Memory

Abstract

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of memory processes as fundamental components of human cognition. It begins by distinguishing between sensory memory, which briefly retains visual (iconic) and auditory (echoic) impressions; short-term memory (STM), which holds limited information for approximately 20–30 seconds; and long-term memory (LTM), which stores information permanently through synaptic strengthening. The discussion then focuses on working memory and its multicomponent model, detailing the roles of the central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer in the temporary storage and manipulation of information. The chapter further differentiates between episodic memory—responsible for personal, autobiographical events—and semantic memory, which stores general facts and knowledge. It also examines the neurobiological underpinnings of memory, highlighting the contributions of brain regions such as the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Finally, the chapter addresses the phenomenon of false memories and explores how cognitive biases, misinformation, and suggestive influences can distort recollection, with significant implications for legal, therapeutic, and social contexts.