Welcome to Chameleon-BOD – a repository for our paper "Forget What You Know about LLMs Evaluations - LLMs are Like a Chameleon." This project provides a meta-evaluation framework for large language models (LLMs) that reveals whether a model’s performance is based on memorized prompt patterns rather than genuine language understanding.

Large language models (LLMs) often appear to excel on public benchmarks, but these high scores may mask an overreliance on dataset-specific surface cues rather than true language understanding. We introduce the Chameleon Benchmark Overfit Detector (C-BOD), a meta-evaluation framework that systematically distorts benchmark prompts via a parametric transformation and detects overfitting of LLMs. By rephrasing inputs while preserving their semantic content and labels, C-BOD exposes whether a model’s performance is driven by memorized patterns. Evaluated on the MMLU benchmark using 26 leading LLMs, our method reveals an average performance degradation of 2.15% under modest perturbations, with 20 out of 26 models exhibiting statistically significant differences. Notably, models with higher baseline accuracy exhibit larger performance differences under perturbation, and larger LLMs tend to be more sensitive to rephrasings indicating that both cases may overrely on fixed prompt patterns. In contrast, the Llama family and models with lower baseline accuracy show insignificant degradation, suggesting reduced dependency on superficial cues. Moreover, C-BOD’s dataset- and model-agnostic design allows easy integration into training pipelines to promote more robust language understanding. Our findings challenge the community to look beyond leaderboard scores and prioritize resilience and generalization in LLM evaluation.

Chameleon-BOD/
├── README.md          <-- (This file)
├── code/
│   ├── MMLU_Eval.py
│   └── mmlu_rephrase_DS.py
├── Data/
|   ├── rephrased_gpqa_diamond.json
│   └── rephrased_mmlu_test_parallel_temp1_0.json
├── Results/
│   └── results_{model_name}.json
└── paper/
    └── paper.pdf

• code/: Contains our experimental Python scripts:
  • MMLU_Eval.py – Evaluate LLM predictions on original and rephrased prompts.
  • mmlu_rephrase_DS.py – Uses the DeepSeek API to generate a perturbed (rephrased) dataset.
• paper/: Contains the paper.
• Data/: Contains the rephrased dataset:
  • rephrased_mmlu_test_parallel_temp1_0.json – the rephrased dataset (μ=1.0).
  • rephrased_gpqa_diamond.json – the rephrased GPQA diamond dataset (μ=0.5).
• Results/: Contains the results of the evaluated LLMs:
  • results_{model_name}.json – The results of LLM {model_name}.

To run the code, you need the following packages:

• torch (>= 1.10.0)
• transformers (>= 4.25.0)
• tqdm (>= 4.60.0)
• requests (>= 2.25.0)
• datasets (>= 2.0.0)

git clone https://github.com/yourusername/Chameleon-BOD.git
cd Chameleon-BOD

It’s a good idea to create a virtual environment:

python -m venv venv
source venv/bin/activate   # On Windows use: venv\Scripts\activate

pip install -r requirements.txt

To run the evaluation script with a Hugging Face model (for example, using microsoft/phi-4):

python code/MMLU_Eval.py --model microsoft/phi-4 --batch_size 1

This command loads the specified model from Hugging Face and evaluates it on the original and rephrased MMLU questions.

Before evaluation, generate a rephrased dataset using the DeepSeek API:

1. Update the API Key:
   Open the file code/mmlu_rephrase_DS.py and replace the placeholder "XXXXXXXXXXXXXX" with your actual DeepSeek API key.

2. Run the Script:

python code/mmlu_rephrase_DS.py

This script processes the MMLU test set and saves a rephrased version to rephrased_mmlu_test_parallel_temp1_0.json.