This repository contains code for the 2025 NAACL paper:
LLM-Supported Natural Language to Bash Translation

TLDR: Large language models (LLMs) are unreliable at translating natural language to Bash commands (NL2SH). We present methods to measure and improve the NL2SH performance of LLMs.

• July 2025 - Check out Terminal Bench for a more comprehensive benchmark!
• June 2025 - Try OpenAI Codex, Claude Code, or Gemini CLI for more powerful terminal-based agents.
• May 2025 - Added NAACL presentation resources.
• February 2025 - Public release.

1. Install Ollama

curl -fsSL https://ollama.com/install.sh | sh

2. Download our model

ollama pull westenfelder/NL2SH

3. Add a shortcut function to .bashrc

nlsh() {
  local prompt="$1"
  curl -s localhost:11434/api/generate -d "{\"model\": \"westenfelder/NL2SH\", \"prompt\": \"$prompt\", \"stream\": false}" | jq -r '.response'
}

4. Query the model

nlsh "ping localhost with 1 packet"

5. Run the commands at your own risk!

Note: Our code has only been tested on Ubuntu 20.04 with Python 3.10 and PyTorch 2.6.0+cu124.

• Install Docker Engine (Instructions)
• Configure Docker for non-sudo users (Instructions)
• Install Ollama

curl -fsSL https://ollama.com/install.sh | sh

• Install embedding model

ollama pull mxbai-embed-large

• Setup virtual environment

python3 -m venv nl2sh_venv
source nl2sh_venv/bin/activate
pip install -r requirements.txt
python3 -m ipykernel install --user --name=nl2sh_venv --display-name="nl2sh_venv"

• Start by running example.ipynb

• paper/ - Latex source for our paper
• presentation/ - Slides and poster
• code/example.ipynb - Starter code
• code/model_comparison.ipynb - Reproduce our best model (+ parser) results
• code/finetuned_model_comparison.ipynb - Reproduce our fine-tuned model results
• code/feh_comparison.ipynb - Reproduce our FEH comparison results
• code/finetune/ - Full fine-tuning (not LoRA) code

Our datasets, benchmark code, and fine-tuned models are available at these links:

• Datasets
  • NL2SH-ALFA Dataset
  • InterCode-Corrections Dataset
• Benchmark
  • InterCode-ALFA Source Code
  • InterCode-ALFA PyPI Package
• Models
  • Qwen2.5-Coder-0.5B-Instruct-NL2SH
  • Qwen2.5-Coder-1.5B-Instruct-NL2SH
  • Qwen2.5-Coder-3B-Instruct-NL2SH
  • Qwen2.5-Coder-7B-Instruct-NL2SH
  • Llama-3.2-1B-Instruct-NL2SH
  • Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct-NL2SH
  • Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct-NL2SH

If you find our work helpful, please cite:

@inproceedings{westenfelder-etal-2025-llm,
    title = "{LLM}-Supported Natural Language to Bash Translation",
    author = "Westenfelder, Finnian  and
      Hemberg, Erik  and
      Moskal, Stephen  and
      O{'}Reilly, Una-May  and
      Chiricescu, Silviu",
    editor = "Chiruzzo, Luis  and
      Ritter, Alan  and
      Wang, Lu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2025 Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2025",
    address = "Albuquerque, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2025.naacl-long.555/",
    pages = "11135--11147",
    ISBN = "979-8-89176-189-6"
}