TL;DR

Performance: array_column is faster, leveraging PHP’s internal C implementation.
Readability: array_column is more concise and direct.

From

    /**
     * @return string[]|array<int, string>
     */
    public static function values(): array
    {
        return array_map(
            static fn (self $operator): string => $operator->value,
            self::cases()
        );
    }

To

    /**
     * @return string[]|array<int, string>
     */
    public static function values(): array
    {
        return array_column(self::cases(), 'value');
    }

array_map itself is implemented in C, but when combined with a custom closure, the closure introduces additional overhead because it executes PHP userland code for each element in the array.

array_column operates entirely within the optimized C layer, extracting values without requiring userland function calls, making it faster for this specific use case.