Thanks to visit codestin.com
Credit goes to link.springer.com

Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Modulation of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis by Phytotherapy Using Different Delivery Approaches

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Recent updates in molecular Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology of Fish

  • 825 Accesses

  • 3 Citations

Abstract

Reproduction is arguably the most vital process in animals including fish that is being controlled by the brain through hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Several bioactive compounds from plants were recognized to be having a great role in promoting a variety of biological activities such as growth, immunomodulation, feed consumption and antioxidant activity or can act as antiviral agents. Moreover, phytochemicals have been used for several hundred years as additions to energize, vitalize and eventually curb the male and female reproductive functions. There can be different approaches to administer the plant-based bioactive compounds such as oral, immersion or injection methods. However, the nanodelivery approach forms an effective way to achieve the delivery to target tissues with less or no impediment. The nanodelivery approach improves the efficiency of targeted delivery of plant-based bioactive compounds. The phytochemicals can also be involved in phenotypic sex manipulations that sometimes become necessary in fisheries and aquaculture. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of available studies on the reproductive control via HPG axis along with different phytochemicals and their delivery approaches for reproductive modulation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+
from £29.99 /Month
  • Starting from 10 chapters or articles per month
  • Access and download chapters and articles from more than 300k books and 2,500 journals
  • Cancel anytime
View plans

Buy Now

Chapter
GBP 19.95
Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
GBP 159.50
Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
GBP 199.99
Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
GBP 199.99
Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, books and news in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.

References

  • Adimoelja, A., & Adaikan, P. G. (1997). Protodioscin from herbal plant Tribulus terrestris L. improves male sexual functions possibly via DHEA. International Journal of Impotence Research, 9, S64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aklakur, M., Asharf Rather, M., & Kumar, N. (2016). Nanodelivery: An emerging avenue for nutraceuticals and drug delivery. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 56(14), 2352–2361.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alishahi, A., Mirvaghefi, A., Rafiee, M., Farahmand, H., Shojaosadati, S. A., Dorkoosh, F., et al. (2011a). Shelf life and delivery enhancement of vitamin C using chitosan nanoparticles. Food Chemistry, 126, 935–940.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alishahi, A., Mirvaghefi, A., Tehrani, M. R., Farahmand, H., Koshio, S., & Dorkoosh, F. A. (2011b). Chitosan nanoparticle to carry vitamin C through the gastrointestinal tract and induce the non-specific immunity system of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Carbohydrate Polymers, 86(1), 142–146.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ampofo-Yeboah, A. (2013). Effect of phytogenic feed additives on gonadal development in Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). (PhD (Agric) thesis), University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ang, H. H., & Lee, K. L. (2002). Effect of Eurycoma longifolia Jack on orientation activities in middle-aged male rats. Fundamental Clinical Pharmacology, 16, 479–483.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ang, H. H., & Sim, M. K. (1997). Eurycoma longifolia Jack enhances libido in sexually experienced male rats. Journal of Experimental Animal Science, 46, 287–290.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhat, I. A., Ahmad, I., Mir, I. N., Bhat, R. A. H., Gireesh-Babu, P., Goswami, M., et al. (2019). Chitosan-eurycomanone nanoformulation acts on steroidogenesis pathway genes to increase the reproduction rate in fish. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 185, 237–247.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhat, I. A., Rather, M. A., Saha, R., Gireesh, B. P., Pavan, K. A., & Sharma, R. (2016). Expression analysis of Sox9 genes during annual reproductive cycles in gonads and after nanodelivery of LHRH in Clarias batrachus. Research in Veterinary Science, 100, 100–106.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borg, B. (1994). Androgens in teleost fishes. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology, 109, 219–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bromage, N., Jones, J., Randall, C., Thrush, M., Springate, J., Duston, J., & Barker, G. (1992). Broodstock management, fecundity, egg quality and the timing of egg production in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 100, 141–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boverhof, D. R., & David, R. M. (2010). Nanomaterial characterization: Considerations and needs for hazard assessment and safety evaluation. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 396, 953–961.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, R. A. (2001). Steroidogenesis. Retrieved from http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/basics/steroidogenesis.html.

  • Cek, S., Turan, F., & Atik, E. (2007). Masculinization of Convict Cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum) by Immersion in Tribulus terrestris extract. Aquaculture International, 15, 109–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborty, S. B., & Hancz, C. (2011). Application of phytochemicals as immunostimulant, antipathogenic and antistress agents in finfish culture. Reviews in Aquaculture, 3, 103–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cicero, A. F., Bandieri, E., & Arletti, R. (2001). Lepidium meyenii Walp. improves sexual behaviour in male rats independently from its action on spontaneous locomotor activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 75, 225–229.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cicero, A. F. G., Piacente, S., Plaza, A., Sala, E., Arletti, R., & Pizza, C. (2002). Hexanic Maca extract improves rat sexual performance more effectively than methanolic and chloroformic Maca extracts. Andrologia, 34(3), 177–179.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Citarasu, T. (2010). Herbal biomedicines: A new opportunity for aquaculture industry. Aquaculture International, 18, 403–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Citarasu, T., Sivaram, V., Immanuel, G., Rout, N., & Murugan, V. (2006). Influence of selected Indian immunostimulant herbs against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon with reference to haematological, biochemical and immunological changes. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 21, 372–384.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cogliati, K. M., Corkum, L. D., & Doucet, S. M. (2010). Bluegill coloration as a sexual ornament: Evidence from ontogeny, sexual dichromatism, and condition dependence. Ethology, 116, 416–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dhas, S. A., Selvaraj, T., Citarasu, T., Punitha, S. M. J., & Babu, M. M. (2015). Effect of supplemented diet with maturation plant extract on reproductive performance of Etroplus suratansis. Aquaculture Reports, 2, 58–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elahi, R. K., Asl, S., & Shahian, F. (2013). Study on the effects of various doses of Tribulus terrestris extract on epididymal sperm morphology and count in rat. Global Veterinaria, 10, 13–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, G., Levavi-Sivan, B., Avitan, A., & Becker, K. (2002). Effects of long term feeding of Quillaja saponins on sex ratio, muscle and serum cholesterol and LH levels in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus (L.)). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C, 133, 593–603.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabriel, N. N., Qiang, J., Ma, X. Y., He, J., Xu, P., & Omoregie, E. (2017). Sex-reversal effect of dietary Aloe vera (Liliaceae) on genetically improved farmed Nile tilapia fry. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 79(1), 100–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/15222055.2016.1236046.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ganzera, M., Bedir, E., & Khan, I. A. (2001). Determination of steroidal saponins in Tribulus terrestris by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light scattering detection. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 90, 1752–1758.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garg, L. C., & Parasar, G. C. (1965). Effect of Withania somnifera on reproduction in mice. Planta Medica, 13, 46–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gauthaman, K., Adaikan, P. G., Prasad, R. N. V., Goh, V. H. H., & Ng, S. C. (2000). Changes in hormonal parameters secondary to intravenous R.N.V. administration of Tribulus terrestris extract in primates. International Journal of Impotence Research, 12, 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golan, M., Biran, J., & Levavi-Sivan, B. (2014). A novel model for development, organization, and function of gonadotropes in fish pituitary. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 5(182), 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanukoglu, I. (1992). Steroidogenic enzymes: Structure, function, and role in regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 43(8), 779–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-0760(92)90307-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hejazi, R., & Amiji, M. (2003). Chitosan-based gastrointestinal delivery systems. Journal of Controlled Release, 89, 151–165.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Irshaid, F., & Mansi, K. (2009). Effects of leaf extract of Urtica pilulifera L. on male reproductive system of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2, 22–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jobling, M. (1995). Environmental biology of fishes (Fish and Fisheries Series) (Vol. 16, p. 455). Chapman & Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiriyakit, A. (2014). Efficacy of red kwao krua (Butea superb Roxb) crude extract for all male production of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aatsea, 10(2), 391–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koumanov, F., Bozadjieva, E., & Andreeva, M. (1982). Clinical trial of the drug Tribestan. Savremenna Medicina, 33(4), 211–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lampe, J. W. (2003). Spicing up a vegetarian diet: Chemopreventive effects of phytochemicals. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 78, 5795–5835.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lavan, D. A., McGuire, T., & Langer, R. (2003). Langer Small-scale systems for in vivo drug delivery. Nature Biotechnology, 21, 1184–1191.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, H. R., Peng, C., Van Der Kraak, G., & Peter, R. E. (1989). Dopamine inhibits gonadotropin secretion in the Chinese Loach (Paramisgurnus dabryanus). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 6(5), 285–288.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Low, B. S., Das, P. K., & Chan, K. L. (2013). Standardized quassinoid rich Eurycoma longifolia extract improved spermatogenesis and fertility in male rats via the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 145, 706–714.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, Y., Liu, C., Lam, P. K. S., Wu, R. S. S., Giesy, J. P., Hecker, M., et al. (2011). Modulation of steroidogenic gene expression and hormone synthesis in H295R cells exposed to PCP and TCP. Toxicology, 282, 146–153.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michael Babu, M. (1999). Developing bioencapsulated ayurvedic product for maturation and quality larval production in Penaeus monodon (Ph.D Thesis). Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee, D., Ghosal, I., & Chakraborty, S. B. (2015). Production of monosex Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus using seed of Mucuna pruriens. IOSR-JPBS, 10(1), 2319–7676.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noor, M. M., Nor, A. H. S. M., & Hassan, L. C. (2004). The effect of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) on sexual behaviour and sperm quality in rats. Malay Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 2, 53–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olaniyi, C. O., Adebowale, T. T., & Mustapha, R. O. (2016). Effect of mulberry leaf meal on growth and reproductive performance of African catfish. Journal of Zoology, 5(2), 20–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Omitoyin, B. O., Ajani, E. K., & Sadiq, H. O. (2013). Preliminary investigation of Tribulus terrestris (linn., 1753) extracts as natural sex reversal agent in Oreochromis niloticus (linn., 1758) larvae. International Journal of Aquaculture, 3, 133–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ponce, N., Pujol, C., Damonte, E., Flores, L., & Stortz, C. (2003). Fucoidans from the brown seaweed Adenocystis utricularis: Extraction methods, antiviral activity and structural studies. Carbohydrate Research, 338, 153–165.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramya, V. L., Sharma, R., Gireesh-Babu, P., Patchala, S. R., Rather, A., Nandanpawar, P. C., et al. (2014). Development of chitosan conjugated DNA vaccine against nodavirus in Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879). Journal of Fish Diseases, 37, 815–824.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rather, M. A., Bhat, I. A., Sharma, N., Gora, A., Ganie, P. A., & Sharma, R. (2017). Synthesis and characterization of Azadirachta indica constructed silver nanoparticles and their immunomodulatory activity in fish. Aquaculture Research, 48(7), 3742–3754.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rather, M. A., Dutta, S., Guttula, P. K., Dhandare, B. C., Yusufzai, S. I., & Zafar, M. I. (2020). Structural analysis, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations of G-protein-coupled receptor (kisspeptin) in fish. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics., 38(8), 2422–2439.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rather, M. A., Sharma, R., Aklakur, M., Ahmad, S., Kumar, N., Khan, M., et al. (2011). Nanotechnology: A novel tool for aquaculture and fisheries development. A prospective mini-review. Journal of Fish Aquaculture, 16, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rather, M. A., Sharma, R., Gupta, S., Ferosekhan, S., Ramya, V., & Jadhao, S. B. (2013). Chitosan-nanoconjugated hormone nanoparticles for sustained surge of gonadotropins and enhanced reproductive output in female fish. PloS one, 8, 57094.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ratnasooriya, W. D., & Dharmasiri, M. G. (2000). Effects of Terminalia catappa seeds on sexual behaviour and fertility of male rats. Asian Journal of Andrology, 2, 213–219.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ray, P. C., Yu, H., & Fu, P. P. (2009). Toxicity and environmental risks of nanomaterials: Challenges and future needs. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part C Environmental Carcinogenesis, 27, 1–35.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubio, J., Riqueros, M. I., Gasco, M., Yucra, S., Miranda, S., & Gonzales, G. F. (2006). Lepidium meyenii (Maca) reversed the lead acetate induced-damage on reproductive function in male rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 44(7), 1114–1122.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saksena, S., & Dixit, V. K. (1987). Role of total alkaloids of Mucuna pruriens Baker in spermatogenesis in Albino rats. Indian Journal of Natural Products, 3, 3–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, R. W., & Miura, T. (2002). Spermatogenesis and its endocrine regulation. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 26, 43–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silverthorn, D. U. (2010). Human physiology (5th ed., pp. 835–843). San Francisco: Pearson Education Inc..

    Google Scholar 

  • Turan, F., & Cek, S. (2007). Masculinization of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) treated with gokshura (Tribulus terrestris). Israeli Journal of Aquaculture Bamidgeh, 59, 224–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uguz, C., Iscan, M., & Toganand, I. (2003). Developmental genetics and physiology of sex differentiation in vertebrates. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 14, 9–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. (2008). The relationship between biomaterials and nanotechnology. Biomaterials, 29(12), 1737.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yakubu, M. T., Akanji, M. A., & Oladiji, A. T. (2005). Aphrodisiac potentials of the aqueous extract of Fadogia agrestis (Schweinf. Ex Hiern) stem in male albino rats. Asian Journal of Andrology, 7, 399–404.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yeganeh, S., Sotoudeh, A., & Movaffagh, A. N. (2017). Effects of Tribulus terrestris extract on growth and reproductive performance of male convict cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 17(5), 1003–1007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zanoli, P., Zavatti, M., Montanari, C., & Baraldi, M. (2009). Influence of Eurycoma longifolia on the copulatory activity of sexually sluggish and impotent male rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 126(2), 308–313.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. DIVA, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

    Ishfaq Nazir Mir

  2. College of Fisheries Science, Gumla, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India

    Irfan Ahmad Bhat

Authors
  1. Ishfaq Nazir Mir
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Irfan Ahmad Bhat
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Fish Genetics and Biotechnology, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, India

    Jitendra Kumar Sundaray

  2. Division of Fish Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Fisheries Rangil, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Mohd Ashraf Rather

  3. PG Institute of Fisheries Education & Research, Kamdhenu University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

    Sujit Kumar

  4. Fish Biotechnology, Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, TNJFU, Chennai, India

    Deepak Agarwal

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Mir, I.N., Bhat, I.A. (2021). Modulation of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis by Phytotherapy Using Different Delivery Approaches. In: Sundaray, J.K., Rather, M.A., Kumar, S., Agarwal, D. (eds) Recent updates in molecular Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology of Fish. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8369-8_16

Download citation

Keywords

Publish with us

Policies and ethics