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Advancements in Brain Lymphatic System and Its Involvement in Neurological Diseases

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Advanced Targeting of the Lymphatic System

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Abstract

Very recently it has been found that a proper brain lymphatic drainage network exists in human vertebrae for maintaining the tissue water and solute balance, homeostasis, metabolism, and immunity. The brain lymphatic system is also termed as glymphatic (glial-lymphatic) system due to glial-cells-dependent lymphatic transport. Physiologically, it is analogous to normal lymphatic system and helps in maintaining immune surveillance. Interestingly, this system works most effectively when the brain is fast asleep. Glymphatic clearance can be affected by a variety of factors including sleep deprivation, genetic disorders, aging, and even body postures. The scathing in glymphatic system could affect the proper brain functioning and can be involved in pathogenesis of various neurological diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinsonism, and stroke. In this chapter, all the aspects related to glymphatic system are covered including the glymphatic pathway, its components, and physiological functions. Special emphasis has been given to impairments and dysfunctions in the glymphatic drug delivery system and possible targets in lymphatic system for treating the major neurological disorders like neurovascular and neuroinflammatory diseases, brain injury, brain tumor, and HIV-associated neurological disorder.

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Abbreviations

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

ALS:

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

AMD:

Age-related macular degeneration

ANI:

Asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment

APCs:

Antigen-presenting cells

ApoE:

Apolipoprotein E

AQP4:

Aquaporin-4

BBB:

Blood-brain barrier

BM:

Basement membrane

CAA:

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy

CBF:

Cerebral blood flow

CNS:

Central nervous system

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

DA:

Dopaminergic

dCLNs:

Deep cervical lymph nodes

DCs:

Dendritic cells

ECS:

Extracellular space

HAD:

HIV-associated dementia

HAND:

HIV-associated neurological disorder

HD:

Huntington’s disease

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus-1

ICP:

Intracranial pressure

ISF:

Interstitial fluid

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

MLVs:

Meningeal lymphatic vessels

MND:

Mild neurocognitive disorder

NVS:

Neurovascular system

NVU:

Neurovascular unit

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

PVS:

Perivascular spaces

SAH:

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

SAS:

Subarachnoid space

SNPs:

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms

TBI:

Traumatic brain injury

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

VRS:

Virchow-Robin spaces

VSMCs:

Vascular smooth muscle cells

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Industrial Pharmacy Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India

    Dipak Bari & Chandrakantsing Pardeshi

  2. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Ushasi Das

  3. Department of Pharmaceutics, Sandip Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nashik, Maharashtra, India

    Ganesh Shevalkar

  4. SIRT-Pharmacy, Sanjeev Agarwal Global Educational University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

    Rakhee Kapadia

  5. Alembic Research Centre, Vadodara, Gujarat, India

    Vikas Singhai

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  1. Pharmaceutics, Sanjivani College of Pharmaceutical Edu, Maharashtra, India

    Namdev Dhas

  2. Faculty of Pharmacy, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India

    Jayvadan K. Patel

  3. College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL, USA

    Yashwant V. Pathak

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Bari, D., Das, U., Shevalkar, G., Kapadia, R., Singhai, V., Pardeshi, C. (2024). Advancements in Brain Lymphatic System and Its Involvement in Neurological Diseases. In: Dhas, N., Patel, J.K., Pathak, Y.V. (eds) Advanced Targeting of the Lymphatic System. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64828-1_2

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