{-123456: } # '-123456'

<attr_name_2>: <type> = <default_value>

<attr_name_3>: list/dict/set = field(default_factory=list/dict/set)

* **Objects can be made sortable with `'order=True'` and immutable with `'frozen=True'`.**

* **For object to be hashable, all attributes must be hashable and frozen must be True.**

* **Function field() is needed because `'<attr_name>: list = []'` would make a list that is shared among all instances.**

from functools import partial

LogicOp = Enum('LogicOp', {'AND': partial(lambda l, r: l and r),

Exceptions

<code_3>

* **Code inside the `'else'` block will only be executed if `'try'` block had no exceptions.**

sorted_by_both = sorted(<collection>, key=op.itemgetter(1, 0))

product_of_elems = functools.reduce(op.mul, <collection>)

union_of_sets = functools.reduce(op.or_, <coll_of_sets>)

last_el = op.methodcaller('pop')(<list>)

<header>

<a href="https://gto76.github.io" rel="author">Jure Šorn</a>

</header>

{<span class="hljs-string">'abcde'</span>!r:<span class="hljs-number">10</span>} <span class="hljs-comment"># "'abcde' "</span>

{<span class="hljs-number">-123456</span>: } <span class="hljs-comment"># '-123456'</span>

<li><strong>Objects can be made sortable with <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'order=True'</span></code> and immutable with <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'frozen=True'</span></code>.</strong></li>

<li><strong>For object to be hashable, all attributes must be hashable and frozen must be True.</strong></li>

<li><strong>Function field() is needed because <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'&lt;attr_name&gt;: list = []'</span></code> would make a list that is shared among all instances.</strong></li>

<div><h4 id="userdefinedfunctionscannotbevaluessotheymustbewrapped">User-defined functions cannot be values, so they must be wrapped:</h4><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> functools <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> partial

LogicOp = Enum(<span class="hljs-string">'LogicOp'</span>, {<span class="hljs-string">'AND'</span>: partial(<span class="hljs-keyword">lambda</span> l, r: l <span class="hljs-keyword">and</span> r),

<div><h2 id="exceptions"><a href="#exceptions" name="exceptions">#</a>Exceptions</h2><div><h3 id="basicexample">Basic Example</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-keyword">try</span>:

&lt;code&gt;

<li><strong>Code inside the <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'else'</span></code> block will only be executed if <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'try'</span></code> block had no exceptions.</strong></li>

<div><h3 id="catchingexceptions">Catching Exceptions</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-keyword">except</span> &lt;exception&gt;:

<span class="hljs-keyword">except</span> &lt;exception&gt; <span class="hljs-keyword">as</span> &lt;name&gt;:

sorted_by_both = sorted(&lt;collection&gt;, key=op.itemgetter(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>))

product_of_elems = functools.reduce(op.mul, &lt;collection&gt;)

union_of_sets = functools.reduce(op.or_, &lt;coll_of_sets&gt;)

last_el = op.methodcaller(<span class="hljs-string">'pop'</span>)(&lt;list&gt;)

<div><h2 id="introspection"><a href="#introspection" name="introspection">#</a>Introspection</h2><p><strong>Inspecting code at runtime.</strong></p><div><h3 id="variables">Variables</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs">&lt;list&gt; = dir() <span class="hljs-comment"># Names of local variables (incl. functions).</span>

<footer>

<a href="https://gto76.github.io" rel="author">Jure Šorn</a>

</footer>

<details open><summary><strong>Python 2 or Python 3?</strong></summary><br>

<details open><summary><strong>What is the best way to use it?</strong></summary><br>