, raised edges).

Chemical Acids/alkalis. Ulceration, no blisters, possible discoloration.

Dry Heat Flame. Singed hair, blackened skin.

Key Point: "Scald = Sodden; Electric = Entry marks".

3. Arsenic Poisoning

 Triad:

1. Gastroenteric: Rice-water stools, garlic odor.

2. Fulminant: Shock, rapid death (no GI symptoms).

3. Narcotic: Delirium, minimal GI involvement.

 Treatment: DMSA/BAL, gastric lavage, ferric oxide.

 Chronic Signs: Raindrop pigmentation, Mees lines.

Mnemonic: "Arsenic = Acute GI + Antidote (BAL)".

4. Blast Injuries (Marshall’s Triad)

Type Cause Example

Primary Blast wave. Ruptured eardrums, lung hemorrhage.

Type Cause Example

Secondary Flying debris. Puncture wounds (shrapnel).

Tertiary Blast wind. Fractures from being thrown.

Quaternary Miscellaneous. Flash burns, crush injuries.

Key Point: "Primary = Pressure wave; Secondary = Shrapnel".

5. Hanging Signs

 Antemortem Clues:

o Dribbling saliva (opposite knot side).

o Le Facie Sympathique (dilated pupil if cervical sympathetic chain

compressed).

o Tardieu’s spots (petechiae on face/eyes).

 Ligature Mark: Oblique, incomplete, above hyoid.

Mnemonic: "Dribbling + Dilated pupil = Definite antemortem".

6. Tattoo Forensics

 Lymph Node Exam: Dye particles migrate to regional nodes (even if tattoo is
removed).

 Medicolegal Use: Identify faded/removed tattoos in unidentified bodies.

Key Point: "No tattoo? Check lymph nodes!".

7. Insanity Defense Rules

Rule Key Principle

Durham’s "Act was product of mental disease".

Current’s "Cannot regulate conduct due to mental defect".

McNaughten’
"Incapable of knowing wrongfulness".
s

Mnemonic: "Durham = Disease; McNaughten = Morality".

Final Mnemonics

 Arsenic Triad: "Gut, Fast death, No gut".

 Blast Injuries: "Pressure, Shrapnel, Thrown, Quaternary".

 Burns: "Scald = Sodden; Electric = Entry mark".

1. Sexual Offenses & BNS Sections

BNS
Offense Definition Punishment
Section

Frotteurism Rubbing against others in crowds. 292 Fine up to ₹1000.

Wearing opposite-sex clothes for

Eonism - Not punishable.
pleasure.

Exhibitionism Exposing genitals to strangers. 296 3 months jail/fine/both.

Up to 7 years
Perjury Lying under oath. 229
imprisonment.

Mnemonic: "Frotteurism = Fine; Exhibition = Exposed genitals".

2. Semen & Blood Detection Tests

Test Target Positive Result Sample Use

Yellow rhombic crystals (spermine

Barberio’s Spermine Seminal fluid detection.
picrate).

Seminal vesicle
Florence Choline Dark brown crystals (choline iodide).
secretion.

Takayama Hemoglobin Pink feathery crystals (hemochromogen). Old bloodstains.

Teichman
Hemin Brown-black rhombic crystals. Blood confirmation.
n

Key Point: "Barberio = Bright yellow; Florence = Form crystals".

3. Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Indicators

 Physical: Intact hymen (in young children), pain during urination/defecation.

 Behavioral: Anxiety, withdrawal, suicidal ideation.

  Legal: No resistance possible → rely on circumstantial evidence.

Forensic Tip: In CSA, absence of injury ≠ absence of crime.

4. Civil Negligence (4 D’s)

1. Duty: Doctor-patient relationship established.

2. Dereliction: Breach of standard care.

3. Direct Causation: Injury directly linked to negligence.

4. Damage: Compensable harm occurred.

Burden of Proof: Lies with the patient.

5. Poisoning Highlights

Poison Key Feature Antidote/Treatment

Arsenic Rice-water stools, garlic odor. DMSA/BAL, gastric lavage.

Physical dependence,
Heroin Methadone, naloxone (OD reversal).
withdrawal.

Carbolic
Olive-green urine (carboluria). Gastric lavage (unlike other corrosives).
Acid

Mnemonic: "Arsenic = Acute GI; Carbolic = Can lavage".

6. Age Estimation (X-ray Clues)

 Carpal Bones: All visible by 13 years.

 Hook of Hamate: Appears at 13–14 years.

 Medial Clavicle: Fuses by 21–25 years (adulthood marker).

Key Point: "No hook = Pre-teen; Hook = Teenager".

7. Heavy Metal Detection

 Arsenic: Deposits in bones (as arsenates) for years.

 Sample Collection: Bones, hair, nails in chronic poisoning.

  Other Metals: Lead, mercury, copper (similar deposition).

Forensic Tip: "Skeletonized? Check bones for arsenic!".

Mnemonics for Quick Recall

 Negligence 4 D’s: "Doctor Did Direct Damage".

 Tests: "Blood = Takayama/Teichmann; Semen = Barberio/Florence".

 Sexual Offenses: "Frotteurism = Fine; Exhibition = Exposed".

1. Constitutional Rights for Children (India)

Articl
Protection Age Group
e

21A Free & compulsory education. 6–14 years

24 Protection from hazardous employment. <14 years

39(e) Protection from abuse & exploitation. All children

45 Early childhood care & education. 0–6 years

Note: Article 42 provides maternity relief, not child protection.

Mnemonic: "21A for Academics; 24 for Labor ban".

2. Battered Baby Syndrome

 Definition: Repetitive non-accidental injuries by caregiver.

 Key Signs:

o Bruises/fractures of varying ages.

o Delayed medical help despite severe injury.

o Subdural hematoma, failure to thrive.

 Diagnosis: Skeletal survey (X-rays of entire skeleton).

Forensic Clue: "Injuries + inconsistent history = Abuse suspicion".

3. Truth Verification Techniques

Method Principle Physiological Markers

Polygraph Fear-induced physiological changes. ↑BP, ↑pulse, erratic

breathing.

Brain P300 brain waves to familiar stimuli.

Electrical brain responses.
Mapping

Near-unconscious state reduces lying

Truth Serum -
capacity.

Key Point: "Polygraph = Physical signs; Brain mapping = Brain waves".

4. Gunshot Wound Analysis

 Close Shot Features:

o Singeing of hair.

o Tattooing (unburnt powder deposits).

o Muzzle imprint (contact shots).

 Forensic Use: Preserve hair for carbon/lead analysis to determine firing range.

Mnemonic: "Close shot = Charring + Collar (abrasion)".

5. Rigor Mortis Timeline

 First Occurs: Myocardium (left heart chamber).

 Order of Appearance:

1. Eyelids → 2. Neck/jaw → 3. Face → 4. Limbs (arms → legs).

 Complete Rigor: 12 hours; Disappears: 36 hours (warm climates).

Key Point: "Rigor starts inside-out (heart first, then extremities)".

6. Death Certificate Filing

Part Content Example

I(a) Immediate cause of death. Bronchopneumonia.

I(b) Underlying cause. Intracerebral hemorrhage.

Part Content Example

I(c) Antecedent cause. Cerebral metastasis.

I(d) Root cause (e.g., cancer). Squamous cell carcinoma.

II Contributing conditions (unrelated). Diabetes mellitus.

Rule: "Antecedent → Underlying → Immediate (AUI)".

7. Scorpion Sting Management

 Venom Effects:

o Hemolytic: Local edema, pain (viper-like).

o Neurotoxic: Pulmonary edema, cardiac failure (cobra-like).

 Antidote: Prazosin (counteracts catecholamine surge).

Mnemonic: "Scorpion sting = Sympathetic storm → Prazosin".

8. Viscera Preservation in Toxicology

 Standard: Saturated salt solution (for most poisons).

 Exceptions: Alcohol, kerosene, phosphorus → Rectified spirit not used.

Key Point: "Salt for general poisons; avoid spirit for volatiles".

9. Order of Organ Putrefaction

1. Larynx/trachea → 2. Stomach/intestines → 3. Liver → 4. Brain → 5. Heart.

Last: Bones (resist decomposition).

Mnemonic: "Larynx Spoils First; Bones Last".

10. Fingerprint Uniqueness

 Formation: Friction ridges develop in utero (pressure-dependent).

 Key Fact: Differs even in identical twins.

Forensic Use: Gold standard for identity verification.

Final Mnemonics

 Battered Child: "Bruises + Bones = Battered".

 Rigor Mortis: "Myocardium → Eyelids → Jaw (MEJ)".

 Death Certificate: "Antecendent → Underlying → Immediate".

1. Consent in Medical Practice

 IPC Section 92 (Doctrine of Anticipation):

o Allows life-saving procedures without consent in emergencies.

o Conditions:

 Patient unable to consent (unconscious/minor).

 No guardian available.

 Delay would cause harm.

 Res Ipsa Loquitur: "The thing speaks for itself" (e.g., surgical sponge left in
abdomen).

 Extended Consent: Covers unforeseen findings during surgery (e.g., draining cysts
during appendectomy).

Mnemonic: "Anticipation for Acute emergencies; Extended for Exploratory surgeries".]

2. Snakebite Management

Snake Venom Action Treatment

Cobra Postsynaptic Atropine + ASV + neostigmine.

Krait Presynaptic ASV only (atropine ineffective).

Viper Hemotoxic ASV + blood transfusion.

s

Key Point: "Krait = Keep atropine away".

3. Sexual Assault & Consent

 Legal Age for Consent: 18 years (below this = statutory rape, even if consensual).

 Examination Protocol:

o Victim’s consent required (guardian’s if <12 years/unsound mind).

 o Document refusal if victim denies examination.

o Mandatory police reporting in medicolegal cases.

Mnemonic: "18 to consent; 12 for guardian’s say".

4. Insanity Defense (BNS Section 22/IPC 84)

 McNaughten’s Rule:

o No liability if accused was incapable of knowing the act was wrong/illegal.

o Limitation: Ignores emotional/impulse control aspects.

Key Point: "McNaughten = Mind’s understanding".

5. Poisoning Clues

Poison Key Feature Diagnostic Clue

Luminescent vomit/stools ("smoky stool

Phosphorus Glows in dark.
syndrome").

Sodium Capsule stains gastric

Turquoise-blue stomach mucosa.
Amytal contents.

Saturnine gout (knee > toe), hypertension, renal Burtonian line (gums).
Lead (Chronic)
failure.

Mnemonic: "Phosphorus = Phosphorescent; Lead = Lumpy joints".

6. Forensic Principles

 Locard’s Exchange Principle: "Every contact leaves a trace" (e.g., hair, fibers).

 Mummification:

o Odorless, dry preservation (hot/arid climates).

o Order of organ decay: Brain → Heart → Bones (last).

Key Point: "Locard = Leaves traces; Mummy = Mute (no smell)".

7. Age Estimation (Bone Fusion)

 Basicciput-Basisphenoid: Fuses at 18–22 years (adulthood marker).

  Medial Clavicle: Complete fusion by 21–25 years.

Mnemonic: "Basicciput at Beginning of 20s".

Final Mnemonics

 Snakebites: "Cobra = Cholinergic (atropine); Krait = Keep atropine away".

 Consent: "Anticipate emergencies; Extend for surprises".

 Poisoning: "Phosphorus glows; Lead hurts joints".

1. Arsenic Poisoning

 Acute: Cholera-like (garlicky odor, rice-water stools).

 Chronic:

o Raindrop pigmentation (temples/eyelids).

o Aldrich-Mee’s lines (transverse white nail striae).

o Blackfoot disease (gangrene).

 Nephropathy: PCT damage + muscle pain (unique to arsenic).

 Tests: Marsh test, Reinsch test.

 Treatment: Fresh ferric oxide, BAL, penicillamine.

Key Point: "Arsenic = Acute GI + Aldrich-Mee’s lines".

2. Posthumous vs. Illegitimate Child

Term Definition

Posthumous Child delivered after parent’s death (via C-section).

Illegitimate Born to unmarried parents.

Supposititious Fake pregnancy (child presented as biological).

Mnemonic: "Posthumous = Post-death; Illegitimate = Illicit union".

3. Medical Maloccurrence

 Definition: Adverse outcome despite standard care (non-negligent).

 Defense: Absolute if proven (e.g., unexpected drug reaction).

  Vs. Res Ipsa Loquitur: Obvious negligence (e.g., retained surgical sponge).

Key Point: "Maloccurrence = Misfortune; Res ipsa = Recklessness".

4. Spurious Drug Punishment

 IPC Section 320: Life imprisonment for death caused by adulterated/spurious drugs.

 Definition:

o Wrongly labeled.

o Substituted with another drug.

o Fake manufacturer claim.

Mnemonic: "Spurious = Severe punishment (life term)".

5. Laceration Types

Type Cause Example

Scalp wound (skull vs.

Split Crushing between objects.
ground).

Stretch Overstretching skin. Fractured bone piercing skin.

Avulsed Shearing force (RTA). Degloving injury.

Features: Irregular margins, tissue bridges, bruising, crushed hair bulbs.

Mnemonic: "Split = Scalp; Avulsed = Accident".

6. Drowning vs. Strangulation

Feature Drowning Strangulation

Frothing Fine, white (mouth/nostrils). Less prominent.

Congestion Absent. Facial/conjunctival petechiae.

Neck Ligature/thumb bruises.

None.
Marks

Key Point: "Frothing + No congestion = Drowning".

7. Age Estimation by Bone Fusion

 Medial Clavicle: Complete fusion by 21–25 years (best adult marker).

 Sternum: Fully fused by >25 years.

 Other Markers:

o <16 years: Hand/wrist X-ray.

o 18 years: Iliac crest (female), femur/tibia (male).

Mnemonic: "Clavicle at 21; Sternum at 25".

8. Postmortem Marbling

 Mechanism: Bacterial hemolysis → sulfhemoglobin stains veins.

 Timing: 36–48 hours (summer).

 Appearance: Branching purple lines (abdomen/shoulders).

Key Point: "Marbling = Microbes + Mid-decomposition".

9. Shotgun Wound Patterns

Range Entry Wound Appearance

Contac
Circular + muzzle imprint.
t

<30 cm Soot, singed hair, tattooing.

1–5 m Central hole + satellite pellet holes.

>5 m Scattered pellets (no central hole).

Forensic Clue: "Satellite holes = Short-to-mid range".

Final Mnemonics

 Arsenic: "Raindrop + Mee’s = Arsenic".

 Lacerations: "Bridges + Bruising = Blunt force".

 Bone Fusion: "Clavicle 21, Sternum 25".

1. Throttling vs. Strangulation

Feature Throttling (Manual Strangulation) Ligature Strangulation

Neck
Nail bruises, no ligature mark Horizontal ligature mark
Marks

Autopsy Carotid intimal tear (Amussat's sign) Hyoid fracture

Mechanism Compression by hands Constriction by ligature

Key Point:

 Throttling: Nail marks + carotid tear.

 Hanging: Ligature mark + oblique groove.

2. Freshwater vs. Seawater Drowning

Parameter Freshwater Drowning Seawater Drowning

Hemodilution, hyperkalemi Hemoconcentration, hypernatremia

Blood Changes
a

Surfactant Denatured Diluted

Time to Death 4–5 minutes (faster) 8–12 minutes

Mnemonic: "Freshwater = Free K⁺ (hyperkalemia)".

3. Weapon-Injury Correlation

Weapon Injury Type Key Feature

Axe Chop wound Deep, irregular margins.

Blade Incised wound Clean-cut, tailing present.

Lathi Tram-track bruise Parallel lines with central sparing.

RTA Graze abrasion Brush burns (tangential friction).

Key Point: "Lathi = Linear bruise; Axe = Amputating injury".

4. POCSO Act Mandates

 Reporting: Mandatory for all (doctors/teachers) if child sexual abuse is suspected.

 Age: <18 years (even if consensual).

  Actions:

o Immediate: STI prophylaxis, emergency contraception.

o Legal: Inform police (Section 21(1)), document refusal of examination.

Mnemonic: "POCSO = Protect + Police report".

5. Poison Classification

Poison Type Key Feature

Zinc Chloride Irritant Erosive esophagitis.

Chloral Hydrate Stupefying "Knockout drops" (CNS depressant).

Abortifacien
Quinine Uterine contractions.
t

Potassium Carbonate Corrosive Caustic alkali (high pH).

Key Point: "Chloral = Confuse (stupefy); Quinine = Quick labor".

6. Postmortem Changes

 Livor Mortis (Suggilation):

o Appearance: Purple-red dependent staining (2–4 hrs postmortem).

o Cause: Blood pooling due to gravity.

 Paradoxical Undressing:

o Seen in: Hypothermia victims (misinterpreted as sexual assault).

o Mechanism: Peripheral vasodilation → false sensation of heat.

Mnemonic: "Livor = Lying low; Paradox = Peeling clothes".

7. Cocaine Source

 Plant: Erythroxylum coca.

 Active Principle: Cocaine (alkaloid).

 Medicolegal Use: Stupefying agent in robberies/assaults.

Key Point: "Coca = Cocaine".

Final Mnemonics

 Drowning: "Fresh = Fast (4–5 mins) + Free K⁺".

 Weapons: "Axe Chops; Blade Incises".

 POCSO: "Report + Rescue (STI/pregnancy care)".

1. Postmortem Changes

 Marbling:

o Caused by hemolyzed blood staining vessel walls.

o Appears in 36–48 hours (summer).

o Seen in superficial veins (abdomen, shoulders, chest, inguinal).

 Livor mortis: Dependent pooling of blood.

 Adipocere: Forms in warm, humid conditions (fat hydrolysis).

 Mummification: Occurs in dry, airy environments.

2. Forensic Ballistics

 Bullet wipe:

o Residue (grease/soot) around entrance wound.

o Helps differentiate entry vs. exit wounds.

3. Toxicology

Atropa belladonna:

 Pupil dilatation (anticholinergic effect).

 Mechanism: Blocks muscarinic ACh receptors.

 Active compound: L-hyoscyamine.

 Mnemonic: "Bella-Donna = Big Eyes".

Aconite (Monkhood/Mitha Zaher):

 Cardiac poison → AV block, bradycardia.

 Treatment: Atropine.
Drug Slang:

 Heroin: Brown sugar, Smack.

 Ganja: Weed, Pot, Grass.

 LSD: Acid.

4. Age Estimation

Bone Fusion (Age >21 years):

Bone/Joint Fusion Age

Elbow >16 years

Wrist (ulna/radius) >19 years

Ischial tuberosity >21 years

Fetal Age (Haase’s Rule):

 <25 cm: Age (months) = √(crown-heel length).

 >25 cm: Age = Crown-heel length ÷ 5.

 Example: 31 cm → 31/5 = 6.7 months.

5. Skull Sex Differentiation

Feature Male Female

Supraorbital ridges Prominent Less prominent

Frontal/Parietal
Small Large
eminences

Mandible U-shaped, broad ramus V-shaped, small ramus

Orbits Square Round, sharp margins

Note: Valid for ages 20–55 years.

6. Witness Types

 Common Witness: Reports first-hand observations.

 Expert Witness: Draws conclusions (e.g., doctors, forensic experts).

  Hostile Witness: Conceals truth (biased/motivated).

Mnemonics

 Marbling Timeline: "36–48 hrs = Summer Veins".

 Belladonna: "Bella (Beautiful) = Big Pupils".

 Bone Fusion: "Elbow 16, Wrist 19, Hip 21".

1. Borrowed Servant Doctrine

 Lending employer temporarily surrenders control; borrowing employer assumes

control.

 Vicarious liability: Employer responsible for employee’s negligence within scope of

employment.

2. Postmortem Lividity (Suggilation)

 Dependent portions of body → engorged vessels visible through skin.

 Other names: Postmortem hypostasis, livor mortis, vibices.

3. Human Bite Mark

 Crescentic/semi-circular (incisors, canines).

 Forensic steps:

o Two scales at right angles (horizontal plane).

o Swab immediately (sterile water) + control area + victim’s saliva.

o 3D imaging for precision.

o Negative cast using rubber.

4. False Virgin

 Findings: Separated labia majora, flabby labia minora, fourchette tear → forceful
penetration.

 Hymen may remain intact despite intercourse.

5. Professional Misconduct (Medical Records)

 Provide records within 72 hours on demand.

 Maintain records for 3 years; refusal = misconduct.

6. Rape Evidence Collection

 Spermatozoa: Detectable in vaginal swab ≤ 72 hours.

 Semen: Detectable ≤ 96 hours.

 External evidence (clothing) → collect even after 96h.

7. POCSO Act (Aggravated Sexual Assault)

 Child: <18 years.

 Aggravated assault if by:

o Police officer, doctor, relative (position of trust).

o Communal violence, disabled victim, gang assault, deadly weapons.

 Types:

o Penetrative (vagina/mouth/urethra/anus) vs. non-penetrative.

 Punishment: Up to life imprisonment.

 Note: Gang penetrative assault = aggravated penetrative assault.

8. Bullet Fingerprinting

 Primary markings: Rifling (gun-specific).

 Secondary markings: Barrel irregularities (weapon-specific).

9. Abrasion

 Superficial (does not penetrate full epidermis).

 No bleeding unless dermis involved (dermal papillae corrugated).

10. Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning

  Mechanism:

o CO binds Hb → carboxyhemoglobin → anemic hypoxia (main cause of

death).

o Also causes histotoxic hypoxia (inhibits cytochrome oxidase).

 Key points:

o O₂ content low, dissolved O₂ normal → no chemoreceptor stimulation.

o Treatment: Hyperbaric O₂ (limited benefit in cyanide poisoning).

 Mnemonic: CO = "Cannot Oxygenate" (affinity for Hb > O₂).

Mnemonics & Tables

POCSO Aggravated Assault (Who?)

Mnemonic: "Cops, Docs, and Gangs"

 Cops (police), Docs (doctors), Gangs, Disabled, Weapons.

Hypoxia Types

Type Cause Example

Reduced Hb (CO
Anemic CO-Hb formation
poisoning)

Histotoxic Cytochrome inhibition Cyanide poisoning

Stagnant Poor circulation (shock, HF) IV fluids needed

Final Tips

 Bolded terms = High-yield for MCQs.

 Timelines: 72h (records, sperm), 96h (semen).

 CO poisoning: Think "anemic hypoxia" first.

1. Paradoxical Undressing in Hypothermia

 Key Points:

o Seen in hypothermia victims due to paradoxical feeling of heat.

o May mimic sexual assault (erroneous assumption).

 o Associated with fatal stupor, loss of judgment, disorientation.

2. Nicotine Poisoning

 Chronic Effects (Tobacco Heart):

o CVS: Irregularities, extrasystoles, angina.

o Eyes: Amblyopia, narrowed field of vision.

3. Corporobasal Index & Sex Determination

Index Formula Male Female

Corporobasa
(Breadth of S1 vertebra × 100) / Base of sacrum >42 <42
l

Sacral (Transverse diameter × 100) / Anterior length <114 >114

Sciatic Notch (Width × 100) / Depth 4-5 5-6

Mnemonic: "Sacrum Shows Sex" (Sacral, Sciatic, Sternal indices).

4. Carpal Bone Ossification

 First to ossify: Capitate (1-3 months).

 Last to ossify: Pisiform (8-12 years).

 Order: Capitate → Hamate → Triquetrum → Lunate →

Scaphoid/Trapezium/Trapezoid → Pisiform.
Mnemonic: "Come Here To Learn Some Tricky Procedures".

5. MTP Act 2021 Amendments

 Gestational Limits:

o ≤20 weeks: 1 doctor’s opinion.

o 20-24 weeks: 2 doctors’ opinion (rape/incest/fetal anomalies).

o >24 weeks: Medical board approval (fetal anomalies only).

 Consent:

o Woman’s consent mandatory (husband’s request insufficient).

 o Minors: Guardian’s written consent required.

 Confidentiality: Register maintained for 5 years (no names, only reference numbers).

Key Rule: "24 weeks for rape, 20 for contraception failure, any age for fetal anomalies."

6. Street Names of Drugs

 Cocaine: Snow, Crack, White Lady.

 LSD: Acid, Purple Wedges.

 Abrus precatorius: Gunja, Rosary pea.

 Capsaicin: Causes Hunan hand (pickle workers).

7. Firearm Wounds (Ballistics)

 Objectives: Determine range and direction of firing.

 Entry Wound Clues:

o Close range: Singeing, blackening, tattooing.

o Abrasion collar, Grease collar.

 Preserve hair for carbonization/lead deposition analysis.

8. Rigor Mortis (Nysten’s Rule)

 Order:

1. Orbicularis oculi → 2. Facial muscles → 3. Thorax → 4. Upper limb → Lower

limb.

 Disappears in same order.

Mnemonic: "Old Folks Tell Us Lies" (Oculi, Face, Thorax, Upper limb, Lower limb).

9. Arsenic Poisoning

 Chronic Effects:

o Raindrop pigmentation + Hyperkeratosis (→ Blackfoot disease).

o Mees’ lines (white nails).

o Arsenical neuritis (foot drop, wrist drop).

  Deposition: Hair, bones (replaces phosphorus).

Mnemonic: "Arsenic Causes Raindrops, Mees, Neuritis" (ACRMN).

Bonus Mnemonics

 MTP Indications: Therapeutic, Eugenic, Humanitarian, Social (TEHS).

 Rigor Mortis Progression: "Heart Eyelids Neck Jaw Face Chest Arm Leg" (HENJF CAL).

1. McNaughten’s Rule (MB9252)

 Basis: Insanity defense in law (IPC 84/BNS 22).

 Rules:

1. Presumption of sanity unless proven otherwise.

2. Defect of reason + disease of mind must prove:

 Accused didn’t know the nature of the act OR

 Didn’t know it was wrong/illegal.

 Other Rules:

o Curren’s Rule (1964): No criminal responsibility if mental disease impairs

capacity to obey law.

o Durham’s Rule (1954): No responsibility if act was product of mental

disease/defect.

Mnemo: "McNaughten Knows Not, Curren Can’t Control, Durham’s Disease Produces Crime"

2. Throttling (Manual Strangulation) (MC9538)

 Key Findings:

o Bruising + Fractured thyroid cartilage (pathognomonic).

o Abrasions (fingernail marks).

o Hyoid bone fracture (especially greater cornu).

 Mechanism of Death:

o Carotid occlusion (main cause) → Brain ischemia.

o Vagal inhibition (carotid sinus pressure) → Cardiac arrest.

o Airway occlusion = minor role.

Table:

Throttlin
Feature Ligature Strangulation
g

Bruising Present Rare

Thyroid
Common Rare
Fracture

3. Ethylene Glycol vs. Methanol Poisoning (MC9541)

 Ethylene Glycol:

o Metabolite: Glyoxyaldehyde → Kidney damage.

 Methanol:

o Metabolite: Formaldehyde → Retinal damage (blurred vision).

 Treatment:

o Fomepizole/Ethanol (inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase).

Mnemo: "EG = Kidneys, Meth = Eyes; Treat with Fomepize!"

4. Racial Dental Traits (MC9542)

Race Key Features

Shovel-shaped incisors, enamel pearls, taurodontism (bull-tooth), fused molar

Mongoloid
roots.

Africanoid Large teeth, 8 cusps (molars), 2 lingual cusps (mandibular premolars).

Caucasian Carabelli’s cusp (maxillary molars), small lateral incisors, long canine roots.

Mnemo: "Mongoloid Shovels Enamel, African 8 Cusps, Caucasian Carabelli"

5. Jack-Knife Position (MC9544)

 Positional asphyxia: Knees pressed to chest → restricts breathing.

 Seen in: Restraint-related deaths (e.g., police custody).

Key Point: "No tool, just compression → Think Jack-Knife!"

Extra Edge for NEET PG:

 Insanity Defense: Always rule out malingering (McNaughten requires disease of

mind).

 Strangulation: Hyoid fracture more common in manual vs. ligature.

 Poisoning: Osmolar gap + Metabolic acidosis = Ethylene glycol/methanol.