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1: 3.12 Mathematical Constants

§3.12 Mathematical Constants

►The fundamental constant …Other constants that appear in the DLMF include the base $\mathrm{e}$ of natural logarithms …see §4.2(ii), and Euler’s constant $\gamma$ … ►For access to online high-precision numerical values of mathematical constants see Sloane (2003). …

2: 30.1 Special Notation

… ► ►►►

$x$	real variable. Except in §§30.7(iv), 30.11(ii), 30.13, and 30.14, .
…
$\delta$	arbitrary small positive constant.

►The main functions treated in this chapter are the eigenvalues ${\lambda }_n^m\left({\gamma }^2\right)$ and the spheroidal wave functions ${\mathrm{𝖯𝗌}}_n^m(x,{\gamma }^2)$, ${\mathrm{𝖰𝗌}}_n^m(x,{\gamma }^2)$, ${\mathrm{𝑃𝑠}}_n^m(z,{\gamma }^2)$, ${\mathrm{𝑄𝑠}}_n^m(z,{\gamma }^2)$, and $S_n^{m(j)}(z,\gamma )$, $j=1,2,3,4$. …Meixner and Schäfke (1954) use $\mathrm{ps}$, $\mathrm{qs}$, $\mathrm{Ps}$, $\mathrm{Qs}$ for $\mathrm{𝖯𝗌}$, $\mathrm{𝖰𝗌}$, $\mathrm{𝑃𝑠}$, $\mathrm{𝑄𝑠}$, respectively. … ►Flammer (1957) and Abramowitz and Stegun (1964) use ${\lambda }_{mn}(\gamma )$ for ${\lambda }_n^m\left({\gamma }^2\right)+{\gamma }^2$, $R_{mn}^{(j)}(\gamma ,z)$ for $S_n^{m(j)}(z,\gamma )$, and …where $d_{mn}(\gamma )$ is a normalization constant determined by …

3: 16.15 Integral Representations and Integrals

… ►

16.15.1 $$F_1(\alpha ;\beta ,{\beta }^{\prime };\gamma ;x,y)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\gamma \right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\alpha \right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\gamma -\alpha \right)}{\int }_0^1\frac{u^{\alpha -1}{(1-u)}^{\gamma -\alpha -1}}{{(1-ux)}^{\beta }{(1-uy)}^{{\beta }^{\prime }}}du,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }\alpha >0$, $\mathrm{\Re }\left(\gamma -\alpha \right)>0$,

ⓘ

Symbols:

$F_1(\alpha ;\beta ,{\beta }^{\prime };\gamma ;x,y)$: first Appell function, $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral and $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part

Keywords:

Mellin transform

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.15.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §16.15 and Ch.16

►

16.15.2 $$F_2(\alpha ;\beta ,{\beta }^{\prime };\gamma ,{\gamma }^{\prime };x,y)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\gamma \right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left({\gamma }^{\prime }\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\beta \right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left({\beta }^{\prime }\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\gamma -\beta \right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left({\gamma }^{\prime }-{\beta }^{\prime }\right)}{\int }_0^1{\int }_0^1\frac{u^{\beta -1}{v}^{{\beta }^{\prime }-1}{(1-u)}^{\gamma -\beta -1}{(1-v)}^{{\gamma }^{\prime }-{\beta }^{\prime }-1}}{{(1-ux-vy)}^{\alpha }}dudv,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }\gamma >\mathrm{\Re }\beta >0$, $\mathrm{\Re }{\gamma }^{\prime }>\mathrm{\Re }{\beta }^{\prime }>0$,

ⓘ

Symbols:

$F_2(\alpha ;\beta ,{\beta }^{\prime };\gamma ,{\gamma }^{\prime };x,y)$: second Appell function, $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral and $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part

Keywords:

Mellin transform

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.15.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §16.15 and Ch.16

►

16.15.3 $$F_3(\alpha ,{\alpha }^{\prime };\beta ,{\beta }^{\prime };\gamma ;x,y)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\gamma \right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\beta \right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left({\beta }^{\prime }\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\gamma -\beta -{\beta }^{\prime }\right)}{\iint }_{\mathrm{\Delta }}\frac{u^{\beta -1}{v}^{{\beta }^{\prime }-1}{(1-u-v)}^{\gamma -\beta -{\beta }^{\prime }-1}}{{(1-ux)}^{\alpha }{(1-vy)}^{{\alpha }^{\prime }}}dudv,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }\left(\gamma -\beta -{\beta }^{\prime }\right)>0$, $\mathrm{\Re }\beta >0$, $\mathrm{\Re }{\beta }^{\prime }>0$,

ⓘ

Symbols:

$F_3(\alpha ,{\alpha }^{\prime };\beta ,{\beta }^{\prime };\gamma ;x,y)$: third Appell function, $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $dx$: differential of $x$ and $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part

Keywords:

Mellin transform

Notes:

Erdélyi et al. (1953a, 5.8.1(3)) contains a typo.

Referenced by:

Erratum (V1.0.14) for Equation (16.15.3), Erratum (V1.0.14) for Equation (16.15.3)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.15.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Clarification (effective with 1.0.14):

A stray “$f$” was removed; it appeared after the comma at the end of this equation.

See also:

Annotations for §16.15 and Ch.16

… ►

16.15.4 $$F_4(\alpha ,\beta ;\gamma ,{\gamma }^{\prime };x(1-y),y(1-x))=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\gamma \right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left({\gamma }^{\prime }\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\alpha \right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\beta \right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\gamma -\alpha \right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left({\gamma }^{\prime }-\beta \right)}{\int }_0^1{\int }_0^1\frac{u^{\alpha -1}{v}^{\beta -1}{(1-u)}^{\gamma -\alpha -1}{(1-v)}^{{\gamma }^{\prime }-\beta -1}}{{(1-ux)}^{\gamma +{\gamma }^{\prime }-\alpha -1}{(1-vy)}^{\gamma +{\gamma }^{\prime }-\beta -1}{(1-ux-vy)}^{\alpha +\beta -\gamma -{\gamma }^{\prime }+1}}dudv,$$ $\mathrm{\Re }\gamma >\mathrm{\Re }\alpha >0$, $\mathrm{\Re }{\gamma }^{\prime }>\mathrm{\Re }\beta >0$.

ⓘ

Symbols:

$F_4(\alpha ,\beta ;\gamma ,{\gamma }^{\prime };x,y)$: fourth Appell function, $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral and $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part

Keywords:

Mellin transform

Source:

Burchnall and Chaundy (1940, (68))

Referenced by:

§16.15

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.15.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §16.15 and Ch.16

…

4: 32.9 Other Elementary Solutions

… ►with $\kappa$, $\lambda$, $\mu$, and $\nu$ arbitrary constants. … ►with $C$ an arbitrary constant, which is solvable by quadrature. … ►with $\kappa$ and $\mu$ arbitrary constants. … ►with $C$ an arbitrary constant, which is solvable by quadrature. … ►with $\kappa$ and $\mu$ arbitrary constants. …

5: 5.17 Barnes’ $G$-Function (Double Gamma Function)

… ►

$G\left(z+1\right)=\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)G\left(z\right),$

… ►Here $B_{2k+2}$ is the Bernoulli number (§24.2(i)), and $A$ is Glaisher’s constant, given by ►

5.17.6 $$A={\mathrm{e}}^C=\mathrm{1.28242\hspace{0.33em}71291\hspace{0.33em}00622\hspace{0.33em}63687}\mathrm{\dots },$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $A$: Glaisher’s constant and $C$: log of Glaisher’s Constant

Notes:

For more digits see OEIS Sequence A074962; see also Sloane (2003).

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.17.E6

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §5.17 and Ch.5

… ►

5.17.7 $$C=\underset{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{lim}\left(\sum _{k=1}^{n}k\ln k-\left(\frac{1}{2}{n}^2+\frac{1}{2}n+\frac{1}{12}\right)\ln n+\frac{1}{4}{n}^2\right)=\frac{\gamma +\ln \left(2\pi \right)}{12}-\frac{{\zeta }^{\prime }\left(2\right)}{2{\pi }^2}=\frac{1}{12}-{\zeta }^{\prime }\left(-1\right),$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\gamma$: Euler’s constant, $\zeta \left(s\right)$: Riemann zeta function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function, $n$: nonnegative integer, $k$: nonnegative integer and $C$: log of Glaisher’s Constant

Referenced by:

§5.17

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.17.E7

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §5.17 and Ch.5

… ►For Glaisher’s constant see also Greene and Knuth (1982, p. 100) and §2.10(i).

6: 30.5 Functions of the Second Kind

… ►Other solutions of (30.2.1) with $\mu =m$, $\lambda ={\lambda }_n^m\left({\gamma }^2\right)$, and $z=x$ are ►

30.5.1 $${\mathrm{𝖰𝗌}}_n^m(x,{\gamma }^2),$$ $n=m,m+1,m+2,\mathrm{\dots }$.

ⓘ

Symbols:

${\mathrm{𝖰𝗌}}_n^m(x,{\gamma }^2)$: spheroidal wave function of the second kind, $x$: real variable, $m$: nonnegative integer, $n\ge m$: integer degree and ${\gamma }^2$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/30.5.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §30.5 and Ch.30

… ►

30.5.2 $${\mathrm{𝖰𝗌}}_n^m(-x,{\gamma }^2)={(-1)}^{n-m+1}{\mathrm{𝖰𝗌}}_n^m(x,{\gamma }^2),$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

${\mathrm{𝖰𝗌}}_n^m(x,{\gamma }^2)$: spheroidal wave function of the second kind, $x$: real variable, $m$: nonnegative integer, $n\ge m$: integer degree and ${\gamma }^2$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/30.5.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §30.5 and Ch.30

… ►

30.5.4 $$𝒲\left\{{\mathrm{𝖯𝗌}}_n^m(x,{\gamma }^2),{\mathrm{𝖰𝗌}}_n^m(x,{\gamma }^2)\right\}=\frac{(n+m)!}{(1-x^2)(n-m)!}{A}_n^m({\gamma }^2)A_n^{-m}({\gamma }^2)(\ne 0),$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$𝒲$: Wronskian, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), ${\mathrm{𝖯𝗌}}_n^m(x,{\gamma }^2)$: spheroidal wave function of the first kind, ${\mathrm{𝖰𝗌}}_n^m(x,{\gamma }^2)$: spheroidal wave function of the second kind, $x$: real variable, $m$: nonnegative integer, $n\ge m$: integer degree, $A_n^m({\gamma }^2)$ and ${\gamma }^2$: real parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/30.5.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §30.5 and Ch.30

►with $A_n^{\pm m}({\gamma }^2)$ as in (30.11.4). …

7: 16.16 Transformations of Variables

… ►

16.16.5 $$F_3(\alpha ,\gamma -\alpha ;\beta ,\gamma -\beta ;\gamma ;x,y)={(1-y)}^{\alpha +\beta -\gamma }{}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\alpha ,\beta }{\gamma };x+y-xy),$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$F_3(\alpha ,{\alpha }^{\prime };\beta ,{\beta }^{\prime };\gamma ;x,y)$: third Appell function and ${}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$: $=F(a,b;c;z)$ notation for Gauss’ hypergeometric function

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.16.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §16.16(i), §16.16 and Ch.16

►

16.16.5_5 $$F_4(\alpha ,\beta ;\gamma ,\beta ;x(1-y),y(1-x))={(1-x)}^{-\alpha }{(1-y)}^{-\alpha }{F}_1(\alpha ;\gamma -\beta ,\alpha -\gamma +1;\gamma ;\frac{x}{x-1},\frac{xy}{(1-x)(1-y)}),$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$F_1(\alpha ;\beta ,{\beta }^{\prime };\gamma ;x,y)$: first Appell function and $F_4(\alpha ,\beta ;\gamma ,{\gamma }^{\prime };x,y)$: fourth Appell function

Referenced by:

§16.16(i), Erratum (V1.1.12) for Additions

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.16.E5_5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Addition (effective with 1.1.12):

This equation was added.

See also:

Annotations for §16.16(i), §16.16 and Ch.16

… ►

16.16.7 $$F_4(\alpha ,\beta ;\gamma ,{\gamma }^{\prime };x(1-y),y(1-x))=\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\left(\alpha \right)}_k{\left(\beta \right)}_k{\left(\alpha +\beta -\gamma -{\gamma }^{\prime }+1\right)}_k}{{\left(\gamma \right)}_k{\left({\gamma }^{\prime }\right)}_{k}k!}{x}^k{y}^k{}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\alpha +k,\beta +k}{\gamma +k};x){}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\alpha +k,\beta +k}{{\gamma }^{\prime }+k};y);$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$F_4(\alpha ,\beta ;\gamma ,{\gamma }^{\prime };x,y)$: fourth Appell function, ${}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$: $=F(a,b;c;z)$ notation for Gauss’ hypergeometric function, ${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial) and $!$: factorial (as in $n!$)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.16.E7

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §16.16(i), §16.16 and Ch.16

… ►

16.16.9 $$F_2(\alpha ;\beta ,{\beta }^{\prime };\gamma ,{\gamma }^{\prime };x,y)={(1-x)}^{-\alpha }{F}_2(\alpha ;\gamma -\beta ,{\beta }^{\prime };\gamma ,{\gamma }^{\prime };\frac{x}{x-1},\frac{y}{1-x}),$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$F_2(\alpha ;\beta ,{\beta }^{\prime };\gamma ,{\gamma }^{\prime };x,y)$: second Appell function

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.16.E9

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §16.16(ii), §16.16 and Ch.16

►

16.16.10 $$F_4(\alpha ,\beta ;\gamma ,{\gamma }^{\prime };x,y)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left({\gamma }^{\prime }\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\beta -\alpha \right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left({\gamma }^{\prime }-\alpha \right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\beta \right)}{(-y)}^{-\alpha }{F}_4(\alpha ,\alpha -{\gamma }^{\prime }+1;\gamma ,\alpha -\beta +1;\frac{x}{y},\frac{1}{y})+\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left({\gamma }^{\prime }\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\alpha -\beta \right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left({\gamma }^{\prime }-\beta \right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\alpha \right)}{(-y)}^{-\beta }{F}_4(\beta ,\beta -{\gamma }^{\prime }+1;\gamma ,\beta -\alpha +1;\frac{x}{y},\frac{1}{y}).$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$F_4(\alpha ,\beta ;\gamma ,{\gamma }^{\prime };x,y)$: fourth Appell function and $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.16.E10

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §16.16(ii), §16.16 and Ch.16

…

8: 5.22 Tables

… ►Abramowitz and Stegun (1964, Chapter 6) tabulates $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(x\right)$, $\ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(x\right)$, $\psi \left(x\right)$, and ${\psi }^{\prime }\left(x\right)$ for $x=1(.005)2$ to 10D; ${\psi }^{\prime \prime }\left(x\right)$ and ${\psi }^{(3)}\left(x\right)$ for $x=1(.01)2$ to 10D; $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n\right)$, $1/\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n\right)$, $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)$, $\psi \left(n\right)$, ${\log }_{10}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n\right)$, ${\log }_{10}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n+\frac{1}{3}\right)$, ${\log }_{10}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)$, and ${\log }_{10}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n+\frac{2}{3}\right)$ for $n=1(1)101$ to 8–11S; $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n+1\right)$ for $n=100(100)1000$ to 20S. Zhang and Jin (1996, pp. 67–69 and 72) tabulates $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(x\right)$, $1/\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(x\right)$, $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(-x\right)$, $\ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(x\right)$, $\psi \left(x\right)$, $\psi \left(-x\right)$, ${\psi }^{\prime }\left(x\right)$, and ${\psi }^{\prime }\left(-x\right)$ for $x=0(.1)5$ to 8D or 8S; $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n+1\right)$ for $n=0(1)100(10)250(50)500(100)3000$ to 51S. … ►Abramov (1960) tabulates $\ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(x+\mathrm{i}y\right)$ for $x=1$ ($.01$) $2$, $y=0$ ($.01$) $4$ to 6D. Abramowitz and Stegun (1964, Chapter 6) tabulates $\ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(x+\mathrm{i}y\right)$ for $x=1$ ($.1$) $2$, $y=0$ ($.1$) $10$ to 12D. …Zhang and Jin (1996, pp. 70, 71, and 73) tabulates the real and imaginary parts of $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(x+\mathrm{i}y\right)$, $\ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(x+\mathrm{i}y\right)$, and $\psi \left(x+\mathrm{i}y\right)$ for $x=0.5,1,5,10$, $y=0(.5)10$ to 8S.

9: 30.6 Functions of Complex Argument

… ►The solutions ►

${\mathrm{𝑃𝑠}}_n^m(z,{\gamma }^2),$

►

${\mathrm{𝑄𝑠}}_n^m(z,{\gamma }^2),$

►of (30.2.1) with $\mu =m$ and $\lambda ={\lambda }_n^m\left({\gamma }^2\right)$ are real when $z\in (1,\mathrm{\infty })$, and their principal values (§4.2(i)) are obtained by analytic continuation to $ℂ\setminus (-\mathrm{\infty },1]$. … ►with $A_n^{\pm m}({\gamma }^2)$ as in (30.11.4). …

10: 32.2 Differential Equations

… ►with $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\gamma$, and $\delta$ arbitrary constants. … ►In general the singularities of the solutions are movable in the sense that their location depends on the constants of integration associated with the initial or boundary conditions. … ►For arbitrary values of the parameters $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\gamma$, and $\delta$, the general solutions of ${\text{P}}_{\text{I}}$–${\text{P}}_{\text{VI}}$ are transcendental, that is, they cannot be expressed in closed-form elementary functions. … ►If $\gamma \delta \ne 0$ in ${\text{P}}_{\text{III}}$, then set $\gamma =1$ and $\delta =-1$, without loss of generality, by rescaling $w$ and $z$ if necessary. …Lastly, if $\delta =0$ and $\beta \gamma \ne 0$, then set $\beta =-1$ and $\gamma =1$, without loss of generality. …