Abstract
The effluent generated by textile industries is among the most polluting to the environment. Dyes such as methylene blue (MB) and indigo blue (IB) are used in cotton dyeing. This work proposes to evaluate the potential of in natura (BIN) and nanomodified (BNP) bamboo (Phyllostachys aurea) biomass as biosorbents for the removal of MB and IB dyes in an aqueous medium under high salinity conditions. These materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray (XRD) spectroscopies and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate their morphology and interaction with the dyes and the nanoparticles. The FTIR spectra revealed the existence of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, ethers, phenols, and aromatic compounds, indicating the presence of a lignocellulosic structure. XRD and SEM analyses confirmed the effectiveness of the nanocomposite synthesis process. The dyes were quantified by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV/Vis). The material’s pH at the point of zero charge (pHPZC) was 5.52 (BIN) and 4.84 (BNP), and the best IB and MB sorption pH were 3.0 and 9.0 for BNP, respectively, employing 30 min of contact time. The material sorption capacity (Qexp) was assessed using batch procedures, in which 100–1000 mg/L dye concentrations were tested with a 0.5 g/L adsorbent dose. The dye’s Qexp for BIN and BNP was 25.41 ± 0.58 and 23.42 ± 0.07 mg/g (MB) and 84.26 ± 1.1 and 130.81 ± 0.20 mg/g (IB), respectively. The kinetic model that best fit BNP experimental data was the pseudo-2nd-order with r2 = 0.99868 (MB) and r2 = 0.99873 (IB), and Freundlich, D-R, and Temkin isotherms best fit the dye sorption data. The bamboo nanomodification facilitates the biosorbent removal from the medium after sorption, enabling large-scale studies and industrial applications—the investigated materials provided promising adsorption features for removing contaminant dyes in saline water.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. Extra data are available from the authors ([email protected]) upon reasonable request.
References
Afrin T, Tsuzuki T, Kanwar RK, Wang X (2012) The origin of the antibacterial property of bamboo. J Text Inst 103(8):844–849. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2011.614742
Afrin T, Kanwar RK, Wang X, Tsuzuki T (2014) Properties of bamboo fibres produced using an environmentally benign method. J Text Inst 105(12):1293–1299. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2014.889872
Aguila DMM, Ligaray MV (2015) Adsorption of eriochrome black T on MnO2-coated zeolite. Int J Environ Sci Dev 6(11):824–827. https://doi.org/10.7763/ijesd.2015.v6.706
Almazán-Sánchez PT, Solache-Ríos MJ, Linares-Hernández I, Martínez-Miranda V (2016) Adsorption-regeneration by heterogeneous Fenton process using modified carbon and clay materials for removal of indigo blue. Environ Technol 37(14):1843–1856. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2015.1133718
Arivoli S, Arivoli S, Thenkuzhali M, Prasath PMD (2009) Adsorption of rhodamine B by acid activated carbon-kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies. Orbital: Electron J Chem 1(2):138–155. https://doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v1i2.24
Arroyo F, Morillo J, Usero J, Rosado D, el Bakouri H (2019) Lithium recovery from desalination brines using specific ion-exchange resins. Desalination 468:114073. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DESAL.2019.114073
Azanaw A, Birlie B, Teshome B, Jemberie M (2022) Textile effluent treatment methods and eco-friendly resolution of textile wastewater. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng 6:100230. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSCEE.2022.100230
Barbosa JA, Labuto G, Carrilho ENVM (2020) Magnetic nanomodified activated carbon: characterization and use for organic acids sorption in aqueous medium. Chem Eng Commun 208(10):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2020.1791832
Baruah J, Nath BK, Sharma R, Kumar S, Deka RC, Baruah DC, Kalita E (2018) Recent trends in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for value-added products. Front Energy Res 6(DEC):141. https://doi.org/10.3389/FENRG.2018.00141/BIBTEX
Bouaziz F, Koubaa M, Kallel F, Chaari F, Driss D, Ghorbel RE, Chaabouni SE (2015) Efficiency of almond gum as a low-cost adsorbent for methylene blue dye removal from aqueous solutions. Ind Crops Prod 74:903–911. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INDCROP.2015.06.007
Carvalho JTT, Milani PA, Consonni JL, Labuto G, Carrilho ENVM (2021) Nanomodified sugarcane bagasse biosorbent: synthesis, characterization, and application for Cu(II) removal from aqueous medium. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(19):24744–24755. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11356-020-11345-3
Chemimi R, Khellouf M, Kerraou I, Khodjaoui N (2020) Biosorption of heavy metals, dyes and contaminants emerging of concern by lignocellulosic biomass. J Chem Sci Chem Eng 1(2):28–54
Dasgupta J, Sikder J, Chakraborty S, Curcio S, Drioli E (2015) Remediation of textile effluents by membrane based treatment techniques: a state of the art review. J Environ Manag 147:55–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2014.08.008
Debnath S, Das R (2023) Strong adsorption of CV dye by Ni ferrite nanoparticles for wastewater purification: fits well the pseudo-second order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm model. Ceram Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CERAMINT.2023.01.218
Değermenci GD, Değermenci N, Ayvaoğlu V, Durmaz E, Çakır D, Akan E (2019) Adsorption of reactive dyes on lignocellulosic waste; characterization, equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. J Clean Prod 225:1220–1229. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2019.03.260
Fernando D, Kowalczyk M, Guindos P, Auer M, Daniel G (2023) Electron tomography unravels new insights into fiber cell wall nanostructure; exploring 3D macromolecular biopolymeric nano-architecture of spruce fiber secondary walls. Sci Rep 13(1):1–20. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29113-x
Gupta TB, Lataye DH (2018) Adsorption of indigo carmine and methylene blue dye: Taguchi’s design of experiment to optimize removal efficiency. Sadhana – Acad Proc Eng Sci 43(10):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12046-018-0931-X/TABLES/10
Gupta VK, Kumar R, Nayak A, Saleh TA, Barakat MA (2013) Adsorptive removal of dyes from aqueous solution onto carbon nanotubes: a review. Adv Coll Interface Sci 193–194:24–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CIS.2013.03.003
Hizal J, Yilmazoglu M, Kanmaz N, Ercag E (2022) Efficient removal of indigo dye by using sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (sPEEK), montmorillonite (MMT), and sPEEK-MMT composites as novel adsorbent. Chem Phys Lett 794:139482. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CPLETT.2022.139482
Jethave G, Fegade U, Attarde S, Ingle S (2019) Decontamination study of Eriochrome Black-T from waste water by using AlTiPbO nanoparticles (ATPO-NPs) for sustainable clean environment. J Water Environ Nanotechnol 4(4):263–274. https://doi.org/10.22090/jwent.2019.04.001
Kassimi A, Boutouil A, Himri M, Rachid Laamari M, Haddad M (2020) Selective and competitive removal of three basic dyes from single, binary and ternary systems in aqueous solutions: a combined experimental and theoretical study. J Saudi Chem Soc 24(7):527–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSCS.2020.05.005
Kerrou M, Bouslamti N, Raada A, Elanssari A, Mrani D, Slimani MS (2021) The use of sugarcane bagasse to remove the organic dyes from wastewater. Int J Anal Chem. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5570806
Khamwichit A, Dechapanya W, Dechapanya W (2022) Adsorption kinetics and isotherms of binary metal ion aqueous solution using untreated venus shell. Heliyon 8(6):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09610
Kibami D, Pongener C, Rao KS, Sinha D (2017) Surface characterization and adsorption studies of Bambusa vulgaris-a low cost adsorbent. J Mater Environ Sci 8(7):2494–2505
Krumme U, Herbeck LS, Wang T (2012) Tide- and rainfall-induced variations of physical and chemical parameters in a mangrove-depleted estuary of East Hainan (South China Sea). Mar Environ Res 82:28–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MARENVRES.2012.09.002
Kumar R, Strezov V, Weldekidan H, He J, Singh S, Kan T, Dastjerdi B (2020) Lignocellulose biomass pyrolysis for bio-oil production: a review of biomass pretreatment methods for production of drop-in fuels. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 123:109763. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2020.109763
Kurniawan TA, Waihung L, Repo E, Sillanpää MET (2010) Removal of 4-chlorophenol from contaminated water using coconut shell waste pretreated with chemical agents. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 85(12):1616–1627. https://doi.org/10.1002/JCTB.2473
Labuto G, Carrilho ENVM (2016) Bioremediation in Brazil: challenges to improve the development and application to boost up the bioeconomy. In: Prasad MNV (ed) Bioremediation and Bioeconomy. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 569–586
Labuto G, Cardona DS, Debs KB, Imamura AR, Bezerra KCH, Carrilho ENVM, Haddad PS (2018) Low-cost agroindustrial biomasses and ferromagnetic bionanocomposites to cleanup textile effluents. Desalin Water Treat 112:80–89. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2018.21914
Lataye DH, Mishra IM, Mall ID (2008) Pyridine sorption from aqueous solution by rice husk ash (RHA) and granular activated carbon (GAC): parametric, kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic aspects. J Hazard Mater 154(1–3):858–870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.10.111
Legerská B, Chmelová D, Ondrejovič M (2016) Degradation of synthetic dyes by laccases-a mini-review. Nova Biotechnologica et Chimica, pp 15–16. https://doi.org/10.1515/nbec-2016-0010
Lestari HA, Samawi MF, Moore AM, Jompa J (2021) Physical and chemical parameters of estuarine waters around south Sulawesi. Indones J Geogr 53(3):360–372. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijg.67831
Li G, Zhu W, Zhang C, Zhang S, Liu L, Zhu L, Zhao W (2016) Effect of a magnetic field on the adsorptive removal of methylene blue onto wheat straw biochar. Biores Technol 206:16–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.12.087
Mahzoura M, Tahri N, Daramola MO, Duplay J, Schäfer G, Amar RB (2019) Comparative investigation of indigo blue dye removal efficiency of activated carbon and natural clay in adsorption/ultrafiltration system. Desalin Water Treat 164:326–338. https://doi.org/10.5004/DWT.2019.24361
Meksi N, Kechida M, Mhenni F (2007) Cotton dyeing by indigo with the borohydride process: effect of some experimental conditions on indigo reduction and dyeing quality. Chem Eng J 131(1–3):187–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2007.01.001
Meng FD, Yu YL, Zhang YM, Yu WJ, Gao JM (2016) Surface chemical composition analysis of heat-treated bamboo. Appl Surf Sci 371:383–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APSUSC.2016.03.015
Mengting Z, Kurniawan TA, Fei S, Ouyang T, Othman MHD, Rezakazemi M, Shirazian S (2019) Applicability of BaTiO3/graphene oxide (GO) composite for enhanced photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) in synthetic wastewater under UV–vis irradiation. Environ Pollut 255:113182. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2019.113182
Mocquard J, le Lamer A-C, Fabre P-L, Mathieu C, Chastrette C, Vitrai A, Vandenbossche V (2022) Indigo dyeing from Isatis tinctoria L: from medieval to modern use. Dyes Pigments 207:110675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2022.110675
Ngubane Z, Dzwairo B, Moodley B, Stenström TA, Sokolova E (2023) Quantitative assessment of human health risks from chemical pollution in the uMsunduzi River, South Africa. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11356-023-30534-4
Oliveira MRF, Abreu KV, Romão ALE, Davi DMB, Magalhães CEC, Carrilho ENVM, Alves CR (2021) Carnauba (Copernicia prunifera) palm tree biomass as adsorbent for Pb(II) and Cd(II) from water medium. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(15):18941–18952. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07635-5
Oliveira Neto GC, Correia JMF, Tucci HNP, Librantz AFH, Giannetti BF, de Almeida CMVB (2022) Sustainable Resilience Degree assessment of the textile industrial by size: incremental change in cleaner production practices considering circular economy. J Clean Prod 380:134633. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2022.134633
Ouyang ZW, Chen EC, Wu TM (2015) Thermal stability and magnetic properties of polyvinylidene fluoride/magnetite nanocomposites. Materials 8(7):4553–4564. https://doi.org/10.3390/MA8074553
Pajootan E, Arami M, Mahmoodi NM (2012) Binary system dye removal by electrocoagulation from synthetic and real colored wastewaters. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 43(2):282–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JTICE.2011.10.014PAJOOTAN
Panneerselvam P, Morad N, Tan KA (2011) Magnetic nanoparticle (F3O4) impregnated onto tea waste for the removal of nickel(II) from aqueous solution. J Hazard Mater 186(1):160–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.10.102
Pattanaik L, Naik SN, Hariprasad P, Padhi SK (2021) Influence of various oxidation parameter(s) for natural indigo dye formation from Indigofera tinctoria L. biomass. Environ Challenges 4:100157. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVC.2021.100157
Pengthamkeerati P, Satapanajaru T, Singchan O (2008) Sorption of reactive dye from aqueous solution on biomass fly ash. J Hazard Mater 153:1149–1156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.074
Rafatullah M, Sulaiman O, Hashim R, Ahmad A (2010) Adsorption of methylene blue on low-cost adsorbents: a review. J Hazard Mater 177(1–3):70–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2009.12.047
Rahi RK, Gupta V, Prasad RN (2018) Analysis of physico-chemical properties of textile effluents collected from Sanganer, Jaipur Women Technology Park View project Antibacterial and Antifungal activity of Halophilic Nocardiopsis Species View project Analysis of physico-chemical properties of textile effluents collected from Sanganer, Jaipur. Artic Int J Adv Sci Res Manag. https://doi.org/10.36282/IJASRM/3.7.2018.627
Ramos JL, Monteiro JOF, dos Santos MS, Labuto G, Carrilho ENVM (2022) Sustainable alternative for removing pesticides in water: nanomodified activated carbon produced from yeast residue biomass. Sustain Chem Pharm 29:100794. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCP.2022.100794
Ribeiro JN, Ribeiro AVFN, Silva AR, Pereira MG, Oliveira JP, Tomaz AT, Vitoria B (2021) Vermicompost for indigo blue and congo red removal. J Water Resour Prot 13(6):419–434. https://doi.org/10.4236/JWARP.2021.136025
Robinson T, Chandran B, Nigam P (2002) Removal of dyes from a synthetic textile dye effluent by biosorption on apple pomace and wheat straw. Water Res 36(11):2824–2830. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00521-8
Rozanov LN (2021) Kinetic equations of non-localized physical adsorption in vacuum for Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Vacuum 189:110267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2021.110267
Sadeghi S, Zakeri HR, Saghi MH, Ghadiri SK, Talebi SS, Shams M, Dotto GL (2021) Modified wheat straw–derived graphene for the removal of Eriochrome Black T: characterization, isotherm, and kinetic studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(3):3556–3565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10647-w
Santos VCG, de Souza JVTM, Tarley CRT, Caetano J, Dragunski DC (2011) Copper ions adsorption from aqueous medium using the biosorbent sugarcane Bagasse in natura and chemically modified. Water Air Soil Pollut 216(1–4):351–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11270-010-0537-3
Sarma GK, Khan A, El-Toni AM, Rashid MH (2019) Shape-tunable CuO-Nd(OH)3 nanocomposites with excellent adsorption capacity in organic dye removal and regeneration of spent adsorbent to reduce secondary waste. J Hazard Mater 380:120838. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2019.120838
Shakoor S, Nasar A (2016) Removal of methylene blue dye from artificially contaminated water using citrus limetta peel waste as a very low cost adsorbent. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 66:154–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JTICE.2016.06.009
Shek TH, Ma A, Lee VKC, McKay G (2009) Kinetics of zinc ions removal from effluents using ion exchange resin. Chem Eng J 146(1):63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2008.05.019
Sivaraj R, Namasivayam C, Kadirvelu K (2001) Orange peel as an adsorbent in the removal of acid violet 17 (acid dye) from aqueous solutions. Waste Manage 21(1):105–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(00)00076-3
Solís-Oba M, Eloy-Juárez M, Teutli M, Nava JL, González I (2009) Comparison of advanced techniques for the treatment of an indigo model solution: electro incineration, chemical coagulation and enzymatic. Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química, 8(3), 274–282. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283821248_Comparison_of_advanced_techniques_for_the_treatment_of_an_indigo_model_solution_Electro_incineration_chemical_coagulation_and_enzymatic
Srivastava R, Rupainwar DC (2012) Liquid phase adsorption of indigo carmine and methylene blue on neem bark. New Pub: Balaban 24(1–3):74–84. https://doi.org/10.5004/DWT.2010.1195
Srivastava A, Parida VK, Majumder A, Gupta B, Gupta AK (2021) Treatment of saline wastewater using physicochemical, biological, and hybrid processes: insights into inhibition mechanisms, treatment efficiencies and performance enhancement. J Environ Chem Eng 9(4):105775. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JECE.2021.105775
Sultana R, Islam MdS, Rahman H, Alam MdS, Islam MdA, Sikdar B (2018) Characterization of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae associated with citrus stem-end rot disease in Bangladesh. Int J Biosci (IJB) 13(5):252–262
Sweygers N, Somers MH, Appels L (2018) Optimization of hydrothermal conversion of bamboo (Phyllostachys aureosulcata) to levulinic acid via response surface methodology. J Environ Manage 219:95–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2018.04.105
Tang R, Dai C, Li C, Liu W, Gao S, Wang C (2017) Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution using agricultural residue walnut shell: equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies. J Chem 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8404965
Vadivelan V, Kumar KV (2005) Equilibrium, kinetics, mechanism, and process design for the sorption of methylene blue onto rice husk. J Colloid Interface Sci 286(1):90–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCIS.2005.01.007
Valh JV, Majcen Le Marechal A, Vajnhandl S, Jerič T, Šimon E (2011) Water in the textile industry. Treatise Water Sci 4:685–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53199-5.00102-0
Vasques AR, de Souza SMAGU, Weissenberg L, de Souza AAU, Valle JAB (2011) Adsorption of dyes RO16, RR2 and RR141 using residual sludge of textile industry. Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental 16(3):245–252. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-41522011000300007
Vinco JH, Botelho Junior AB, Duarte HA, Espinosa DCR, Tenório JAS (2022) Kinetic modeling of adsorption of vanadium and iron from acid solution through ion exchange resins. Trans Nonferrous Metals Soc China 32(7):2438–2450. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(22)65916-8
Wardani KR, Dahlan K, Wahyudi TS (2019) Synthesis and characterization of nanoparticle magnetite for biomedical application. AIP Confe Proc 2194, 020137, 2194, 20010. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5139869
Xu G, Wang L, Liu J, Wu J (2013) FTIR and XPS analysis of the changes in bamboo chemical structure decayed by white-rot and brown-rot fungi. Appl Surf Sci 280:799–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APSUSC.2013.05.065
Xu F, Ouyang DL, Rene ER, Ng HY, Guo LL, Zhu YJ, Zhou LL, Yuan Q, Miao MS, Wang Q, Kong Q (2019) Electricity production enhancement in a constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell system for treating saline wastewater. Bioresour Technol 288:121462. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2019.121462
Yadav S, Yadav A, Bagotia N, Sharma AK, Kumar S (2022) Pennisetum glaucum lignocellulosic adsorbent modified with CNT for the removal of cationic dyes from individual and multi-component systems. Cellulose 29(14):7803–7821. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10570-022-04756-7/FIGURES/10
Yağmur HK, Kaya İ (2021) Synthesis and characterization of magnetic ZnCl2-activated carbon produced from coconut shell for the adsorption of methylene blue. J Mol Struct 1232:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MOLSTRUC.2021.130071
Zhu X, Bao L, Wei Y, Ma J, Kong Y (2016) Removal of toxic indigo blue with integrated biomaterials of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 91:409–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.097
Funding
We acknowledge Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES, Grant# AP3-009600040103/14) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científco e Tecnológico (CNPq) for the scholarship provided. We are grateful to Laboratório de Microscopia e Caracterização de Materiais (LabMiCaM) from Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, for providing the SEM analysis.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Ana L. E. Romão, Elma NVM Carrilho, and Carlucio R. Alves postulated and supervised the work. Ana L. E. Romão and Elma NVM Carrilho planned the experiment. Ana L. E. Romão and Roberta I. O. Damasceno obtained the experimental data. Ana L. E. Romão and Elma NVM Carrilho carried out the data analysis. Ana L. E. Romão adjusted the experimental data to the isothermal models applied. Ana L. E. Romão and Elma NVM Carrilho prepared the first draft, and Elma NVM Carrilho thoroughly revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript version.
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Tito Roberto Cadaval Jr
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Romão, A.L.E., de Oliveira Damasceno, R.I., Alves, C.R. et al. Nanomodified bamboo (Phyllostachys aurea) biomass: its adsorbent features in the removal of dyes from water under high salinity conditions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 32, 22004–22020 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-35193-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-35193-7