Thanks to visit codestin.com
Credit goes to link.springer.com

Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Bacteria and Cancer

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Microbiome and Cancer

  • 320 Accesses

Abstract

Microbial infections are the major contributor of almost 20–30% of cancer cases, and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is progressively considered a hallmark of cancer. According to the WHO, a number of bacterial infections are linked with common malignancies, and a variety of bacteria are classified as class I carcinogens. Despite the lack of clarity in the mechanisms involved in bacterial carcinogenesis, chronic inflammation and the creation of carcinogenic compounds have been identified as key pathways that develop association between cancer and bacteria. Surprisingly, microbes are capable of eradicating tumor cells. Even though chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, and immunotherapy are effective treatments against cancer, these treatments also have drawbacks such as toxicity and tumor resistance. This chapter focuses on the dual nature of bacteria as cancer progressor as well as cancer suppressor. The chapter highlights the role of bacteria in cancer development specifically colorectal, gastric, lung, gall bladder, and breast cancers with reference to association of bacteria with various types of cancers along with oncogenic molecular pathways together with bacterial therapeutics to improve outcomes and minimize adverse effects. Promising both on their own and in combination with chemotherapy, bacteria can elicit anticancer responses and act as carriers of medicines or genes. This chapter also highlights clinical studies involving bacteria-based cancer treatments and tumor regression induced by bacteria.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+
from £29.99 /Month
  • Starting from 10 chapters or articles per month
  • Access and download chapters and articles from more than 300k books and 2,500 journals
  • Cancel anytime
View plans

Buy Now

Chapter
GBP 19.95
Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
GBP 159.99
Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
GBP 199.99
Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, books and news in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.

References

  • Adnan, M., Khan, S., Al-Shammari, E., Patel, M., Saeed, M., & Hadi, S. (2017). In pursuit of cancer metastasis therapy by bacteria and its biofilms: History or future. Medical Hypotheses, 100, 78–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexandroff, A. B., Nicholson, S., Patel, P. M., & Jackson, A. M. (2010). Recent advances in bacillus Calmette–Guerin immunotherapy in bladder cancer. Immunotherapy, 2(4), 551–560.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Hilu, S. A., & Al-Shujairi, W. H. (2020). Dual role of bacteria in carcinoma: Stimulation and inhibition. International Journal of Microbiology, 2020, 4639761.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alkabban, F. M., & Ferguson, T. (2023). Breast cancer. [Updated 2022 Sep 26]. Stat Pearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Madboly, L. A., El-Deeb, N. M., Kabbash, A., Nael, M. A., Kenawy, A. M., & Ragab, A. E. (2020). Purification, characterization, identification, and anticancer activity of a circular bacteriocin from Enterococcus thailandicus. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8, 450.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alpuim Costa, D., Nobre, J. G., Batista, M. V., Ribeiro, C., Marhold, M., Brito, M., & Cortes, J. (2021). Human microbiota and breast cancer—Is there any relevant link?—A literature review and new horizons toward personalised medicine. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 584332.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alshamsan, A., Khan, S., Imran, A., Aljuffali, I. A., & Alsaleh, K. (2017). Prediction of Chlamydia pneumoniae protein localization in host mitochondria and cytoplasm and possible involvements in lung cancer etiology: A computational approach. Saudi Pharm J, 25(8), 1151–1157.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, N., Ryder, S., Forbes, C., Ross, J., & Quek, R. G. (2019). A systematic review of the international prevalence of BRCA mutation in breast cancer. Clinical Epidemiology, 11, 543–561.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ashu, E. E., Xu, J., & Yuan, Z. C. (2019). Bacteria in cancer therapeutics: A framework for effective therapeutic bacterial screening and identification. Journal of Cancer, 10(8), 1781.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azcárate-Peril, M. A., Sikes, M., & Bruno-Bárcena, J. M. (2011). The intestinal microbiota, gastrointestinal environment and colorectal cancer: A putative role for probiotics in prevention of colorectal cancer? American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 301(3), G401–G424.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baik, S. C., Youn, H. S., Chung, M. H., Lee, W. K., Cho, M. J., Ko, G. H., & Rhee, K. H. (1996). Increased oxidative DNA damage in Helicobacter pylori-infected human gastric mucosa. Cancer Research, 56(6), 1279–1282.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baindara, P., Korpole, S., & Grover, V. (2018). Bacteriocins: Perspective for the development of novel anticancer drugs. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 102, 10393–10408.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balic, J. J., Saad, M. I., Dawson, R., West, A. J., McLeod, L., West, A. C., & Jenkins, B. J. (2020). Constitutive STAT3 serine phosphorylation promotes Helicobacter-mediated gastric disease. The American Journal of Pathology, 190(6), 1256–1270.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bassis, C. M., Erb-Downward, J. R., Dickson, R. P., Freeman, C. M., Schmidt, T. M., Young, V. B., & Huffnagle, G. B. (2015). Analysis of the upper respiratory tract microbiotas as the source of the lung and gastric microbiotas in healthy individuals. MBio, 6(2), e00037–e00015.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Basu, P., Mehta, A., Jain, M., Gupta, S., Nagarkar, R. V., John, S., & Petit, R. (2018). A randomized phase 2 study of ADXS11-001 listeria monocytogenes–Listeriolysin O immunotherapy with or without cisplatin in treatment of advanced cervical cancer. International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer, 28(4), 764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernardo, G., Le Noci, V., Di Modica, M., Montanari, E., Triulzi, T., Pupa, S. M., & Sfondrini, L. (2023). The emerging role of the microbiota in breast cancer progression. Cells, 12(15), 1945.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blanarova, C., Galovicova, A., & Petrasova, D. (2009). Use of probiotics for prevention of radiation-induced diarrhea. Bratislavske Lekarske Listy, 110(2), 98–104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bleyer, A., & Welch, H. G. (2012). Effect of three decades of screening mammography on breast-cancer incidence. New England Journal of Medicine, 367(21), 1998–2005.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnet, M., Buc, E., Sauvanet, P., Darcha, C., Dubois, D., Pereira, B., & Darfeuille-Michaud, A. (2014). Colonization of the human gut by E. coli and colorectal cancer risk. Clinical Cancer Research, 20(4), 859–867.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, J. M., Stringer, A. M., Gibson, R. J., Yeoh, A. S., Hannam, S., & Keefe, D. M. (2007). VSL# 3 probiotic treatment reduces chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea and weight loss. Cancer Biology & Therapy, 6(9), 1445–1450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bronte-Tinkew, D. M., Terebiznik, M., Franco, A., Ang, M., Ahn, D., Mimuro, H., & Jones, N. L. (2009). Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin-associated gene A activates the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Research, 69(2), 632–639.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Budisan, L., Zanoaga, O., Braicu, C., Pirlog, R., Covaliu, B., Esanu, V., & Berindan-Neagoe, I. (2021). Links between infections, lung cancer, and the immune system. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(17), 9394.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bulut, Y., Shimada, K., Wong, M. H., Chen, S., Gray, P., Alsabeh, R., & Arditi, M. (2009). Chlamydial heat shock protein 60 induces acute pulmonary inflammation in mice via the toll-like receptor 4-and MyD88-dependent pathway. Infection and Immunity, 77(7), 2683–2690.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calmels, S., Ohshima, H., & Bartsch, H. (1988). Nitrosamine formation by denitrifying and non-denitrifying bacteria: Implication of nitrite reductase and nitrate reductase in nitrosation catalysis. Microbiology, 134(1), 221–226.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Candela, M., Turroni, S., Biagi, E., Carbonero, F., Rampelli, S., Fiorentini, C., & Brigidi, P. (2014). Inflammation and colorectal cancer, when microbiota-host mutualism breaks. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG, 20(4), 908.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cano-Garrido, O., Seras-Franzoso, J., & Garcia-Fruitos, E. (2015). Lactic acid bacteria: Reviewing the potential of a promising delivery live vector for biomedical purposes. Microbial Cell Factories, 14, 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cao, Y., Wu, K., Mehta, R., Drew, D. A., Song, M., Lochhead, P., & Chan, A. T. (2018). Long-term use of antibiotics and risk of colorectal adenoma. Gut, 67(4), 672–678.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carbonero, F., Benefiel, A. C., & Gaskins, H. R. (2012). Contributions of the microbial hydrogen economy to colonic homeostasis. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 9(9), 504–518.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castellarin, M., Warren, R. L., Freeman, J. D., Dreolini, L., Krzywinski, M., Strauss, J., & Holt, R. A. (2012). Fusobacterium nucleatum infection is prevalent in human colorectal carcinoma. Genome Research, 22(2), 299–306.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, W. T., Kantilal, H. K., & Davamani, F. (2020). The mechanism of Bacteroides fragilis toxin contributes to colon cancer formation. The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences: MJMS, 27(4), 9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chial, H. (2008). Genetic regulation of cancer. Nature. Education, 1(1), 67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi, J. (2021). Successful endoscopic resection of residual colonic mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma after polypectomy. Clinical Endoscopy, 54(5), 759–762.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, L., Orberg, E. T., Geis, A. L., Chan, J. L., Fu, K., Shields, C. E. D., & Housseau, F. (2018). Bacteroides fragilis toxin coordinates a pro-carcinogenic inflammatory cascade via targeting of colonic epithelial cells. Cell Host & Microbe, 23(2), 203–214.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Correa, P., & Piazuelo, M. B. (2012). The gastric precancerous cascade. Journal of Digestive Diseases, 13(1), 2–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cronin, M., Le Boeuf, F., Murphy, C., Roy, D. G., Falls, T., Bell, J. C., & Tangney, M. (2014). Bacterial-mediated knockdown of tumor resistance to an oncolytic virus enhances therapy. Molecular Therapy, 22(6), 1188–1197.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cuevas-Ramos, G., Petit, C. R., Marcq, I., Boury, M., Oswald, E., & Nougayrède, J. P. (2010). Escherichia coli induces DNA damage in vivo and triggers genomic instability in mammalian cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(25), 11537–11542.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dang, L. H., Bettegowda, C., Huso, D. L., Kinzler, K. W., & Vogelstein, B. (2001). Combination bacteriolytic therapy for the treatment of experimental tumors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(26), 15155–15160.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Danino, T., Prindle, A., Hasty, J., & Bhatia, S. (2013). Measuring growth and gene expression dynamics of tumor-targeted S. typhimurium bacteria. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments), 77, e50540.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dasgupta, D., Kumar, A., Mukhopadhyay, B., & Sengupta, T. K. (2015). Isolation of phenazine 1, 6-di-carboxylic acid from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain HRW. 1-S3 and its role in biofilm-mediated crude oil degradation and cytotoxicity against bacterial and cancer cells. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 99, 8653–8665.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Martel, C., Ferlay, J., Franceschi, S., Vignat, J., Bray, F., Forman, D., & Plummer, M. (2012). Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: A review and synthetic analysis. The Lancet Oncology, 13(6), 607–615.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dejea, C., Wick, E., & Sears, C. L. (2013). Bacterial oncogenesis in the colon. Future Microbiology, 8(4), 445–460.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Di Domenico, E. G., Cavallo, I., Pontone, M., Toma, L., & Ensoli, F. (2017). Biofilm producing Salmonella typhi: Chronic colonization and development of gallbladder cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(9), 1887.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dickson, R. P., Erb-Downward, J. R., Freeman, C. M., McCloskey, L., Beck, J. M., Huffnagle, G. B., & Curtis, J. L. (2015). Spatial variation in the healthy human lung microbiome and the adapted Island model of lung biogeography. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 12(6), 821–830.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Diller, I. C. (1974). Tumor incidence in icr/albino and c57bl/6jnicr male mice injected with organisms cultured from mouse malignant tissues.

    Google Scholar 

  • Divyashree, M., Prakash, S. K., Aditya, V., Aljabali, A. A., Alzahrani, K. J., Azevedo, V., & Barh, D. (2022). Bugs as drugs: Neglected but a promising future therapeutic strategy in cancer. Future Oncology, 18(13), 1609–1626.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dong, Q. L., & Xing, X. Y. (2018). Cancer cells arise from bacteria. Cancer Cell International, 18, 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunne, A., Marshall, N. A., & Mills, K. H. (2011). TLR based therapeutics. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 11(4), 404–411.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elise, S. L. (1931). Studies in Hodgkin’s disease. Annals of Surgery, 93(1), 162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erdman, S. E., Rao, V. P., Poutahidis, T., Ihrig, M. M., Ge, Z., Feng, Y., & Fox, J. G. (2003). CD4+ CD25+ regulatory lymphocytes require interleukin 10 to interrupt colon carcinogenesis in mice. Cancer Research, 63(18), 6042–6050.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eyvazi, S., Vostakolaei, M. A., Dilmaghani, A., Borumandi, O., Hejazi, M. S., Kahroba, H., & Tarhriz, V. (2020). The oncogenic roles of bacterial infections in development of cancer. Microbial Pathogenesis, 141, 104019.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fan, J. Y., Huang, Y., Li, Y., Muluh, T. A., Fu, S. Z., & Wu, J. B. (2022). Bacteria in cancer therapy: A new generation of weapons. Cancer Medicine, 11(23), 4457–4468.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felgner, S., Kocijancic, D., Frahm, M., Curtiss, R., III, Erhardt, M., & Weiss, S. (2016). Optimizing Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium for bacteria-mediated tumor therapy. Gut Microbes, 7(2), 171–177.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fu, G. F., Li, X., Hou, Y. Y., Fan, Y. R., Liu, W. H., & Xu, G. X. (2005). Bifidobacterium longum as an oral delivery system of endostatin for gene therapy on solid liver cancer. Cancer Gene Therapy, 12(2), 133–140.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gagnière, J., Raisch, J., Veziant, J., Barnich, N., Bonnet, R., Buc, E., & Bonnet, M. (2016). Gut microbiota imbalance and colorectal cancer. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 22(2), 501.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gardlik, R. O. M. A. N., Behuliak, M., Palffy, R., Celec, P., & Li, C. J. (2011). Gene therapy for cancer: Bacteria-mediated anti-angiogenesis therapy. Gene Therapy, 18(5), 425–431.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garza-Morales, R., Rendon, B. E., Malik, M. T., Garza-Cabrales, J. E., Aucouturier, A., Bermúdez-Humarán, L. G., et al. (2020). Targeting melanoma hypoxia with the food-grade lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis. Cancers (Basel), 12(2), 438.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaydos, C. A. (2000). Growth in vascular cells and cytokine production by Chlamydia pneumoniae. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 181(Supplement_3), S473–S478.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gholizadeh, P., Eslami, H., & Kafil, H. S. (2017). Carcinogenesis mechanisms of Fusobacterium nucleatum. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 89, 918–925.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giralt, J., Regadera, J. P., Verges, R., Romero, J., de la Fuente, I., Biete, A., & Guarner, F. (2008). Effects of probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 in prevention of radiation-induced diarrhea: Results from multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled nutritional trial. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 71(4), 1213–1219.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gong, J., Jaiswal, R., Mathys, J.-M., Combes, V., Grau, G. E. R., & Bebawy, M. (2012). Microparticles and their emerging role in cancer multidrug resistance. Cancer Treatment Reviews, 38(3), 226–234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, B., & Gardner, H. (2018). The microbiome and cancer. The Journal of Pathology, 244(5), 667–676.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Górska, A., Przystupski, D., Niemczura, M. J., & Kulbacka, J. (2019). Probiotic bacteria: A promising tool in cancer prevention and therapy. Current Microbiology, 76, 939–949.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gratia, A. (1925). Sur un remarquable example d’antagonisme entre deux souches de colibacille. Compt Rend Soc Biol, 93, 1040–1042.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groizeleau, J., Rybtke, M., Andersen, J. B., Berthelsen, J., Liu, Y., Yang, L., & Tolker-Nielsen, T. (2016). The anti-cancerous drug doxorubicin decreases the c-di-GMP content in Pseudomonas aeruginosa but promotes biofilm formation. Microbiology, 162(10), 1797–1807.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurunathan, S., Kang, M. H., Qasim, M., & Kim, J. H. (2018). Nanoparticle-mediated combination therapy: Two-in-one approach for cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(10), 3264.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • He, Q. (2020). Comparison of cancer morbidity and mortality between developed countries, developing countries, and China. In 2020 International conference on public health and data science (ICPHDS) (pp. 364–370). IEEE.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hess, S., Peters, J., Bartling, G., Rheinheimer, C., Hegde, P., Magid-Slav, M., & Klos, A. (2003). More than just innate immunity: Comparative analysis of Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis effects on host-cell gene regulation. Cellular Microbiology, 5(11), 785–795.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hicks, R. M., Ismail, M. M., Walters, C. L., Beecham, P. T., Rabie, M. F., & El Alamy, M. A. (1982). Association of bacteriuria and urinary nitrosamine formation with Schistosoma haematobium infection in the Qalyub area of Egypt. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 76(4), 519–527.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higashi, H., Nakaya, A., Tsutsumi, R., Yokoyama, K., Fujii, Y., Ishikawa, S., & Hatakeyama, M. (2004). Helicobacter pylori CagA induces Ras-independent morphogenetic response through SHP-2 recruitment and activation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279(17), 17205–17216.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs, G. A., Der, C. J., & Rossman, K. L. (2016). RAS isoforms and mutations in cancer at a glance. Journal of Cell Science, 129(7), 1287–1292.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, B., Kou, L., Li, C., Zhu, L. P., Fan, Y. R., Wu, Z. W., & Xu, G. X. (2009). Bifidobacterium longum as a delivery system of TRAIL and endostatin cooperates with chemotherapeutic drugs to inhibit hypoxic tumor growth. Cancer Gene Therapy, 16(8), 655–663.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, Y. Y., Zheng, M. H., Zhang, R., Liang, Y. M., & Han, H. (2012). Notch signaling pathway and cancer metastasis. Notch Signaling in Embryology and Cancer, 186–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, S., Jo, M., Hong, J. E., Park, C. O., Lee, C. G., Yun, M., & Rhee, K. J. (2019). Zerumbone suppresses enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis infection-induced colonic inflammation through inhibition of NF-κΒ. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(18), 4560.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, C. B., Judd, L. M., Menheniott, T. R., Kronborg, I., Dow, C., Yeomans, N. D., & Giraud, A. S. (2007). Augmented gp130-mediated cytokine signalling accompanies human gastric cancer progression. The Journal of Pathology, 213(2), 140–151.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J. R., Gilmartin, A., Imburgia, C., Winkler, J. D., Marshall, L. A., & Roshak, A. (2000). An indolocarbazole inhibitor of human checkpoint kinase (Chk1) abrogates cell cycle arrest caused by DNA damage. Cancer Research, 60(3), 566–572.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanazawa, Y., Ohkawa, K., Ueda, K., Mita, E., Takehara, T., Sasaki, Y., et al. (1996). Hammerhead ribozyme-mediated inhibition of telomerase activity in extracts of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 225(2), 570–576.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaur, S., & Kaur, S. (2015). Bacteriocins as potential anticancer agents. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 6, 165109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaye, J., Porcelli, S., Jones, B., et al. (1994). Treatment of murine colitis by Lactococcus lactis secreting IL-10. Proceedings of National Academic Science USA, 76(August), 104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerdkumthong, K., Chanket, W., Runsaeng, P., Nanarong, S., Songsurin, K., Tantimetta, P., & Obchoei, S. (2023). Two recombinant bacteriocins, rhamnosin and lysostaphin, show synergistic anticancer activity against gemcitabine-resistant cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, S., Imran, A., Khan, A. A., Abul Kalam, M., & Alshamsan, A. (2016). Systems biology approaches for the prediction of possible role of Chlamydia pneumoniae proteins in the etiology of lung cancer. PLoS One, 11(2), e0148530.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Klebanoff, C. A., Acquavella, N., Yu, Z., & Restifo, N. P. (2011). Therapeutic cancer vaccines: Are we there yet? Immunological Reviews, 239(1), 27–44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knorr, J., Ricci, V., Hatakeyama, M., & Backert, S. (2019). Classification of Helicobacter pylori virulence factors: Is CagA a toxin or not? Trends in Microbiology, 27(9), 731–738.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohoutova, D., Smajs, D., Moravkova, P., Cyrany, J., Moravkova, M., Forstlova, M., & Bures, J. (2014). Escherichia coli strains of phylogenetic group B2 and D and bacteriocin production are associated with advanced colorectal neoplasia. BMC Infectious Diseases, 14, 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolodziejczyk, A. A., Zheng, D., & Elinav, E. (2019). Diet–microbiota interactions and personalized nutrition. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 17(12), 742–753.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koshiol, J., Wozniak, A., Cook, P., Adaniel, C., Acevedo, J., Azócar, L., & Hildesheim, A. (2016). Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and gallbladder cancer: A case–control study and meta-analysis. Cancer Medicine, 5(11), 3310–3235.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kroft, S. H., & Oyasu, R. (1994). Urinary bladder cancer: Mechanisms of development and progression. Laboratory investigation. A Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology, 71(2), 158–174.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kucerova, P., & Cervinkova, M. (2016). Spontaneous regression of tumour and the role of microbial infection–possibilities for cancer treatment. Anti-Cancer Drugs, 27(4), 269–277.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumeria, T., Maher, S., Wang, Y., Kaur, G., Wang, L., Erkelens, M., & Losic, D. (2016). Naturally derived iron oxide nanowires from bacteria for magnetically triggered drug release and cancer hyperthermia in 2D and 3D culture environments: Bacteria biofilm to potent cancer therapeutic. Biomacromolecules, 17(8), 2726–2736.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwok, T., Zabler, D., Urman, S., Rohde, M., Hartig, R., Wessler, S., & Backert, S. (2007). Helicobacter exploits integrin for type IV secretion and kinase activation. Nature, 449(7164), 862–866.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laborda-Illanes, A., Sanchez-Alcoholado, L., Dominguez-Recio, M. E., Jimenez-Rodriguez, B., Lavado, R., Comino-Méndez, I., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2020). Breast and gut microbiota action mechanisms in breast cancer pathogenesis and treatment. Cancers, 12(9), 2465.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laurila, A. L., Anttila, T., Läärä, E., Bloigu, A., Virtamo, J., Albanes, D., & Saikku, P. (1997). Serological evidence of an association between Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and lung cancer. International Journal of Cancer, 74(1), 31–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lax, A. J. (2005). Bacterial toxins and cancer—A case to answer? Nature Reviews Microbiology, 3(4), 343–349.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le, D. T., Wang-Gillam, A., Picozzi, V., Greten, T. F., Crocenzi, T., Springett, G., & Jaffee, E. M. (2015). Safety and survival with GVAX pancreas prime and Listeria monocytogenes–expressing mesothelin (CRS-207) boost vaccines for metastatic pancreatic cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 33(12), 1325.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leblanc, J. G. J., de Moreno, M. A., Perdigon, G. d. V., Miyoshi, A., Rochat, T., et al. (2008). Anti-inflammatory properties of lactic acid bacteria: Current knowledge, applications and prospects. In Anti-Infective Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (pp. 148–154). Bentham Science Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C. H. (2012). Engineering bacteria toward tumor targeting for cancer treatment: Current state and perspectives. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 93, 517–523.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leschner, S., Westphal, K., Dietrich, N., Viegas, N., Jablonska, J., Lyszkiewicz, M., & Weiss, S. (2009). Tumor invasion of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is accompanied by strong hemorrhage promoted by TNF-α. PLoS One, 4(8), e6692.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Li, N., Zhou, H., Holden, V. K., Deepak, J., Dhilipkannah, P., Todd, N. W., et al. (2023). Streptococcus pneumoniae promotes lung cancer development and progression. iScience, 26(2), 105923.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, X., Fu, G. F., Fan, Y. R., Liu, W. H., Liu, X. J., Wang, J. J., & Xu, G. X. (2003). Bifidobacterium adolescentis as a delivery system of endostatin for cancer gene therapy: Selective inhibitor of angiogenesis and hypoxic tumor growth. Cancer Gene Therapy, 10(2), 105–111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mármol, I., Sánchez-de-Diego, C., Pradilla Dieste, A., Cerrada, E., & Rodriguez Yoldi, M. J. (2017). Colorectal carcinoma: A general overview and future perspectives in colorectal cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(1), 197.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, R. L., Kaestli, M., Chang, A. B., Binks, M. J., Pope, C. E., Hoffman, L. R., & Smith-Vaughan, H. C. (2016). The microbiota in bronchoalveolar lavage from young children with chronic lung disease includes taxa present in both the oropharynx and nasopharynx. Microbiome, 4(1), 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto, Y., Marusawa, H., Kinoshita, K., Endo, Y., Kou, T., Morisawa, T., & Chiba, T. (2007). Helicobacter pylori infection triggers aberrant expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in gastric epithelium. Nature Medicine, 13(4), 470–476.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meng, Z., Ye, Z., Zhu, J., Li, Y., & Meng, L. (2022). New developments and opportunities of microbiota in treating breast cancers. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 818793.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Menheniott, T. R., Judd, L. M., & Giraud, A. S. (2015). STAT3: A critical component in the response to Helicobacter pylori infection. Cellular Microbiology, 17(11), 1570–1582.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mikó, E., Kovács, T., Sebő, É., Tóth, J., Csonka, T., Ujlaki, G., & Bai, P. (2019). Microbiome—Microbial metabolome—Cancer cell interactions in breast cancer—Familiar, but unexplored. Cells, 8(4), 293.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Miyake, K., Yamamoto, S., & Iijima, S. (1996). Blocking adhesion of cancer cells to endothelial cell types by S. agalactiae type-specific polysaccharides. Cytotechnology, 22, 205–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morales, D. K., Grahl, N., Okegbe, C., Dietrich, L. E., Jacobs, N. J., & Hogan, D. A. (2013). Control of Candida albicans metabolism and biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa phenazines. MBio, 4(1), 10–1128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morales-Sánchez, A., & Fuentes-Pananá, E. M. (2014). Human viruses and cancer. Viruses, 6(10), 4047–4079.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, A., Beck, J. M., Schloss, P. D., Campbell, T. B., Crothers, K., Curtis, J. L., & Weinstock, G. M. (2013). Comparison of the respiratory microbiome in healthy nonsmokers and smokers. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 187(10), 1067–1075.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Motta, J. P., Wallace, J. L., Buret, A. G., Deraison, C., & Vergnolle, N. (2021). Gastrointestinal biofilms in health and disease. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 18(5), 314–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murata-Kamiya, N., Kurashima, Y., Teishikata, Y., Yamahashi, Y., Saito, Y., Higashi, H., & Hatakeyama, M. (2007). Helicobacter pylori CagA interacts with E-cadherin and deregulates the β-catenin signal that promotes intestinal transdifferentiation in gastric epithelial cells. Oncogene, 26(32), 4617–4626.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagy, T. A., Frey, M. R., Yan, F., Israel, D. A., Polk, D. B., & Peek, R. M. (2009). Helicobacter pylori regulates cellular migration and apoptosis by activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 199(5), 641–651.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakayama, M., Hisatsune, J., Yamasaki, E., Isomoto, H., Kurazono, H., Hatakeyama, M., & Hirayama, T. (2009). Helicobacter pylori VacA-induced inhibition of GSK3 through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 284(3), 1612–1619.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nath, G., Gulati, A. K., & Shukla, V. K. (2010). Role of bacteria in carcinogenesis, with special reference to carcinoma of the gallbladder. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG, 16(43), 5395.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, C., & Nguyen, V. D. (2016). Discovery of azurin-like anticancer bacteriocins from human gut microbiome through homology modeling and molecular docking against the tumor suppressor p53. BioMed Research International, 2016, 8490482.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Niethammer, A. G., Xiang, R., Becker, J. C., Wodrich, H., Pertl, U., Karsten, G., & Reisfeld, R. A. (2002). A DNA vaccine against VEGF receptor 2 prevents effective angiogenesis and inhibits tumor growth. Nature Medicine, 8(12), 1369–1375.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nistal, E., Fernández-Fernández, N., Vivas, S., & Olcoz, J. L. (2015). Factors determining colorectal cancer: The role of the intestinal microbiota. Frontiers in Oncology, 5, 220.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ohshima, H., & Bartsch, H. (1994). Chronic infections and inflammatory processes as cancer risk factors: Possible role of nitric oxide in carcinogenesis. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 305(2), 253–264.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parhi, L., Alon-Maimon, T., Sol, A., Nejman, D., Shhadeh, A., Fainsod-Levi, T., & Bachrach, G. (2020). Breast cancer colonization by Fusobacterium nucleatum accelerates tumor growth and metastatic progression. Nature Communications, 11(1), 3259.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, S. J., Park, S. H., Cho, S., Kim, D. M., Lee, Y., Ko, S. Y., & Park, S. (2013). New paradigm for tumor theranostic methodology using bacteria-based microrobot. Scientific Reports, 3(1), 3394.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Park, S. J., Lee, Y. K., Cho, S., Uthaman, S., Park, I. K., Min, J. J., & Park, S. (2015). Effect of chitosan coating on a bacteria-based alginate microrobot. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 112(4), 769–776.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phan, T. X., Nguyen, V. H., Duong, M. T. Q., Hong, Y., Choy, H. E., & Min, J. J. (2015). Activation of inflammasome by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium in bacteria-mediated cancer therapy. Microbiology and Immunology, 59(11), 664–675.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piao, J. Y., Lee, H. G., Kim, S. J., Kim, D. H., Han, H. J., Ngo, H. K. C., & Surh, Y. J. (2016). Helicobacter pylori activates IL-6-STAT3 signaling in human gastric cancer cells: Potential roles for reactive oxygen species. Helicobacter, 21(5), 405–416.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Podlesek, Z., & Žgur Bertok, D. (2020). The DNA damage inducible SOS response is a key player in the generation of bacterial persister cells and population wide tolerance. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 1785.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, S. K., Bhat, S., Shashank, D., Akshatha, C. R., Rachtanapun, P., Devegowda, D., & Sommano, S. R. (2022). Bacteria-mediated oncogenesis and the underlying molecular intricacies: What we know so far. Frontiers in Oncology, 12, 836004.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ray, A., Moore, T. F., Pandit, R., Burke, A. D., & Borsch, D. M. (2023). An overview of selected bacterial infections in cancer, their virulence factors, and some aspects of infection management. Biology, 12(7), 963.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Redecke, V., Dalhoff, K., Bohnet, S., Braun, J., & Maass, M. (1998). Interaction of Chlamydia pneumoniae and human alveolar macrophages: Infection and inflammatory response. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 19(5), 721–727.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rhee, K. J., Wu, S., Wu, X., Huso, D. L., Karim, B., Franco, A. A., & Sears, C. L. (2009). Induction of persistent colitis by a human commensal, enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Infection and Immunity, 77(4), 1708–1718.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues, G., Silva, G. G. O., Buccini, D. F., Duque, H. M., Dias, S. C., & Franco, O. L. (2019). Bacterial proteinaceous compounds with multiple activities toward cancers and microbial infection. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 465958.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roy, U. K. B., Rial, N. S., Kachel, K. L., & Gerner, E. W. (2008). Activated K-RAS increases polyamine uptake in human colon cancer cells through modulation of caveolar endocytosis. Molecular Carcinogenesis: Published in cooperation with the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 47(7), 538–553.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saleh, A., & Halawa, A. (2020). P1649 is bk virus carcinogenic?! Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 35(Supplement_3), gfaa142-P1649.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scanu, T., Spaapen, R. M., Bakker, J. M., Pratap, C. B., Wu, L. E., Hofland, I., & Neefjes, J. (2015). Salmonella manipulation of host signaling pathways provokes cellular transformation associated with gallbladder carcinoma. Cell Host & Microbe, 17(6), 763–774.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz-Winnenthal, F. H., Hohmann, N., Schmidt, T., Podola, L., Friedrich, T., Lubenau, H., & Beckhove, P. (2018). A phase 1 trial extension to assess immunologic efficacy and safety of prime-boost vaccination with VXM01, an oral T cell vaccine against VEGFR2, in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Oncoimmunology, 7(4), e1303584.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schoppmann, S. F., Birner, P., Stöckl, J., Kalt, R., Ullrich, R., Caucig, C., & Kerjaschki, D. (2002). Tumor-associated macrophages express lymphatic endothelial growth factors and are related to peritumoral lymphangiogenesis. The American Journal of Pathology, 161(3), 947–956.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwabe, R. F., & Jobin, C. (2013). The microbiome and cancer. Nature Reviews Cancer, 13(11), 800–812.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwabe, R. F., & Wang, T. C. (2012). Bacteria deliver a genotoxic hit. Science, 338(6103), 52–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sears, C. L. (2009). Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis: A rogue among symbiotes. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 22(2), 349–369.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sears, C. L., & Garrett, W. S. (2014). Microbes, microbiota, and colon cancer. Cell Host & Microbe, 15(3), 317–328.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sedighi, M., Zahedi Bialvaei, A., Hamblin, M. R., Ohadi, E., Asadi, A., Halajzadeh, M., & Kouhsari, E. (2019). Therapeutic bacteria to combat cancer; current advances, challenges, and opportunities. Cancer Medicine, 8(6), 3167–3181.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Segal, L. N., Alekseyenko, A. V., Clemente, J. C., Kulkarni, R., Wu, B., Chen, H., & Weiden, M. D. (2013). Enrichment of lung microbiome with supraglottic taxa is associated with increased pulmonary inflammation. Microbiome, 1, 19.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sender, R., Fuchs, S., & Milo, R. (2016). Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body. PLoS Biology, 14(8), e1002533.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shankar, A., Saini, D., Dubey, A., Roy, S., Bharati, S. J., Singh, N., & Rath, G. K. (2019). Feasibility of lung cancer screening in developing countries: Challenges, opportunities and way forward. Translational Lung Cancer Research, 8(Suppl 1), S106.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shen, M., Cai, L., Jiang, K., et al. (2018). The therapeutic role of inhibition of miR-328 on pulmonary carcinoma induced by chlamydia pneumoniae through targeting histone H2AX. Cancer Biomarkers: Section A of Disease Markers. https://doi.org/10.3233/cbm-181999

  • Sheweita, S. A., & Alsamghan, A. S. (2020). Molecular mechanisms contributing bacterial infections to the incidence of various types of cancer. Mediators of Inflammation, 2020, 4070419.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shi, L., Sheng, J., Chen, G., Zhu, P., Shi, C., Li, B., et al. (2020). Combining IL-2-based immunotherapy with commensal probiotics produces enhanced antitumor immune response and tumor clearance. Journal for Immunotherapy of. Cancer, 8(2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shi, Q., Haenen, G. R., Maas, L., Arlt, V. M., Spina, D., Vasquez, Y. R., & Godschalk, R. W. L. (2016). Inflammation-associated extracellular β-glucuronidase alters cellular responses to the chemical carcinogen benzo [a] pyrene. Archives of Toxicology, 90, 2261–2273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, R. K., Gutman, M., Radinsky, R., Bucana, C. D., & Fidler, I. J. (1994). Expression of interleukin 8 correlates with the metastatic potential of human melanoma cells in nude mice. Cancer Research, 54(12), 3242–3247.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soler, A. P., Miller, R. D., Laughlin, K. V., Carp, N. Z., Klurfeld, D. M., & Mullin, J. M. (1999). Increased tight junctional permeability is associated with the development of colon cancer. Carcinogenesis, 20(8), 1425–1432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staedtke, V., Roberts, N. J., Bai, R. Y., & Zhou, S. (2016). Clostridium novyi-NT in cancer therapy. Genes & Diseases, 3(2), 144–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, C., Kasnitz, N., Kocijancic, D., Trittel, S., Riese, P., Guzman, C. A., & Weiss, S. (2015). Induction of CD 4+ and CD 8+ anti-tumor effector T cell responses by bacteria mediated tumor therapy. International Journal of Cancer, 137(8), 2019–2028.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Laversanne, M., Soerjomataram, I., Jemal, A., & Bray, F. (2021). Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 71(3), 209–249.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, M., Mimuro, H., Kiga, K., Fukumatsu, M., Ishijima, N., Morikawa, H., & Sasakawa, C. (2009). Helicobacter pylori CagA phosphorylation-independent function in epithelial proliferation and inflammation. Cell Host & Microbe, 5(1), 23–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabassam, F. H., Graham, D. Y., & Yamaoka, Y. (2009). Helicobacter pylori activate epidermal growth factor receptor-and phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase-dependent Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3β phosphorylation. Cellular Microbiology, 11(1), 70–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thanjavur, N., Sangubotla, R., Lakshmi, B. A., Rayi, R., Mekala, C. D., Reddy, A. S., & Viswanath, B. (2022). Evaluating the antimicrobial and apoptogenic properties of bacteriocin (nisin) produced by Lactococcus lactis. Process Biochemistry, 122, 76–86.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torres, W., Lameda, V., Olivar, L. C., Navarro, C., Fuenmayor, J., Pérez, A., & Bermudez, V. (2018). Bacteria in cancer therapy: Beyond immune stimulation. Journal of Cancer Metastasis and Treatment, 4(4), 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tricker, A. R., Stickler, D. J., Chawla, J. C., & Preussmann, R. (1991). Increased urinary nitrosamine excretion in paraplegic patients. Carcinogenesis, 12(5), 943–946.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsay, J. C. J., Wu, B. G., Badri, M. H., Clemente, J. C., Shen, N., Meyn, P., & Segal, L. N. (2018). Airway microbiota is associated with upregulation of the PI3K pathway in lung cancer. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 198(9), 1188–1198.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsutsumi, R., Takahashi, A., Azuma, T., Higashi, H., & Hatakeyama, M. (2006). Focal adhesion kinase is a substrate and downstream effector of SHP-2 complexed with Helicobacter pylori CagA. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 26(1), 261–276.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Umbenhauer, D., Wild, C. P., Montesano, R., Saffhill, R., Boyle, J. M., Huh, N., & Lu, S. H. (1985). 06-Methyldeoxyguanosine in oesophageal dna among individuals at high risk of oesophageal cancer. International Journal of Cancer, 36(6), 661–665.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Upadhayay, A., Pal, D., & Kumar, A. (2022). Salmonella typhi induced oncogenesis in gallbladder cancer: Co-relation and progression. Advances in Cancer Biology-Metastasis, 4, 100032.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Urbaniak, C., Gloor, G. B., Brackstone, M., Scott, L., Tangney, M., & Reid, G. (2016). The microbiota of breast tissue and its association with breast cancer. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 82(16), 5039–5048.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y., Hu, P. C., Ma, Y. B., Fan, R., Gao, F. F., Zhang, J. W., & Wei, L. (2016). Sodium butyrate-induced apoptosis and ultrastructural changes in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Ultrastructural Pathology, 40(4), 200–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westphal, K., Leschner, S., Jablonska, J., Loessner, H., & Weiss, S. (2008). Containment of tumor-colonizing bacteria by host neutrophils. Cancer Research, 68(8), 2952–2960.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White, R. G. (1976). The adjuvant effect of microbial products on the immune response. Annual Review of Microbiology, 30(1), 579–600.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, M., Yamada, M., Li, M., Liu, H., Chen, S. G., & Han, Y. W. (2007a). FadA from Fusobacterium nucleatum utilizes both secreted and non-secreted forms for functional oligomerization for attachment and invasion of host cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282(34), 25000–25009.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, Y. F., Zhu, L. P., Hu, B., Fu, G. F., Zhang, H. Y., Wang, J. J., & Xu, G. X. (2007b). A new expression plasmid in Bifidobacterium longum as a delivery system of endostatin for cancer gene therapy. Cancer Gene Therapy, 14(2), 151–157.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaoka, Y. (2010). Mechanisms of disease: Helicobacter pylori virulence factors. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 7(11), 629–641.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zappa, C., & Mousa, S. A. (2016). Non-small cell lung cancer: Current treatment and future advances. Translational Lung Cancer Research, 5(3), 288.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, Y., Zhang, J., Cheng, A. S., Yu, J., To, K. F., & Kang, W. (2020). Gastric cancer: Genome damaged by bugs. Oncogene, 39(17), 3427–3442.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, M., Chen, X., Yang, Z., Yang, X., & Peng, Q. (2022). Bacteria and tumor: Understanding the roles of bacteria in tumor genesis and immunology. Microbiological Research, 261, 127082.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, Q., Gao, R., Wu, W., & Qin, H. (2013). The role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Tumor Biology, 34, 1285–1300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, H., Shen, Z., Luo, H., Zhang, W., & Zhu, X. (2016). Chlamydia trachomatis infection-associated risk of cervical cancer: A meta-analysis. Medicine, 95(13), e3077.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Microbiology & Biotechnology Research Lab., Department of Biotechnology, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Nusrat Bibi & Azra Yasmin

Authors
  1. Nusrat Bibi
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Azra Yasmin
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Azra Yasmin .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Deprtment of Biotechnology, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Nosheen Masood

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Azra Yasmin

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bibi, N., Yasmin, A. (2024). Bacteria and Cancer. In: Masood, N., Yasmin, A. (eds) The Microbiome and Cancer. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-6948-3_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-6948-3_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-97-6947-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-97-6948-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Keywords

Publish with us

Policies and ethics