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Antibacterial and Biopriming Effects of Nostocales Cyanobacteria on Tomato Plants Infected with Bacterial Spot Disease

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Abstract

A new generation of farming inputs is being developed, designed to be more environmentally friendly and have fewer negative impacts on consumer health. Bio-based antimicrobial compounds are one such example. These compounds are used against pathogens and stimulate plant immune systems, reducing disease severity. This study evaluated suspensions and hydro-alcoholic extracts of 55 cyanobacteria from the Nostocales order for their antimicrobial effects and growth-promoting activity on tomato plants. Suspensions and extracts of 0.5 and 1 mg mL−1 of two cyanobacteria, Nostoc sp. G-4D and Calothrix sp. G-403 were selected for their disease control capabilities and growth enhancement effects on plants. The GC–MS technique was used to investigate the chemical compounds in the hydroalcoholic extracts of two cyanobacteria species. The analysis shows that the Nostoc sp. G-4D extract contained 28 compounds, accounting for 96.04% of the total composition, while the Calothrix sp. G-403 extract contained 27 compounds, making up 93.62% of the total composition. These findings highlight the rich chemical diversity in the extracts, which might be responsible for the observed bioactivities. The predominant components of the hydroalcoholic extracts of Nostoc sp G-4D and Calothrix sp. G-403 were Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (28.29%) and Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester (15.89%) for the former, and Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (27.95%) and phytol (10.82%) for the latter.

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Data Availability

Data and material will be available on request.

Code Availability

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Abbreviations

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

Biocontrol:

Biological control

CAS:

Chrom azurol S

CFU:

Colony forming unit

cm:

Centimeter

D50:

Days to 50% germination

DTPA:

Diethylenetriamine pentaacetate

GC–MS:

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Gmax:

Germination percentage

GR:

Germination rate

GU:

Uniformity of germination

h:

Hour

hpi:

Hours post inoculation

HCN:

Hydrogen cyanide

IAA:

Indole-3-acetic acid

LSD:

Least significant difference

lx:

Lux

MBC:

Minimum bactericidal concentration

μL:

Microliter

μm:

Micrometer

μg:

Microgram

mL:

Milliliter

mg:

Milligram

mM:

Millimolar

mm:

Millimeter

min:

Minute

nm:

Nano meter

OD:

Optical density

PBS:

Phosphate-buffered saline

R2 :

Correlation coefficient

RT:

Room temperature

s:

Second

SNP:

Sodium nitroprusside

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Acknowledgements

The support of this work from the Research Council of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz and GABIT is gratefully acknowledged.

Funding

We appreciate the financial support from the Research Council of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz and GABIT.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

    Sajjad Ghahari & Mohammad Roayaei Ardakani

  2. Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan (GABIT), Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran

    Ghorban Ali Nematzadeh & Ali Pakdin

Authors
  1. Sajjad Ghahari
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  2. Ghorban Ali Nematzadeh
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  3. Ali Pakdin
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  4. Mohammad Roayaei Ardakani
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Contributions

S Ghahari: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, writing-original draft, writing-review, and editing. GA Nematzadeh: conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, writing-review, and editing. A Pakdin: conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, writing-review, and editing. M Roayaei Ardakani: Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision, writing-review and editing, and formal analysis.

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Correspondence to Sajjad Ghahari or Ghorban Ali Nematzadeh.

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Ghahari, S., Nematzadeh, G.A., Pakdin, A. et al. Antibacterial and Biopriming Effects of Nostocales Cyanobacteria on Tomato Plants Infected with Bacterial Spot Disease. Curr Microbiol 82, 220 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-025-04208-y

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