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Structure of the TRPV1 ion channel determined by electron cryo-microscopy

Nature volume 504, pages 107–112 (2013)Cite this article

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Abstract

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are sensors for a wide range of cellular and environmental signals, but elucidating how these channels respond to physical and chemical stimuli has been hampered by a lack of detailed structural information. Here we exploit advances in electron cryo-microscopy to determine the structure of a mammalian TRP channel, TRPV1, at 3.4 Å resolution, breaking the side-chain resolution barrier for membrane proteins without crystallization. Like voltage-gated channels, TRPV1 exhibits four-fold symmetry around a central ion pathway formed by transmembrane segments 5–6 (S5–S6) and the intervening pore loop, which is flanked by S1–S4 voltage-sensor-like domains. TRPV1 has a wide extracellular ‘mouth’ with a short selectivity filter. The conserved ‘TRP domain’ interacts with the S4–S5 linker, consistent with its contribution to allosteric modulation. Subunit organization is facilitated by interactions among cytoplasmic domains, including amino-terminal ankyrin repeats. These observations provide a structural blueprint for understanding unique aspects of TRP channel function.

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Figure 1: 3D reconstruction of TRPV1 determined by single-particle cryo-EM.
Figure 2: TRPV1 and VGICs share similar four-fold symmetric architecture.
Figure 3: Structural details of a single TRPV1 subunit.
Figure 4: Unique structural features of TRPV1.
Figure 5: The ion permeation pathway of TRPV1.
Figure 6: Cytosolic interactions mediated by ARDs.

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Accessions

Electron Microscopy Data Bank

Protein Data Bank

Data deposits

3D cryo-EM density map of TRPV1 complexes without low-pass filter and amplitude modification have been deposited in the Electron Microscopy Data Bank under the accession number EMD-5778 (TRPV1). Particle images related to this entry are available for download at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/~ardan/aspera/em-aspera-demo.html with identification no. 10005. The coordinates of atomic model of TRPV1 have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank under the accession number 3J5P.

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Acknowledgements

We thank X. Li for assistance with data acquisition using TF30 Polara and K2 Summit camera, S. Zhou and D. King for help with protein microsequencing and J.P Armache, C. Bohlen, J. Cordero-Morales and J. Osteen for discussion and reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01GM098672 and S10RR026814 to Y.C. and R01NS065071 and R01NS047723 to D.J.), the National Science Foundation (DBI-0960271 to D. Agard and Y.C.) and the University of California, San Francisco Program for Breakthrough Biomedical Research (Y.C.). E.C. was a fellow of the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Maofu Liao and Erhu Cao: These authors contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Keck Advanced Microscopy Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, 94158-2517, California, USA

    Maofu Liao & Yifan Cheng

  2. Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, 94158-2517, California, USA

    Erhu Cao & David Julius

Authors
  1. Maofu Liao
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  2. Erhu Cao
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  3. David Julius
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Contributions

All authors designed experiments. E.C. expressed and purified all protein samples used in this work and performed all functional studies. M.L. carried out all cryo-EM experiments, including data acquisition and processing. E.C. built the atomic model on the basis of cryo-EM maps. All authors analysed data and wrote the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to David Julius or Yifan Cheng.

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Extended data figures and tables

Extended Data Figure 1 A minimal TRPV1 channel that is functional and biochemically stable.

a, Mammalian (HEK293) cells expressing a minimal construct (with an N-terminal green fluorescent protein (GFP) tag) responded to various TRPV1 agonists, including capsaicin (Cap; 0.5 μM), extracellular protons (pH 5.0) and double-knot spider toxin (DkTx; 2 μM). Electrophysiological responses were measured in whole-cell patch-clamp configuration. b, c, Dose–responsive curves for capsaicin (b) or protons (c) were determined for minimal (black) or full-length (red) TRPV1, both of which contained an N-terminal GFP fusion. Values were normalized to maximal currents evoked by 30 μM capsaicin (b) or pH 4.0 (c) (n = 6 independent whole-cell recordings). d, DkTx dose–response curves for minimal (black) or full-length (red) TRPV1 as in b and c, determined by calcium imaging. Values were normalized to maximal capsaicin (10 μM)-evoked response in transfected HEK293 cells (n > 30 per point). e, Thermal response profiles for minimal (black) or full-length (red) TRPV1-expressing oocytes reveal similar heat sensitivity. f, Ion permeability ratios of agonist-evoked currents from minimal TRPV1 were estimated from reversal potential shifts in whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of transfected HEK293 cells, revealing no significant differences from full-length channel. g, Gel-filtration profile (Superdex-200) of detergent solubilized TRPV1 after purification on amylose affinity resin and proteolytic removal of maltose-binding protein (MBP) tag. The major species elutes as a symmetrical peak after the void volume (V0). Inset shows that peak material migrates as a single, homogeneous band on SDS–PAGE (4–12% gradient gel; Coomassie stain).

Extended Data Figure 2 Sequence alignment of TRPV1 to other TRPV family members.

The rat TRPV1 construct used for this study consists of residues 110 to 764 (indicated by red arrows), excluding the highly divergent region (604–626, highlighted by cyan box). Secondary structure elements are indicated above the sequence. The starting points of six ankyrin repeats are based on a crystal structure of ARD of TRPV1 (PDB 2PNN). Several critical residues discussed in the text are labelled in blue, and conserved glycine and proline residues at the turn of a β-sheet (highlighted in Fig. 6) are indicated with red stars.

Extended Data Figure 3 Negative-stain EM of TRPV1.

a, Representative negative-stain image of purified minimal TRPV1 protein in detergent (n-dodecyl β-d-maltopyranoside; DDM) after proteolytic removal of MBP tag. b, 2D class averages of negatively stained particles in DDM. c, d, Two views of a random conical tilt (RCT) reconstruction from negatively stained TRPV1 in DDM. The RCT reconstruction was low-pass filtered at 30 Å, and fitted with the structure of NaVAb (PDB 3RVY) to indicate the size and general shape. e, Gel-filtration profile (Superdex-200) of purified minimal TRPV1 protein after exchange from DDM into amphipols. The major species elutes as a symmetrical peak after the void volume (V0). f, Representative negative-stain image of purified minimal TRPV1 protein without MBP tag in amphipols. g, 2D class averages of negative-stain particles in amphipols.

Extended Data Figure 4 Cryo-EM of TRPV1 using Tecnai TF20 microscope and TemF816 8k × 8k CMOS camera.

a–d, Representative images of frozen hydrated TRVP1 in amphipols taken at different defocus levels, 3.1 μm (a) and 1.5 μm (b) and their Fourier transforms (c, d). Thon rings extend to ∼8 Å. Dash-line squares or circles indicate representative particles showing two distinctive views. e, 2D class averages of TRPV1 particles. f, Enlarged view of three representative 2D class averages.

Extended Data Figure 5 3D reconstruction of TRPV1 calculated from TF20 data.

a, Gold-standard FSC curve for the 3D reconstruction, marked with resolutions corresponding to FSC = 0.5 and 0.143. b, Side view of the 3D reconstruction low-pass filtered at 9 Å and amplified by a temperature factor −1,500 Å2, showing transmembrane (top) and cytoplasmic (bottom) domains. The transmembrane domain roughly fitted by the atomic model of NaVAb (PDB 3RVY). c, Longitudinal cross section view focused on central transmembrane helices. d, Bottom-up view of the 3D reconstruction shows overall structure. e, f, Bottom-up cross-section views showing the arrangement of transmembrane (e) and cytoplasmic (f) domains.

Extended Data Figure 6 Motion correction improves the quality of images collected on Polora TF30 microscope using a K2 Summit direct electron detector.

a, Fourier transform of a representative cryo-EM image of TRPV1 embedded in a thin layer of vitreous ice over Quantifoil hole without supporting carbon film before motion correction. b, Path of motion of 30 individual subframes, determined as described in Methods. c, d, A nearly perfect Fourier transform (c) was restored after the EM image was corrected for motion (d).

Extended Data Figure 7 Picking and 2D classification of TRPV1 Cryo-EM particles collected on Polora TF30 microscope.

a, Representative cryo-EM image after motion correction. Green boxes indicate all particles that were selected by semi-automatic particle picking and 2D screening, as described in Methods. b, Gallery view of the particles shown in a. c, 2D class averages of cryo-EM particles show many fine features (also seen in enlarged views in Fig. 1c), and these features are not visible in the 2D class averages of cryo-EM particles from TF20 data (Extended Data Fig. 4e, f).

Extended Data Figure 8 3D reconstruction of TRPV1 calculated from TF30 data.

a, Gold-standard FSC curve (red) of the final 3D reconstruction, marked with resolutions corresponding to FSC = 0.5 and 0.143. The FSC curve between the final map and that calculated from the atomic model is shown in blue. The relative low value of this FSC (blue) at low frequency range (>10 Å) is probably due to the presence of amphipol density in the experimental map. b, Euler angle distribution of all particles used for calculating the final 3D reconstruction. The sizes of balls represent the number of particles. The accuracy of rotation is 3.54°, as reported by RELION. c, Different views of the 3D reconstruction low-pass filtered at 6 Å and amplified by a temperature factor of −100 Å2, fitted with the atomic model of TRPV1. d, Two views of the 3D reconstruction displayed at two different isosurface levels (high in yellow and low in grey). At the low isosurface level, the belt-shaped density of amphipols is visible with a thickness of ∼30 Å.

Extended Data Figure 9 Cryo-EM densities of selected regions of TRPV1 at 3.4 Å resolution.

a–d, Representative cryo-EM densities (grey mesh) are superimposed on atomic model (main chain in pink) for various TRPV1 domains, as indicated. e, f, Representative cryo-EM densities (grey mesh) are docked with crystal structure of TRPV1 ankyrin repeats (PDB 2PNN). Accuracy of docking was supported by fitting of several bulky side chains. Map was low-pass filtered to 3.4 Å and amplified by a temperature factor −100 Å2.

Extended Data Figure 10 Details of domain interactions and outer pore configurations.

a–d, Cryo-EM densities (grey mesh) of highlighted regions of TRPV1, as indicated, at 3.4 Å resolution are superimposed onto atomic model. Map was low-pass filtered to 3.4 Å and amplified by a temperature factor −100 Å2. e, Superimposition of TRPV1 (salmon) with KV 1.2–2.1 chimaera (PDB 2R9R; grey). f, Superimposition of TRPV1 (salmon) with NaVAb (PDB 3RVY; blue). In each case, substantial structural differences are observed in the outer pore region. Structural alignments are based on the pore domain (S5–P–S6).

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Liao, M., Cao, E., Julius, D. et al. Structure of the TRPV1 ion channel determined by electron cryo-microscopy. Nature 504, 107–112 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12822

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