Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) comprise a group of transmembrane proteins with crucial roles in pathogen recognition, immune responses, and signal transduction. This family represented the first line of immune homeostasis in an evolutionarily conserved manner. Extensive researches in the past two decades had emphasized their structural and functional characteristics under both healthy and pathological conditions. In this review, we summarized the current understanding of TLR signaling in the central nervous system (CNS), which had been viewed as a previously “immune-privileged” but now “immune-specialized” area, with major implications for further investigation of pathological nature as well as potential therapeutic manipulation of TLR signaling in various neurological disorders.
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Abbreviations
- AD:
-
Alzheimer’s disease
- Akt:
-
Protein kinase B (PKB)
- APC:
-
Antigen-presenting cell
- ASC:
-
Adapter protein apoptosis associated speck-like protein containing a CARD
- Aβ:
-
Aggregated β amyloid
- BBB:
-
Blood–brain barrier
- CAM:
-
CNS-associated macrophage
- cFN:
-
Cellular fibronectin
- CNS:
-
Central nervous system
- CSF:
-
Cerebrospinal fluid
- CVD:
-
Cerebral vessel disease
- CXCL9:
-
C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9
- EAE:
-
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
- ER:
-
Endoplasmic reticulum
- FADD:
-
FAS-associated death domain
- HSP:
-
Heat shock protein
- HSV:
-
Herpes simplex virus
- ICH:
-
Intracerebral hemorrhage
- IKK-γ:
-
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit γ
- IKK-α:
-
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit α
- IKK-β:
-
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit β
- IRAK1:
-
Interleukin 1 receptor associated kinase 1
- IRF:
-
Interferon regulatory factor
- IRI:
-
Ischemia–reperfusion injury
- JNK:
-
The c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LBP:
-
LPS binding protein
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- MAL:
-
MyD88-adaptor-like
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MBP:
-
Myelin basic protein
- MHC:
-
Major histocompatibility complex
- MKK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
- MS:
-
Multiple sclerosis
- mTORC:
-
The mechanistic target of rapamycin
- MyD88:
-
Myeloid differentiation factor 88
- NEMO:
-
NF-kB essential modulator
- NFT:
-
Neurofibrillary tangle
- NLRC4:
-
NLR family CARD domain containing 4
- NLRP1:
-
NLR family pyrin domain containing 1
- NLRP2:
-
NLR family pyrin domain containing 2
- NLRP3:
-
NLR family pyrin domain containing 3
- NPC:
-
Neural progenitor cell
- PAMP:
-
Pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- PBMC:
-
Peripheral blood monocyte
- PI3K:
-
PI3K/Akt/mTORC1
- PRR:
-
Pattern recognition receptor
- RIP1:
-
Receptor-interacting protein 1
- SARM:
-
Sterile α- and armadillo-motif containing protein
- SMOC:
-
Supramolecular organizing center
- TAK1:
-
TGF-β-activated kinase 1
- TBK1:
-
TANK-binding kinase 1
- TGFβ:
-
Transforming growth factor-β
- TIR:
-
Toll/interleukin-1 receptor
- TLR:
-
Toll-like receptor
- TRAF6:
-
TNF receptor associated factor 6
- TRAM:
-
TRIF-related adaptor molecule
- TRIF:
-
TIR-domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon β
- VEGF:
-
Vascular endothelial cell growth factor
- VSV:
-
Vesicular stomatitis virus
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Guo, M., Xu, Y., Zhang, CJ. (2021). TLR Signaling in Brain Immunity. In: Kumar, V. (eds) Toll-like Receptors in Health and Disease. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 276. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/164_2021_542
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