Qubes OS is a free and open-source, security-oriented operating system for single-user desktop computing. Qubes OS leverages Xen-based virtualization to allow for the creation and management of isolated compartments called qubes. These qubes, which are implemented as virtual machines (VMs). This allows each component of the operating system to be isolated from other pieces, preenting compromises from spreading or information from leaking.
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Notes: In case where multiple versions of a package are shipped with a distribution, only the default version appears in the table. For indication about the GNOME version, please check the "nautilus" and "gnome-shell" packages. The Apache web server is listed as "httpd" and the Linux kernel is listed as "linux". The KDE desktop is represented by the "plasma-desktop" package and the Xfce desktop by the "xfdesktop" package.
Colour scheme:green text = latest stable version, red text = development or beta version. The function determining beta versions is not 100% reliable due to a wide variety of versioning schemes.
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Up front to clarify actually using 4.3 release candidate but not in pull down yet even though its stable enough to be my daily driver already. With some discipline and knowledge Qubes OS is simply put the most secure operating system (at least networked) available for any price. With the defaults and some reading I supposed newer *nix users could use it well but really do need to be a power user to get the most out of it. Things like increasing your dom0 to 10+ gig of memory for a decent sized ARC and so you can run most of your cubes with dedup on ZFS are not things you get out of the box but are so worth it. Bit of a VM junkie in general and have like 40 different BSDs, distros, and other OSes running as mostly stand alones I fire up from time to time to play with. For many users probably better off sticking with something like CachyOS and use KVM for the odd VM or two. Especially if you are looking for maximum graphics performance with wayland and such for gaming. But if you are serious about maximum security and cpu/disk performance from multiple concurrent OSes then KVM doesn't hold a candle to Xen. I am so confident in how well QubesOS ring fences things I even play around with Chinese distros like openKylin and Deepin which no way do I risk borderline trojan horses like that with KVM. Xen is for those ready to go full enterprise even on their home rig. For those of us who spend more on memory instead of GPUs. QubesOS leverages Xen in the most secure way possible for a true secure desktop experience. Maybe not the most user friendly (but not bad honestly) but the most secure imo.
Qubes OS is incredibly powerful and flexible. It works very well for its designed purpose and targeted userbase while also offering advanced functionality for tinkerers.
If you need the strict level of security Qubes can provide, then it's a perfect choice and the experience should be quite smooth with supported hardware and basic use cases. The OS would work great for people like journalists and activists without any additional configuration. The documentation is thorough and easy to understand and will answer most questions about Qubes OS. It is written with beginners and non-technical users in mind, while still being informative enough to explain everything in depth.
The forum is also fantastic and can help troubleshoot all kinds of issues and explore use cases beyond just what this OS was designed for. Things like GPU passthrough for gaming, using VPN clients, and installing Android are all thoroughly discussed in the forum and possible to accomplish for users with some Linux experience.
If you are willing to tinker and take some risks, it can be an exceptionally flexible choice for daily computing. I am using it to play video games, CAD, store passwords, work, and browse the internet. I can securely separate all of these activities into their own virtual machines with different sources for network access (airgapped, Local WiFi, VPN, Tor, etc.). I can run multiple operating systems at the same time such as Windows 11 for software that needs it and Debian or Fedora for everything else. These are benefits that no other operating system can offer in such a convenient package.
There are some continuing difficulties such as full support for Windows 10 and 11, s0ix sleep, Bluetooth audio, and incremental backups. These are things that the Qubes team is actively working on, however. There are also plenty of workarounds discussed in the documentation and forums. Many of these things may even become supported within the next major release.
After using it daily for two years and seeing how powerful and secure Qubes is, I don't think I could go back to a monolithic operating system.
I've been using Qubes OS as my daily driver since 2018. As someone without extensive technical expertise, I can confidently say that Qubes OS is accessible and usable for non-experts. The system's focus on security through compartmentalization has given me peace of mind, especially in today's digital landscape.
Qubes OS isolates applications and data into separate virtual environments, or "qubes," ensuring that if one qube is compromised, others remain safe. This feature is invaluable for protecting sensitive information
Despite its complex architecture, Qubes OS has become increasingly user-friendly with each release. The GUI unifies access to all qubes, making it easy to manage and switch between them.
The Qubes OS community is actively working on enhancing the user experience. From better device handling to improved GUI elements, each update brings noticeable improvem.
While Qubes OS may require some learning, it's surprisingly manageable for those without deep technical knowledge. The system's design ensures that you can start using it right away, with features like color-coded qubes helping to avoid mistakes
Conclusion
Qubes OS is not just for experts; it's a robust and secure operating system that anyone can use. Its unique security features combined with an improving user experience make it an excellent choice for those seeking enhanced protection without sacrificing usability. I highly recommend giving it a try if you're looking for a more secure computing environment.