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Bacterial Polysaccharides: An Overview

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Polysaccharides

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Abstract

Bacterial cell wall and membrane are associated with a variety of glycoconjugates and polysaccharides which aids in structural formation as well as performing various functions in the bacterial cell. In gram-negative bacteria, peptidoglycan is majorly present in the periplasmic space and it provides mechanical strength as well as shape to the cell. In some cases, the periplasm contains membrane-derived oligosaccharides (MDOs), which are involved in osmoregulation. The outer membrane mainly contains lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) that bind to divalent cations or chelators for structure stabilization and to increase outer membrane permeability. This LPS contains lipid A, also known as endotoxin, which has shown a powerful biological effect in mammals such as fever, septic shock, multiple organ failure, and mortality. The mucoid (slime-producing) strains contain capsular polysaccharide which aids as virulence factor. The gram-positive bacteria lack an outer membrane and have a much thicker peptidoglycan layer along with a specialized polysaccharide known as teichoic acid. It provides cell wall integrity through complex formation with cations and also assists in cell growth regulation. The present report attempts to provide an overview of bacterial polysaccharide structure, occurrence, and their important functions, along with the biosynthesis and major inhibitors to block biosynthetic pathways.

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Abbreviations

ABC:

ATP-binding cassette

ACP:

Acyl carrier protein

CPS:

Capsular polysaccharide

Gal:

Galactose

Glc:

Glucose

GlcNAc:

N-Acetylglucosamine

GT:

Glycosyltransferase

HMM-PBPs:

High molecular mass PBPs

LAL assay:

Limulus amebocyte lysate assay

LOS:

Lipooligosaccharides

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharides

LTA polymers:

Lipoteichoic acid polymers

lDAP:

l-Diaminopimelic acid

Man:

Mannose

MDOs:

Membrane-derived oligosaccharides

MurNaC:

N-Acetylmuramic acid

NBD:

Nucleotide-binding domain

OPGs:

Osmoregulated periplasmic glucans

PBPs:

Penicillin-binding proteins

PG:

Lysophosphatidylglycerol

WTAs:

Wall TAs

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Acknowledgments

The authors, S. M. and V. S., would like to thank the Department of Biotechnology (DBT, India) for providing them assistance in the form of a grant. S. M. and V. S. are the recipients of the DBT-RA.

Authors contributed equally to this work.

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  1. Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology – Delhi, Hauz Khas, 110 016, New Delhi, India

    Swati Misra, Varsha Sharma & Ashok Kumar Srivastava

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  1. Swati Misra
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  2. Varsha Sharma
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Correspondence to Varsha Sharma .

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  1. Botany Department, M.L.Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India

    Kishan Gopal Ramawat

  2. Groupe d’Etude des Substances Végétales à Activité Biologique, Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Villenave d'Ornon, France

    Jean-Michel Mérillon

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Misra, S., Sharma, V., Srivastava, A.K. (2015). Bacterial Polysaccharides: An Overview. In: Ramawat, K., Mérillon, JM. (eds) Polysaccharides. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0_68

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