Abstract
A sudden and unprecedented outbreak of molluscan Philine kinglipini occurred in summer 2022 in Jiaozhou Bay, Shandong, China, causing substantial damage to local mariculture industry of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Although P. kinglipini has been found in many coastal regions of China, the molecular research of P. kinglipini has not been extensively studied, making it difficult to accurately identify and track P. kinglipini samples in field using molecular methods. Samples were collected during the outbreak and their morphological features and molecular sequences were analyzed. Results show that the causative species of the outbreak was P. kinglipini. The mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) of P. kinglipini was constructed for the first time, based on which phylogenetic analysis of the mtDNAs of P. kinglipini and related species in the order Cephalaspidea was carried out. As revealed by metabarcoding analysis of 18S rDNA V4, the seasonal change of P. kinglipini and closely related Philine species was striking with peaks between April and August. Therefore, metabarcoding analysis is applicable tool for monitoring the bloom development of P. kinglipini and related species. This study generated for the first time essential molecular marker sequences and mtDNA of P. kinglipini, which provided a reference for future characterization and monitoring of its outbreaks and for phylogenetic analysis of Philine species.
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Data Availability Statement
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgment
We are grateful to colleagues from the Jiaozhou Bay Marine Ecosystem Research Station for the opportunity to participate in the investigation expeditions. Statistical analyses were supported by Oceanographic Data Center, IOCAS.
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Supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. XDA22050302), the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. XDB42000000), the Taishan Scholar Project Special Fund (to Nansheng CHEN), and the Postdoctoral Program of Qingdao 2021 (No. E2KY14101N)
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Duan, Z., Yu, Y., Wang, J. et al. Morphological and molecular analyses of a Philine kinglipini outbreak in summer of 2022 in Jiaozhou Bay, China. J. Ocean. Limnol. 42, 831–848 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-023-3037-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-023-3037-1