From e320d960fab74f0dfafa9e80f2ee7ddf3e2fba82 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jim Cramer Date: Sun, 25 Mar 2018 19:16:19 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 01/13] fixed broken links to fundamentals in READMEs --- Week1/README.md | 2 +- Week2/README.md | 4 ++-- Week3/README.md | 4 ++-- 3 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/Week1/README.md b/Week1/README.md index 6105e7b33..bd82e7722 100644 --- a/Week1/README.md +++ b/Week1/README.md @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Here are resources that we like you to read as a preparation for the first lectu ### Fundamentals -- [XMLHttpRequest](../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/XMLHttpRequest.md) +- [XMLHttpRequest](../../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/XMLHttpRequest.md) ### APIs diff --git a/Week2/README.md b/Week2/README.md index 1185ae2f1..e55018f74 100644 --- a/Week2/README.md +++ b/Week2/README.md @@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ Here are resources that we like you to read as a preparation for the second lect ### Fundamentals -- [Event Loop](../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/event_loop.md) -- [Promises](../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/promises.md) +- [Event Loop](../../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/event_loop.md) +- [Promises](../../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/promises.md) _Please go through the material and come to class prepared!_ diff --git a/Week3/README.md b/Week3/README.md index ddd2b9a5e..9a988708d 100644 --- a/Week3/README.md +++ b/Week3/README.md @@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ Here are resources that we like you to read as a preparation for the third lectu ### Fundamentals -- [Object-Oriented Programming & Classes](../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/oop_classes.md) -- [What is 'this'?](../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/this.md) +- [Object-Oriented Programming & Classes]../../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/oop_classes.md) +- [What is 'this'?](../../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/this.md) ### `call` `apply`, `bind` From 0c6d01236549c8e59cbf1e4c7064bcda0105978c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jim Cramer Date: Sun, 25 Mar 2018 19:18:03 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 02/13] fixed link --- Week3/README.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/Week3/README.md b/Week3/README.md index 9a988708d..a7472cff3 100644 --- a/Week3/README.md +++ b/Week3/README.md @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Here are resources that we like you to read as a preparation for the third lectu ### Fundamentals -- [Object-Oriented Programming & Classes]../../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/oop_classes.md) +- [Object-Oriented Programming & Classes](../../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/oop_classes.md) - [What is 'this'?](../../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/this.md) ### `call` `apply`, `bind` From 1c00a29f8988771389e14fbf0c32835ec491a7a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jim Cramer Date: Sun, 25 Mar 2018 19:22:04 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 03/13] added week2 bonus assignments --- Week2/MAKEME.md | 5 +++++ 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+) diff --git a/Week2/MAKEME.md b/Week2/MAKEME.md index 16852bd19..a7f7581f9 100644 --- a/Week2/MAKEME.md +++ b/Week2/MAKEME.md @@ -35,6 +35,11 @@ The assignment for this week is: - Replace all asynchronous callbacks (e.g. as used with XMLHttpRequest) by ES6 promises. - Beautify your app's styling. +Bonus assignments: + +- Make your app responsive +- Make your app ARIA-compliant + Note: 1. Please remove all redundant, commented-out code and console.log's from your files before pushing your homework as finished. There is no need for your mentors to review this stuff. From 6d347fa6f5700a975fd8388a7a5db8a21cbb55f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jim Cramer Date: Mon, 26 Mar 2018 09:27:15 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 04/13] removed lecture examples (will post in separate repo) --- Week1/lecture/.eslintrc | 38 - Week1/lecture/.gitignore | 59 - Week1/lecture/.vscode/settings.json | 6 - Week1/lecture/1-callback/callback.js | 12 - Week1/lecture/10-xhr-base/app.js | 32 - Week1/lecture/10-xhr-base/index.html | 16 - Week1/lecture/11-xhr-callback/app.js | 46 - Week1/lecture/11-xhr-callback/index.html | 16 - Week1/lecture/12-xhr-render/app.js | 48 - Week1/lecture/12-xhr-render/index.html | 16 - Week1/lecture/13-xhr-html/index.html | 29 - Week1/lecture/14-xhr-first/app.js | 71 - Week1/lecture/14-xhr-first/index.html | 16 - Week1/lecture/15-xhr-dry/app.js | 70 - Week1/lecture/15-xhr-dry/index.html | 16 - Week1/lecture/16-xhr-dryer/app.js | 73 - Week1/lecture/16-xhr-dryer/index.html | 16 - Week1/lecture/99-final/app.js | 170 - Week1/lecture/99-final/index.html | 18 - Week1/lecture/99-final/style.css | 69 - Week1/lecture/README.md | 133 - Week1/lecture/live-coding/app.js | 17 - Week1/lecture/package.json | 22 - Week1/lecture/server/db.json | 34749 --------------------- Week1/lecture/server/server.js | 13 - 25 files changed, 35771 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 Week1/lecture/.eslintrc delete mode 100644 Week1/lecture/.gitignore delete mode 100644 Week1/lecture/.vscode/settings.json delete mode 100644 Week1/lecture/1-callback/callback.js delete mode 100644 Week1/lecture/10-xhr-base/app.js delete mode 100644 Week1/lecture/10-xhr-base/index.html delete mode 100644 Week1/lecture/11-xhr-callback/app.js delete mode 100644 Week1/lecture/11-xhr-callback/index.html delete mode 100644 Week1/lecture/12-xhr-render/app.js delete mode 100644 Week1/lecture/12-xhr-render/index.html delete mode 100644 Week1/lecture/13-xhr-html/index.html delete mode 100644 Week1/lecture/14-xhr-first/app.js delete mode 100644 Week1/lecture/14-xhr-first/index.html delete mode 100644 Week1/lecture/15-xhr-dry/app.js delete mode 100644 Week1/lecture/15-xhr-dry/index.html delete mode 100644 Week1/lecture/16-xhr-dryer/app.js delete mode 100644 Week1/lecture/16-xhr-dryer/index.html delete mode 100644 Week1/lecture/99-final/app.js delete mode 100644 Week1/lecture/99-final/index.html delete mode 100644 Week1/lecture/99-final/style.css delete mode 100644 Week1/lecture/README.md delete mode 100644 Week1/lecture/live-coding/app.js delete mode 100644 Week1/lecture/package.json delete mode 100644 Week1/lecture/server/db.json delete mode 100644 Week1/lecture/server/server.js diff --git a/Week1/lecture/.eslintrc b/Week1/lecture/.eslintrc deleted file mode 100644 index f454282cc..000000000 --- a/Week1/lecture/.eslintrc +++ /dev/null @@ -1,38 +0,0 @@ -{ - "env": { - "browser": true, - "commonjs": true, - "es6": true, - "node": true - }, - "parserOptions": { - "ecmaFeatures": { - "jsx": true - }, - "sourceType": "module" - }, - "extends": ["eslint:recommended"], - "rules": { - "no-const-assign": "warn", - "no-this-before-super": "warn", - "no-undef": "warn", - "no-unreachable": "warn", - "no-unused-vars": "warn", - "constructor-super": "warn", - "valid-typeof": "warn", - "no-var": "warn", - "prefer-const": "warn", - "no-multiple-empty-lines": "warn", - "eol-last": ["error", "always"], - "no-console": "off", - "camelcase": "warn", - "eqeqeq": [ - "error", - "always", - { - "null": "ignore" - } - ], - "semi": ["warn", "always"] - } -} diff --git a/Week1/lecture/.gitignore b/Week1/lecture/.gitignore deleted file mode 100644 index 00cbbdf53..000000000 --- a/Week1/lecture/.gitignore +++ /dev/null @@ -1,59 +0,0 @@ -# Logs -logs -*.log -npm-debug.log* -yarn-debug.log* -yarn-error.log* - -# Runtime data -pids -*.pid -*.seed -*.pid.lock - -# Directory for instrumented libs generated by jscoverage/JSCover -lib-cov - -# Coverage directory used by tools like istanbul -coverage - -# nyc test coverage -.nyc_output - -# Grunt intermediate storage (http://gruntjs.com/creating-plugins#storing-task-files) -.grunt - -# Bower dependency directory (https://bower.io/) -bower_components - -# node-waf configuration -.lock-wscript - -# Compiled binary addons (http://nodejs.org/api/addons.html) -build/Release - -# Dependency directories -node_modules/ -jspm_packages/ - -# Typescript v1 declaration files -typings/ - -# Optional npm cache directory -.npm - -# Optional eslint cache -.eslintcache - -# Optional REPL history -.node_repl_history - -# Output of 'npm pack' -*.tgz - -# Yarn Integrity file -.yarn-integrity - -# dotenv environment variables file -.env - diff --git a/Week1/lecture/.vscode/settings.json b/Week1/lecture/.vscode/settings.json deleted file mode 100644 index 593d5011a..000000000 --- a/Week1/lecture/.vscode/settings.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cSpell.words": [ - "firstname", - "whiteframe" - ] -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Week1/lecture/1-callback/callback.js b/Week1/lecture/1-callback/callback.js deleted file mode 100644 index 942c8c354..000000000 --- a/Week1/lecture/1-callback/callback.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,12 +0,0 @@ -'use strict'; - -function timerStopped() { - console.log('timer stopped'); -} - -function startTimer(duration, callback) { - console.log('timer started'); - setTimeout(callback, duration); -} - -startTimer(2000, timerStopped); diff --git a/Week1/lecture/10-xhr-base/app.js b/Week1/lecture/10-xhr-base/app.js deleted file mode 100644 index 62c524001..000000000 --- a/Week1/lecture/10-xhr-base/app.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,32 +0,0 @@ -'use strict'; -{ - const API = { - endpoints: { - laureate: 'http://api.nobelprize.org/v1/laureate.json?', - prize: 'http://api.nobelprize.org/v1/prize.json?' - }, - queries: [ - { - description: 'All female laureates', - endpoint: 'laureate', - queryString: 'gender=female' - } - ] - }; - - const url = API.endpoints.laureate + API.queries[0].queryString; - - const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); - xhr.open('GET', url); - xhr.responseType = 'json'; - xhr.onreadystatechange = () => { - if (xhr.readyState === 4) { - if (xhr.status < 400) { - console.log(xhr.response); - } else { - console.error(xhr.statusText); - } - } - }; - xhr.send(); -} diff --git a/Week1/lecture/10-xhr-base/index.html b/Week1/lecture/10-xhr-base/index.html deleted file mode 100644 index 563fb7227..000000000 --- a/Week1/lecture/10-xhr-base/index.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - Codestin Search App - - - -
- - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Week1/lecture/11-xhr-callback/app.js b/Week1/lecture/11-xhr-callback/app.js deleted file mode 100644 index 365e1b555..000000000 --- a/Week1/lecture/11-xhr-callback/app.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,46 +0,0 @@ -'use strict'; -{ - const API = { - endpoints: { - laureate: 'http://api.nobelprize.org/v1/laureate.json?', - prize: 'http://api.nobelprize.org/v1/prize.json?' - }, - queries: [ - { - description: 'All female laureates', - endpoint: 'laureate', - queryString: 'gender=female' - } - ] - }; - - function main() { - const url = API.endpoints.laureate + API.queries[0].queryString; - - fetchJSON(url, (err, data) => { - if (err) { - console.error(err.message); - } else { - console.log(data); - } - }); - } - - function fetchJSON(url, cb) { - const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); - xhr.open('GET', url); - xhr.responseType = 'json'; - xhr.onreadystatechange = () => { - if (xhr.readyState === 4) { - if (xhr.status < 400) { - cb(null, xhr.response); - } else { - cb(new Error(xhr.statusText)); - } - } - }; - xhr.send(); - } - - window.onload = main; -} diff --git a/Week1/lecture/11-xhr-callback/index.html b/Week1/lecture/11-xhr-callback/index.html deleted file mode 100644 index 563fb7227..000000000 --- a/Week1/lecture/11-xhr-callback/index.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - Codestin Search App - - - -
- - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Week1/lecture/12-xhr-render/app.js b/Week1/lecture/12-xhr-render/app.js deleted file mode 100644 index 720904d59..000000000 --- a/Week1/lecture/12-xhr-render/app.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,48 +0,0 @@ -'use strict'; -{ - const API = { - endpoints: { - laureate: 'http://api.nobelprize.org/v1/laureate.json?', - prize: 'http://api.nobelprize.org/v1/prize.json?' - }, - queries: [ - { - description: 'All female laureates', - endpoint: 'laureate', - queryString: 'gender=female' - } - ] - }; - - function main() { - const url = API.endpoints.laureate + API.queries[0].queryString; - fetchJSON(url, (err, data) => { - if (err) { - console.error(err.message); - return; - } - const root = document.getElementById('root'); - const pre = document.createElement('pre'); - root.appendChild(pre); - pre.innerHTML = JSON.stringify(data, null, 2); - }); - } - - function fetchJSON(url, cb) { - const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); - xhr.open('GET', url); - xhr.responseType = 'json'; - xhr.onreadystatechange = () => { - if (xhr.readyState === 4) { - if (xhr.status < 400) { - cb(null, xhr.response); - } else { - cb(new Error(xhr.statusText)); - } - } - }; - xhr.send(); - } - - window.onload = main; -} diff --git a/Week1/lecture/12-xhr-render/index.html b/Week1/lecture/12-xhr-render/index.html deleted file mode 100644 index 563fb7227..000000000 --- a/Week1/lecture/12-xhr-render/index.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - Codestin Search App - - - -
- - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Week1/lecture/13-xhr-html/index.html b/Week1/lecture/13-xhr-html/index.html deleted file mode 100644 index 4cebd10aa..000000000 --- a/Week1/lecture/13-xhr-html/index.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,29 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - Codestin Search App - - - -
-
-
- - - - - - - -
Name:Marie Curie, née Sklodowska
-
-
-
- - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Week1/lecture/14-xhr-first/app.js b/Week1/lecture/14-xhr-first/app.js deleted file mode 100644 index 6b8111384..000000000 --- a/Week1/lecture/14-xhr-first/app.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,71 +0,0 @@ -'use strict'; -{ - const API = { - endpoints: { - laureate: 'http://api.nobelprize.org/v1/laureate.json?', - prize: 'http://api.nobelprize.org/v1/prize.json?' - }, - queries: [ - { - description: 'All female laureates', - endpoint: 'laureate', - queryString: 'gender=female' - } - ] - }; - - function main() { - const url = API.endpoints.laureate + API.queries[0].queryString; - fetchJSON(url, (err, data) => { - if (err) { - console.error(err.message); - return; - } - renderLaureates(data.laureates); - }); - } - - function renderLaureates(laureates) { - const root = document.getElementById('root'); - const listContainer = document.createElement('div'); - root.appendChild(listContainer); - listContainer.id = 'list-container'; - - laureates.forEach(laureate => { - const listItem = document.createElement('div'); - listItem.className = 'list-item'; - listContainer.appendChild(listItem); - const table = document.createElement('table'); - listItem.appendChild(table); - const tbody = document.createElement('tbody'); - table.appendChild(tbody); - const tr = document.createElement('tr'); - tbody.appendChild(tr); - const td1 = document.createElement('td'); - tr.appendChild(td1); - td1.className = 'label'; - td1.innerHTML = 'Name:'; - const td2 = document.createElement('td'); - tr.appendChild(td2); - td2.innerHTML = laureate.firstname + ' ' + (laureate.surname || ''); - }); - } - - function fetchJSON(url, cb) { - const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); - xhr.open('GET', url); - xhr.responseType = 'json'; - xhr.onreadystatechange = () => { - if (xhr.readyState === 4) { - if (xhr.status < 400) { - cb(null, xhr.response); - } else { - cb(new Error(xhr.statusText)); - } - } - }; - xhr.send(); - } - - window.onload = main; -} diff --git a/Week1/lecture/14-xhr-first/index.html b/Week1/lecture/14-xhr-first/index.html deleted file mode 100644 index 563fb7227..000000000 --- a/Week1/lecture/14-xhr-first/index.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - Codestin Search App - - - -
- - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Week1/lecture/15-xhr-dry/app.js b/Week1/lecture/15-xhr-dry/app.js deleted file mode 100644 index 9809a14f4..000000000 --- a/Week1/lecture/15-xhr-dry/app.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,70 +0,0 @@ -'use strict'; -{ - const API = { - endpoints: { - laureate: 'http://api.nobelprize.org/v1/laureate.json?', - prize: 'http://api.nobelprize.org/v1/prize.json?' - }, - queries: [ - { - description: 'All female laureates', - endpoint: 'laureate', - queryString: 'gender=female' - } - ] - }; - - function main() { - const url = API.endpoints.laureate + API.queries[0].queryString; - fetchJSON(url, (err, data) => { - if (err) { - console.error(err.message); - return; - } - renderLaureates(data.laureates); - }); - } - - function renderLaureates(laureates) { - const root = document.getElementById('root'); - const listContainer = createAndAppend('div', root); - listContainer.id = 'list-container'; - - laureates.forEach(laureate => { - const listItem = createAndAppend('div', listContainer); - listItem.className = 'list-item'; - const table = createAndAppend('table', listItem); - const tbody = createAndAppend('tbody', table); - const tr = createAndAppend('tr', tbody); - const td1 = createAndAppend('td', tr); - td1.className = 'label'; - td1.innerHTML = 'Name:'; - const td2 = createAndAppend('td', tr); - td2.innerHTML = laureate.firstname + ' ' + (laureate.surname || ''); - }); - } - - function createAndAppend(name, parent) { - const elem = document.createElement(name); - parent.appendChild(elem); - return elem; - } - - function fetchJSON(url, cb) { - const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); - xhr.open('GET', url); - xhr.responseType = 'json'; - xhr.onreadystatechange = () => { - if (xhr.readyState === 4) { - if (xhr.status < 400) { - cb(null, xhr.response); - } else { - cb(new Error(xhr.statusText)); - } - } - }; - xhr.send(); - } - - window.onload = main; -} diff --git a/Week1/lecture/15-xhr-dry/index.html b/Week1/lecture/15-xhr-dry/index.html deleted file mode 100644 index 563fb7227..000000000 --- a/Week1/lecture/15-xhr-dry/index.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - Codestin Search App - - - -
- - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Week1/lecture/16-xhr-dryer/app.js b/Week1/lecture/16-xhr-dryer/app.js deleted file mode 100644 index 0c0b53554..000000000 --- a/Week1/lecture/16-xhr-dryer/app.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,73 +0,0 @@ -'use strict'; -{ - const API = { - endpoints: { - laureate: 'http://api.nobelprize.org/v1/laureate.json?', - prize: 'http://api.nobelprize.org/v1/prize.json?' - }, - queries: [ - { - description: 'All female laureates', - endpoint: 'laureate', - queryString: 'gender=female' - } - ] - }; - - function main() { - const url = API.endpoints.laureate + API.queries[0].queryString; - fetchJSON(url, (err, data) => { - if (err) { - console.error(err.message); - return; - } - renderLaureates(data.laureates); - }); - } - - function renderLaureates(laureates) { - const root = document.getElementById('root'); - const listContainer = createAndAppend('div', root, { id: 'list-container' }); - - laureates.forEach(laureate => { - const listItem = createAndAppend('div', listContainer, { class: 'list-item' }); - const table = createAndAppend('table', listItem); - const tbody = createAndAppend('tbody', table); - const tr = createAndAppend('tr', tbody); - createAndAppend('td', tr, { class: 'label', html: 'Name:' }); - createAndAppend('td', tr, { html: laureate.firstname + ' ' + (laureate.surname || '') }); - }); - } - - function createAndAppend(name, parent, options = {}) { - const elem = document.createElement(name); - parent.appendChild(elem); - Object.keys(options).forEach(key => { - const value = options[key]; - if (key === 'html') { - elem.innerHTML = value; - } else { - elem.setAttribute(key, value); - } - }); - return elem; - } - - function fetchJSON(url, cb) { - const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); - xhr.open('GET', url); - xhr.responseType = 'json'; - xhr.onreadystatechange = () => { - if (xhr.readyState === 4) { - if (xhr.status < 400) { - cb(null, xhr.response); - } else { - cb(new Error(xhr.statusText)); - } - } - }; - xhr.send(); - } - - window.onload = main; -} diff --git a/Week1/lecture/16-xhr-dryer/index.html b/Week1/lecture/16-xhr-dryer/index.html deleted file mode 100644 index 563fb7227..000000000 --- a/Week1/lecture/16-xhr-dryer/index.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - Codestin Search App - - - -
- - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Week1/lecture/99-final/app.js b/Week1/lecture/99-final/app.js deleted file mode 100644 index 87a5ff570..000000000 --- a/Week1/lecture/99-final/app.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,170 +0,0 @@ -'use strict'; -{ - const API = { - endpoints: { - laureate: 'http://api.nobelprize.org/v1/laureate.json?', - prize: 'http://api.nobelprize.org/v1/prize.json?' - }, - queries: [ - { - description: 'Select a query', - endpoint: '' - }, - { - description: 'All female laureates', - endpoint: 'laureate', - queryString: 'gender=female' - }, - { - description: 'All Dutch laureates', - endpoint: 'laureate', - queryString: 'bornCountryCode=NL' - }, - { - description: 'Physics prizes 1900-1925', - endpoint: 'prize', - queryString: 'year=1925&yearTo=25&category=physics' - }, - { - description: 'Nobel Prizes 2017', - endpoint: 'prize', - queryString: 'year=2017' - }, - { - description: 'Physicists working on quantum electrodynamics', - endpoint: 'laureate', - queryString: 'motivation=quantum electrodynamics' - }, - ] - }; - - function main() { - const root = document.getElementById('root'); - createAndAppend('h1', root, { html: 'Nobel Prize Winners' }); - const header = createAndAppend('div', root); - - const select = createAndAppend('select', header, { - placeholder: 'Select a query' - }); - API.queries.forEach(query => { - const url = query.endpoint !== '' - ? API.endpoints[query.endpoint] + query.queryString - : ''; - createAndAppend('option', select, { - html: query.description, - value: url - }); - }); - select.addEventListener('change', e => onQueryChange(e.target.value)); - - createAndAppend('div', root, { id: 'list-container' }); - } - - function onQueryChange(url) { - const listContainer = document.getElementById('list-container'); - listContainer.innerHTML = ''; - if (url === '') { - return; - } - - fetchJSON(url, (error, data) => { - if (error) { - console.log(error); - return; - } - if ('prizes' in data) { - renderPrizes(data.prizes, listContainer); - } else if ('laureates' in data) { - renderLaureates(data.laureates, listContainer); - } - }); - } - - function renderPrizes(prizes, listContainer) { - prizes.forEach(prize => { - const div = createAndAppend('div', listContainer, { - class: 'list-item' - }); - const table = createAndAppend('table', div); - const tbody = createAndAppend('tbody', table); - addRow(tbody, 'Year', prize.year); - addRow(tbody, 'Category', prize.category); - - let ulString = '
    '; - prize.laureates.forEach(laureate => { - ulString += `
  • ${laureate.firstname} ${laureate.surname || ''}`; - if (laureate.motivation) { - ulString += `:
    ${laureate.motivation}`; - } - ulString += '
    • '; - }); - ulString += '
'; - - addRow(tbody, 'Laureate(s)', ulString); - }); - } - - function renderLaureates(laureates, listContainer) { - laureates.forEach(laureate => { - const { surname, firstname } = laureate; - const div = createAndAppend('div', listContainer, { - class: 'list-item' - }); - const table = createAndAppend('table', div); - const tbody = createAndAppend('tbody', table); - addRow(tbody, 'Name', `${firstname} ${surname || ''} `); - addRow(tbody, 'Born', laureate.born + '
' + laureate.bornCountry); - if (laureate.died !== '0000-00-00') { - addRow(tbody, 'Died', laureate.died + '
' + laureate.diedCountry); - } - let ulString = '
    '; - laureate.prizes.forEach(prize => { - ulString += `
  • ${prize.year}, ${prize.category}`; - if (prize.motivation) { - ulString += `:
    ${prize.motivation}`; - } - ulString += '
    • '; - }); - ulString += '
'; - addRow(tbody, 'Prize(s)', ulString); - }); - } - - function addRow(tbody, label, value) { - const tr = createAndAppend('tr', tbody); - createAndAppend('td', tr, { html: label + ':', class: 'label' }); - createAndAppend('td', tr, { html: value }); - } - - function createAndAppend(name, parent, options = {}) { - const elem = document.createElement(name); - parent.appendChild(elem); - Object.keys(options).forEach(key => { - const value = options[key]; - if (key === 'html') { - elem.innerHTML = value; - } else { - elem.setAttribute(key, value); - } - }); - return elem; - } - - function fetchJSON(url, cb) { - const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); - xhr.open('GET', url); - xhr.responseType = 'json'; - xhr.onreadystatechange = () => { - if (xhr.readyState === 4) { - if (xhr.status < 400) { - cb(null, xhr.response); - } else { - cb(new Error(xhr.statusText)); - } - } - }; - xhr.send(); - } - - window.onload = main; -} diff --git a/Week1/lecture/99-final/index.html b/Week1/lecture/99-final/index.html deleted file mode 100644 index 27188af52..000000000 --- a/Week1/lecture/99-final/index.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,18 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - Codestin Search App - - - -
- - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Week1/lecture/99-final/style.css b/Week1/lecture/99-final/style.css deleted file mode 100644 index dc945aebb..000000000 --- a/Week1/lecture/99-final/style.css +++ /dev/null @@ -1,69 +0,0 @@ -body { - font-family: 'Roboto', sans-serif; - width: 640px; - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - background-color: #fafafa; -} - -.toolbar { - display: flex; - flex-direction: row; - justify-content: flex-start; - align-content: center; - padding: 8px; - border: solid 1px darkgray; - border-radius: 0.25rem; - background-color: white; -} - -select { - margin-bottom: 16px; - font-size: 14px; - width: 100%; - height: 32px; -} - -table { - margin-top: 16px; - padding: 16px; - table-layout: fixed; - color: rgb(0, 0, 0, 81%); -} - -td { - padding: 10px; - vertical-align: top; -} - -td:first-child { - width: 80px; -} - -td.label { - font-weight: bold; -} - -td ul { - margin-top: 0; - margin-bottom: 0; - padding-left: 16px; -} - -td li { - padding-bottom: 8px; -} - -#list-container { - display: flex; - flex-direction: column; -} - -.list-item { - margin-bottom: 8px; - border: none; - border-radius: 2px; - background-color: #fff; - box-shadow: 0 1px 8px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2), 0 3px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14), - 0 3px 3px -2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12); -} diff --git a/Week1/lecture/README.md b/Week1/lecture/README.md deleted file mode 100644 index 9d84bfea2..000000000 --- a/Week1/lecture/README.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,133 +0,0 @@ -# JavaScript 3 - Week 1 - -## Preparations - -- Ensure that Node 8+ LTS is installed -- Ensure that ESLint is installed globally -- Check VSCode settings on students machines, formatOnXXX, snippetSuggestions -- Check VSCode extensions: Code Spell Checker, ESLint and View in Browser -- Create a hyf-javascript3 repo on GitHub with .gitignore and README -- Add a .eslintrc file -- Create week1, week2 and week3 folders -- Create handson1 folder - -## Lecture - -### Content - -We are building a Single Page Application that uses the [Nobel Prize API](https://nobelprize.readme.io/). - -New concepts covered during this lecture: - -- Creating a Single Page Application (SPA). -- Calling a remote [API](https://medium.freecodecamp.org/what-is-an-api-in-english-please-b880a3214a82) with [XMLHttpRequest](https://github.com/HackYourFuture/fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/XMLHttpRequest.md). -- Using asynchronous callbacks in conjunction with XMLHttpRequest. -- Applying the DRY principle ([Don't Repeat Yourself](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_repeat_yourself)) by creating utility functions that take care of much of the boring, repetitive work. - -Use the `live-coding` folder for all live coding. - -### 99-final - -- Show the final version as target for the end of the lecture. - -### 1-callback - -- Revisit (async) callbacks. - -### 10-xhr-base - -- Explain what an API is. -- [Todd Motto's Public APIs](https://github.com/toddmotto/public-apis) -- Install JSON View Chrome extension -- [Awesome JSON Datasets](https://github.com/jdorfman/awesome-json-datasets) -- Play with [Nobel Prize API](https://nobelprize.readme.io/) -- Find documentation for XMLHttpRequest - Google: `mdn xmlhttprequest` -- Explain that XMLHttpRequest is provided by the browser, not by JavaScript. It is not available in Node. -- Demonstrate base version of XMLHttpRequest. -- Open the Chrome Developer Tools and examine the console and the network tab. -- Add a console.log to show the `readyState`. -- Change the queryString to an unsupported value and demonstrate the error case. - -### 11-xhr-callback - -- Refactor code to create a reusable `fetchJSON` function taking a `url` and a callback as given in folder `11-xhr-callback`. - -### 12-xhr-render - -- Render the data as a `pre` tag showing the JSON data - -### 13-xhr-html - -- Show an example of the HTML we want to create dynamically from the JSON data - -### 14-xhr-first - -- First version of rudimentary HTML - -### 15-xhr-dry - -- Create a `createAndAppend` function: DRY. -- Explain that functions allow us to abstract away details so we can concentrate on the task at hand. -- Explain the benefits of reusability. - -### 16-xhr-dryer - -- Demonstrate improved version of `createAndAppend`. - -### 99-final - -This folder contains the finished version of the Nobel Prize SPA: - -- It adds styling through an external stylesheet (`style.css`), that is loaded via the `index.html` file. -- It adds a `` element, so that a new XMLHttpRequest is made whenever the selection changes. -- It extends the `createAndAppend` function with an ability to specify the `innerHTML` and any HTML attributes to the newly created element in a single call to `createAndAppend`. This is done via an optional third parameter, named `options`. - -#### createAndAppend - -The extended version of `createAndAppend` is shown below. The added third parameter `options` is optional. If you supply this parameter when calling `createAndAppend` it must be an object with HTML attribute names and values. If you don't supply it, the value of the `options` parameter is set to an empty object. This is what the (ES6) syntax `options = {}` does. So, what follows the `=` sign is _default_ value for `options`, i.e. assigned to the parameter if it is not provided when `createAnAppend` is called. - -As you can see, the `forEach` method iterates through all keys of the `options` object. If the name of a property key is `html` it assigns the property value to the `innerHTML` of the newly created HTML element. Otherwise the **property key** is assumed to be the name of an HTML attribute and the **property value** the value of that attribute. The `.setAttribute` method is then called using `key` and `value` as its parameters. - - -```js -function createAndAppend(name, parent, options = {}) { - const elem = document.createElement(name); - parent.appendChild(elem); - Object.keys(options).forEach(key => { - const value = options[key]; - if (key === 'html') { - elem.innerHTML = value; - } else { - elem.setAttribute(key, value); - } - }); - return elem; -} -``` - -Here is an example of how the `createAndAppend` function can be called: - -```js -createAndAppend('td', tr, { html: 'Name:', class: 'label' }); -``` - -This call: - -1. creates a `` element, -2. appends it to its parent `tr` element, -3. sets its innerHTML to `'Name:'`, -4. and set its `class` attribute to `'label'`. - -#### addRow - -This is a small utility function that just adds a new row (`tr`) to a `tbody`. This is again an example of DRY: remove some of the repetition that we would otherwise have to make in our code: `less work === more fun` and `less work === fewer errors`! - - -```js -function addRow(tbody, label, value) { - const row = createAndAppend('tr', tbody); - createAndAppend('td', row, { html: label + ':', class: 'label' }); - createAndAppend('td', row, { html: value }); -} -``` \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Week1/lecture/live-coding/app.js b/Week1/lecture/live-coding/app.js deleted file mode 100644 index 513d420d7..000000000 --- a/Week1/lecture/live-coding/app.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,17 +0,0 @@ -'use strict'; -{ - const API = { - endpoints: { - laureate: 'http://api.nobelprize.org/v1/laureate.json?', - prize: 'http://api.nobelprize.org/v1/prize.json?' - }, - queries: [ - { - description: 'All female laureates', - endpoint: 'laureate', - queryString: 'gender=female' - } - ] - }; - -} diff --git a/Week1/lecture/package.json b/Week1/lecture/package.json deleted file mode 100644 index dd6b813fa..000000000 --- a/Week1/lecture/package.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,22 +0,0 @@ -{ - "name": "hyf-js3-wk1", - "version": "1.0.0", - "description": "XMLHttpRequest and API example", - "main": "index.js", - "scripts": { - "start": "node server/server.js" - }, - "repository": { - "type": "git", - "url": "git+https://github.com/remarcmij/hyf-js3-wk1.git" - }, - "author": "", - "license": "ISC", - "bugs": { - "url": "https://github.com/remarcmij/hyf-js3-wk1/issues" - }, - "homepage": "https://github.com/remarcmij/hyf-js3-wk1#readme", - "dependencies": { - "json-server": "^0.12.1" - } -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Week1/lecture/server/db.json b/Week1/lecture/server/db.json deleted file mode 100644 index ab3f39c86..000000000 --- a/Week1/lecture/server/db.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,34749 +0,0 @@ -{ - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "1", - "firstname": "Wilhelm Conrad", - "surname": "Röntgen", - "born": "1845-03-27", - "died": "1923-02-10", - "bornCountry": "Prussia (now Germany)", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Lennep (now Remscheid)", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Munich", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1901", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Munich University", - "city": "Munich", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "2", - "firstname": "Hendrik Antoon", - "surname": "Lorentz", - "born": "1853-07-18", - "died": "1928-02-04", - "bornCountry": "the Netherlands", - "bornCountryCode": "NL", - "bornCity": "Arnhem", - "diedCountry": "the Netherlands", - "diedCountryCode": "NL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1902", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Leiden University", - "city": "Leiden", - "country": "the Netherlands" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "3", - "firstname": "Pieter", - "surname": "Zeeman", - "born": "1865-05-25", - "died": "1943-10-09", - "bornCountry": "the Netherlands", - "bornCountryCode": "NL", - "bornCity": "Zonnemaire", - "diedCountry": "the Netherlands", - "diedCountryCode": "NL", - "diedCity": "Amsterdam", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1902", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Amsterdam University", - "city": "Amsterdam", - "country": "the Netherlands" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "4", - "firstname": "Antoine Henri", - "surname": "Becquerel", - "born": "1852-12-15", - "died": "1908-08-25", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Paris", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1903", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "École Polytechnique", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "5", - "firstname": "Pierre", - "surname": "Curie", - "born": "1859-05-15", - "died": "1906-04-19", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Paris", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1903", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "École municipale de physique et de chimie industrielles (Municipal School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry)", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "6", - "firstname": "Marie", - "surname": "Curie, née Sklodowska", - "born": "1867-11-07", - "died": "1934-07-04", - "bornCountry": "Russian Empire (now Poland)", - "bornCountryCode": "PL", - "bornCity": "Warsaw", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Sallanches", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1903", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - }, - { - "year": "1911", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Sorbonne University", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "8", - "firstname": "Lord Rayleigh", - "surname": "(John William Strutt)", - "born": "1842-11-12", - "died": "1919-06-30", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Langford Grove, Maldon, Essex", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1904", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Royal Institution of Great Britain", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "9", - "firstname": "Philipp Eduard Anton", - "surname": "von Lenard", - "born": "1862-06-07", - "died": "1947-05-20", - "bornCountry": "Hungary (now Slovakia)", - "bornCountryCode": "SK", - "bornCity": "Pressburg (now Bratislava)", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Messelhausen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1905", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his work on cathode rays\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Kiel University", - "city": "Kiel", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "10", - "firstname": "Joseph John", - "surname": "Thomson", - "born": "1856-12-18", - "died": "1940-08-30", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Cheetham Hill, near Manchester", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Cambridge", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1906", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Cambridge", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "11", - "firstname": "Albert Abraham", - "surname": "Michelson", - "born": "1852-12-19", - "died": "1931-05-09", - "bornCountry": "Prussia (now Poland)", - "bornCountryCode": "PL", - "bornCity": "Strelno (now Strzelno)", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Pasadena, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1907", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Chicago", - "city": "Chicago, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "12", - "firstname": "Gabriel", - "surname": "Lippmann", - "born": "1845-08-16", - "died": "1921-07-13", - "bornCountry": "Luxembourg", - "bornCountryCode": "LU", - "bornCity": "Hollerich", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1908", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Sorbonne University", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "13", - "firstname": "Guglielmo", - "surname": "Marconi", - "born": "1874-04-25", - "died": "1937-07-20", - "bornCountry": "Italy", - "bornCountryCode": "IT", - "bornCity": "Bologna", - "diedCountry": "Italy", - "diedCountryCode": "IT", - "diedCity": "Rome", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1909", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co. Ltd.", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "14", - "firstname": "Karl Ferdinand", - "surname": "Braun", - "born": "1850-06-06", - "died": "1918-04-20", - "bornCountry": "Hesse-Kassel (now Germany)", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Fulda", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Brooklyn, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1909", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Strasbourg University", - "city": "Strasbourg", - "country": "Alsace (then Germany, now France)" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "15", - "firstname": "Johannes Diderik", - "surname": "van der Waals", - "born": "1837-11-23", - "died": "1923-03-08", - "bornCountry": "the Netherlands", - "bornCountryCode": "NL", - "bornCity": "Leiden", - "diedCountry": "the Netherlands", - "diedCountryCode": "NL", - "diedCity": "Amsterdam", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1910", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Amsterdam University", - "city": "Amsterdam", - "country": "the Netherlands" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "16", - "firstname": "Wilhelm", - "surname": "Wien", - "born": "1864-01-13", - "died": "1928-08-30", - "bornCountry": "Prussia (now Russia)", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "Gaffken (now Parusnoye)", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Munich", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1911", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Würzburg University", - "city": "Würzburg", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "17", - "firstname": "Nils Gustaf", - "surname": "Dalén", - "born": "1869-11-30", - "died": "1937-12-09", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Stenstorp", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Stockholm", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1912", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Swedish Gas-Accumulator Co.", - "city": "Lidingö-Stockholm", - "country": "Sweden" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "18", - "firstname": "Heike", - "surname": "Kamerlingh Onnes", - "born": "1853-09-21", - "died": "1926-02-21", - "bornCountry": "the Netherlands", - "bornCountryCode": "NL", - "bornCity": "Groningen", - "diedCountry": "the Netherlands", - "diedCountryCode": "NL", - "diedCity": "Leiden", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1913", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Leiden University", - "city": "Leiden", - "country": "the Netherlands" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "19", - "firstname": "Max", - "surname": "von Laue", - "born": "1879-10-09", - "died": "1960-04-23", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Pfaffendorf", - "diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Berlin", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1914", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Frankfurt-on-the-Main University", - "city": "Frankfurt-on-the-Main", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "20", - "firstname": "Sir William Henry", - "surname": "Bragg", - "born": "1862-07-02", - "died": "1942-03-12", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Wigton", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "London", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1915", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University College", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "21", - "firstname": "William Lawrence", - "surname": "Bragg", - "born": "1890-03-31", - "died": "1971-07-01", - "bornCountry": "Australia", - "bornCountryCode": "AU", - "bornCity": "Adelaide", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Ipswich", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1915", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Victoria University", - "city": "Manchester", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "22", - "firstname": "Charles Glover", - "surname": "Barkla", - "born": "1877-06-07", - "died": "1944-10-23", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Widnes", - "diedCountry": "Scotland", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Edinburgh", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1917", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Edinburgh University", - "city": "Edinburgh", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "23", - "firstname": "Max Karl Ernst Ludwig", - "surname": "Planck", - "born": "1858-04-23", - "died": "1947-10-04", - "bornCountry": "Schleswig (now Germany)", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Kiel", - "diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Göttingen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1918", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Berlin University", - "city": "Berlin", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "24", - "firstname": "Johannes", - "surname": "Stark", - "born": "1874-04-15", - "died": "1957-06-21", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Schickenhof", - "diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Traunstein", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1919", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Greifswald University", - "city": "Greifswald", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "25", - "firstname": "Charles Edouard", - "surname": "Guillaume", - "born": "1861-02-15", - "died": "1938-06-13", - "bornCountry": "Switzerland", - "bornCountryCode": "CH", - "bornCity": "Fleurier", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Sèvres", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1920", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures)", - "city": "Sèvres", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "26", - "firstname": "Albert", - "surname": "Einstein", - "born": "1879-03-14", - "died": "1955-04-18", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Ulm", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Princeton, NJ", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1921", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) für Physik", - "city": "Berlin", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "27", - "firstname": "Niels Henrik David", - "surname": "Bohr", - "born": "1885-10-07", - "died": "1962-11-18", - "bornCountry": "Denmark", - "bornCountryCode": "DK", - "bornCity": "Copenhagen", - "diedCountry": "Denmark", - "diedCountryCode": "DK", - "diedCity": "Copenhagen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1922", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Copenhagen University", - "city": "Copenhagen", - "country": "Denmark" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "28", - "firstname": "Robert Andrews", - "surname": "Millikan", - "born": "1868-03-22", - "died": "1953-12-19", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Morrison, IL", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "San Marino, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1923", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "California Institute of Technology (Caltech)", - "city": "Pasadena, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "29", - "firstname": "Karl Manne Georg", - "surname": "Siegbahn", - "born": "1886-12-03", - "died": "1978-09-26", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Örebro", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Stockholm", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1924", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Uppsala University", - "city": "Uppsala", - "country": "Sweden" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "30", - "firstname": "James", - "surname": "Franck", - "born": "1882-08-26", - "died": "1964-05-21", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Hamburg", - "diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Göttingen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1925", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Goettingen University", - "city": "Göttingen", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "31", - "firstname": "Gustav Ludwig", - "surname": "Hertz", - "born": "1887-07-22", - "died": "1975-10-30", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Hamburg", - "diedCountry": "East Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Berlin", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1925", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Halle University", - "city": "Halle", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "32", - "firstname": "Jean Baptiste", - "surname": "Perrin", - "born": "1870-09-30", - "died": "1942-04-17", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Lille", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1926", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Sorbonne University", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "33", - "firstname": "Arthur Holly", - "surname": "Compton", - "born": "1892-09-10", - "died": "1962-03-15", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Wooster, OH", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Berkeley, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1927", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the effect named after him\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Chicago", - "city": "Chicago, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "34", - "firstname": "Charles Thomson Rees", - "surname": "Wilson", - "born": "1869-02-14", - "died": "1959-11-15", - "bornCountry": "Scotland", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Glencorse", - "diedCountry": "Scotland", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Carlops", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1927", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Cambridge", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "35", - "firstname": "Owen Willans", - "surname": "Richardson", - "born": "1879-04-26", - "died": "1959-02-15", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Dewsbury", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Alton", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1928", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "London University", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "36", - "firstname": "Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond", - "surname": "de Broglie", - "born": "1892-08-15", - "died": "1987-03-19", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Dieppe", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1929", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Sorbonne University, Institut Henri Poincaré", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "37", - "firstname": "Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata", - "surname": "Raman", - "born": "1888-11-07", - "died": "1970-11-21", - "bornCountry": "India", - "bornCountryCode": "IN", - "bornCity": "Tiruchirappalli", - "diedCountry": "India", - "diedCountryCode": "IN", - "diedCity": "Bangalore", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1930", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Calcutta University", - "city": "Calcutta", - "country": "India" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "38", - "firstname": "Werner Karl", - "surname": "Heisenberg", - "born": "1901-12-05", - "died": "1976-02-01", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Würzburg", - "diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Munich", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1932", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Leipzig University", - "city": "Leipzig", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "39", - "firstname": "Erwin", - "surname": "Schrödinger", - "born": "1887-08-12", - "died": "1961-01-04", - "bornCountry": "Austria", - "bornCountryCode": "AT", - "bornCity": "Vienna", - "diedCountry": "Austria", - "diedCountryCode": "AT", - "diedCity": "Vienna", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1933", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Berlin University", - "city": "Berlin", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "40", - "firstname": "Paul Adrien Maurice", - "surname": "Dirac", - "born": "1902-08-08", - "died": "1984-10-20", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Bristol", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Tallahassee, FL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1933", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Cambridge", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "41", - "firstname": "James", - "surname": "Chadwick", - "born": "1891-10-20", - "died": "1974-07-24", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Manchester", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Cambridge", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1935", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the neutron\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Liverpool University", - "city": "Liverpool", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "42", - "firstname": "Victor Franz", - "surname": "Hess", - "born": "1883-06-24", - "died": "1964-12-17", - "bornCountry": "Austria", - "bornCountryCode": "AT", - "bornCity": "Peggau", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Mount Verno, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1936", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of cosmic radiation\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Innsbruck University", - "city": "Innsbruck", - "country": "Austria" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "43", - "firstname": "Carl David", - "surname": "Anderson", - "born": "1905-09-03", - "died": "1991-01-11", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "San Marino, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1936", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the positron\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "California Institute of Technology (Caltech)", - "city": "Pasadena, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "44", - "firstname": "Clinton Joseph", - "surname": "Davisson", - "born": "1881-10-22", - "died": "1958-02-01", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Bloomington, IL", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Charlottesville, VA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1937", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Bell Telephone Laboratories", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "45", - "firstname": "George Paget", - "surname": "Thomson", - "born": "1892-05-03", - "died": "1975-09-10", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Cambridge", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Cambridge", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1937", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "London University", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "46", - "firstname": "Enrico", - "surname": "Fermi", - "born": "1901-09-29", - "died": "1954-11-28", - "bornCountry": "Italy", - "bornCountryCode": "IT", - "bornCity": "Rome", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Chicago, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1938", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Rome University", - "city": "Rome", - "country": "Italy" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "47", - "firstname": "Ernest Orlando", - "surname": "Lawrence", - "born": "1901-08-08", - "died": "1958-08-27", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Canton, SD", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Palo Alto, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1939", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Berkeley, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "48", - "firstname": "Otto", - "surname": "Stern", - "born": "1888-02-17", - "died": "1969-08-17", - "bornCountry": "Germany (now Poland)", - "bornCountryCode": "PL", - "bornCity": "Sorau (now Zory)", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Berkeley, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1943", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Carnegie Institute of Technology", - "city": "Pittsburgh, PA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "49", - "firstname": "Isidor Isaac", - "surname": "Rabi", - "born": "1898-07-29", - "died": "1988-01-11", - "bornCountry": "Austria-Hungary (now Poland)", - "bornCountryCode": "PL", - "bornCity": "Rymanow", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1944", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Columbia University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "50", - "firstname": "Wolfgang", - "surname": "Pauli", - "born": "1900-04-25", - "died": "1958-12-15", - "bornCountry": "Austria", - "bornCountryCode": "AT", - "bornCity": "Vienna", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Zurich", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1945", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Princeton University", - "city": "Princeton, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "51", - "firstname": "Percy Williams", - "surname": "Bridgman", - "born": "1882-04-21", - "died": "1961-08-20", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Cambridge, MA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Randolph, NH", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1946", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "52", - "firstname": "Sir Edward Victor", - "surname": "Appleton", - "born": "1892-09-06", - "died": "1965-04-21", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Bradford", - "diedCountry": "Scotland", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Edinburgh", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1947", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Department of Scientific and Industrial Research", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "53", - "firstname": "Patrick Maynard Stuart", - "surname": "Blackett", - "born": "1897-11-18", - "died": "1974-07-13", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "London", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "London", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1948", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Victoria University", - "city": "Manchester", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "54", - "firstname": "Hideki", - "surname": "Yukawa", - "born": "1907-01-23", - "died": "1981-09-08", - "bornCountry": "Japan", - "bornCountryCode": "JP", - "bornCity": "Tokyo", - "diedCountry": "Japan", - "diedCountryCode": "JP", - "diedCity": "Kyoto", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1949", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Kyoto Imperial University", - "city": "Kyoto", - "country": "Japan" - }, - { - "name": "Columbia University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "55", - "firstname": "Cecil Frank", - "surname": "Powell", - "born": "1903-12-05", - "died": "1969-08-09", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Tonbridge", - "diedCountry": "Italy", - "diedCountryCode": "IT", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1950", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Bristol University", - "city": "Bristol", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "56", - "firstname": "Sir John Douglas", - "surname": "Cockcroft", - "born": "1897-05-27", - "died": "1967-09-18", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Todmorden", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Cambridge", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1951", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Atomic Energy Research Establishment", - "city": "Harwell, Berkshire", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "57", - "firstname": "Ernest Thomas Sinton", - "surname": "Walton", - "born": "1903-10-06", - "died": "1995-06-25", - "bornCountry": "Ireland", - "bornCountryCode": "IE", - "bornCity": "Dungarvan", - "diedCountry": "Northern Ireland", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Belfast", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1951", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Trinity College", - "city": "Dublin", - "country": "Ireland" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "58", - "firstname": "Felix", - "surname": "Bloch", - "born": "1905-10-23", - "died": "1983-09-10", - "bornCountry": "Switzerland", - "bornCountryCode": "CH", - "bornCity": "Zurich", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Zurich", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1952", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stanford University", - "city": "Stanford, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "59", - "firstname": "Edward Mills", - "surname": "Purcell", - "born": "1912-08-30", - "died": "1997-03-07", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Taylorville, IL", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Cambridge, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1952", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "60", - "firstname": "Frits", - "surname": "Zernike", - "born": "1888-07-16", - "died": "1966-03-10", - "bornCountry": "the Netherlands", - "bornCountryCode": "NL", - "bornCity": "Amsterdam", - "diedCountry": "the Netherlands", - "diedCountryCode": "NL", - "diedCity": "Groningen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1953", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Groningen University", - "city": "Groningen", - "country": "the Netherlands" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "61", - "firstname": "Max", - "surname": "Born", - "born": "1882-12-11", - "died": "1970-01-05", - "bornCountry": "Germany (now Poland)", - "bornCountryCode": "PL", - "bornCity": "Breslau (now Wroclaw)", - "diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Göttingen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1954", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Edinburgh University", - "city": "Edinburgh", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "62", - "firstname": "Walther", - "surname": "Bothe", - "born": "1891-01-08", - "died": "1957-02-08", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Oranienburg", - "diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Heidelberg", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1954", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Heidelberg", - "city": "Heidelberg", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - }, - { - "name": "Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung", - "city": "Heidelberg", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "63", - "firstname": "Willis Eugene", - "surname": "Lamb", - "born": "1913-07-12", - "died": "2008-05-15", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Los Angeles, CA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Tucson, AZ", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1955", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stanford University", - "city": "Stanford, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "64", - "firstname": "Polykarp", - "surname": "Kusch", - "born": "1911-01-26", - "died": "1993-03-20", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Blankenburg", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Dallas, TX", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1955", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Columbia University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "65", - "firstname": "William Bradford", - "surname": "Shockley", - "born": "1910-02-13", - "died": "1989-08-12", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "London", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Palo Alto, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1956", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Semiconductor Laboratory of Beckman Instruments, Inc.", - "city": "Mountain View, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "66", - "firstname": "John", - "surname": "Bardeen", - "born": "1908-05-23", - "died": "1991-01-30", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Madison, WI", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Boston, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1956", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Illinois", - "city": "Urbana, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1972", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Illinois", - "city": "Urbana, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "67", - "firstname": "Walter Houser", - "surname": "Brattain", - "born": "1902-02-10", - "died": "1987-10-13", - "bornCountry": "China", - "bornCountryCode": "CN", - "bornCity": "Amoy", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Seattle, WA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1956", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Bell Telephone Laboratories", - "city": "Murray Hill, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "68", - "firstname": "Chen Ning", - "surname": "Yang", - "born": "1922-09-22", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "China", - "bornCountryCode": "CN", - "bornCity": "Hofei, Anhwei", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1957", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Institute for Advanced Study", - "city": "Princeton, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "69", - "firstname": "Tsung-Dao (T.D.)", - "surname": "Lee", - "born": "1926-11-24", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "China", - "bornCountryCode": "CN", - "bornCity": "Shanghai", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1957", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Columbia University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "70", - "firstname": "Pavel Alekseyevich", - "surname": "Cherenkov", - "born": "1904-07-28", - "died": "1990-01-06", - "bornCountry": "Russia", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "Novaya Chigla", - "diedCountry": "USSR", - "diedCountryCode": "RU", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1958", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute", - "city": "Moscow", - "country": "USSR" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "71", - "firstname": "Igor Yevgenyevich", - "surname": "Tamm", - "born": "1895-07-08", - "died": "1971-04-12", - "bornCountry": "Russia", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "Vladivostok", - "diedCountry": "USSR (now Russia)", - "diedCountryCode": "RU", - "diedCity": "Moscow", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1958", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Moscow", - "city": "Moscow", - "country": "USSR" - }, - { - "name": "P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute", - "city": "Moscow", - "country": "USSR" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "72", - "firstname": "Emilio Gino", - "surname": "Segrè", - "born": "1905-02-01", - "died": "1989-04-22", - "bornCountry": "Italy", - "bornCountryCode": "IT", - "bornCity": "Tivoli", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Lafayette, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1959", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the antiproton\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Berkeley, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "73", - "firstname": "Owen", - "surname": "Chamberlain", - "born": "1920-07-10", - "died": "2006-02-28", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "San Francisco, CA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Berkeley, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1959", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the antiproton\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Berkeley, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "74", - "firstname": "Donald Arthur", - "surname": "Glaser", - "born": "1926-09-21", - "died": "2013-02-28", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Cleveland, OH", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Berkeley, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1960", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the invention of the bubble chamber\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Berkeley, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "75", - "firstname": "Robert", - "surname": "Hofstadter", - "born": "1915-02-05", - "died": "1990-11-17", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Stanford, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1961", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stanford University", - "city": "Stanford, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "76", - "firstname": "Rudolf Ludwig", - "surname": "Mössbauer", - "born": "1929-01-31", - "died": "2011-09-14", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Munich", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1961", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Technical University", - "city": "Munich", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - }, - { - "name": "California Institute of Technology (Caltech)", - "city": "Pasadena, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "77", - "firstname": "Lev Davidovich", - "surname": "Landau", - "born": "1908-01-22", - "died": "1968-04-01", - "bornCountry": "Russian Empire (now Azerbaijan)", - "bornCountryCode": "AZ", - "bornCity": "Baku", - "diedCountry": "USSR (now Russia)", - "diedCountryCode": "RU", - "diedCity": "Moscow", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1962", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Academy of Sciences", - "city": "Moscow", - "country": "USSR" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "78", - "firstname": "Eugene Paul", - "surname": "Wigner", - "born": "1902-11-17", - "died": "1995-01-01", - "bornCountry": "Austria-Hungary (now Hungary)", - "bornCountryCode": "HU", - "bornCity": "Budapest", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Princeton, NJ", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1963", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Princeton University", - "city": "Princeton, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "79", - "firstname": "Maria", - "surname": "Goeppert Mayer", - "born": "1906-06-28", - "died": "1972-02-20", - "bornCountry": "Germany (now Poland)", - "bornCountryCode": "PL", - "bornCity": "Kattowitz (now Katowice)", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "San Diego, CA", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1963", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "San Diego, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "80", - "firstname": "J. Hans D.", - "surname": "Jensen", - "born": "1907-06-25", - "died": "1973-02-11", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Hamburg", - "diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Heidelberg", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1963", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Heidelberg", - "city": "Heidelberg", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "81", - "firstname": "Charles Hard", - "surname": "Townes", - "born": "1915-07-28", - "died": "2015-01-27", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Greenville, SC", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Berkeley, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1964", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "82", - "firstname": "Nicolay Gennadiyevich", - "surname": "Basov", - "born": "1922-12-14", - "died": "2001-07-01", - "bornCountry": "USSR (now Russia)", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "Usman", - "diedCountry": "Russia", - "diedCountryCode": "RU", - "diedCity": "Moscow", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1964", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute", - "city": "Moscow", - "country": "USSR" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "83", - "firstname": "Aleksandr Mikhailovich", - "surname": "Prokhorov", - "born": "1916-07-11", - "died": "2002-01-08", - "bornCountry": "Australia", - "bornCountryCode": "AU", - "bornCity": "Atherton", - "diedCountry": "Russia", - "diedCountryCode": "RU", - "diedCity": "Moscow", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1964", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute", - "city": "Moscow", - "country": "USSR" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "84", - "firstname": "Sin-Itiro", - "surname": "Tomonaga", - "born": "1906-03-31", - "died": "1979-07-08", - "bornCountry": "Japan", - "bornCountryCode": "JP", - "bornCity": "Kyoto", - "diedCountry": "Japan", - "diedCountryCode": "JP", - "diedCity": "Tokyo", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1965", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Tokyo University of Education", - "city": "Tokyo", - "country": "Japan" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "85", - "firstname": "Julian", - "surname": "Schwinger", - "born": "1918-02-12", - "died": "1994-07-16", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Los Angeles, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1965", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "86", - "firstname": "Richard P.", - "surname": "Feynman", - "born": "1918-05-11", - "died": "1988-02-15", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Los Angeles, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1965", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "California Institute of Technology (Caltech)", - "city": "Pasadena, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "87", - "firstname": "Alfred", - "surname": "Kastler", - "born": "1902-05-03", - "died": "1984-01-07", - "bornCountry": "Germany (now France)", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Guebwiller", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Bandol", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1966", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "École Normale Supérieure", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "88", - "firstname": "Hans Albrecht", - "surname": "Bethe", - "born": "1906-07-02", - "died": "2005-03-06", - "bornCountry": "Germany (now France)", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Strassburg (now Strasbourg)", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Ithaca, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1967", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Cornell University", - "city": "Ithaca, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "89", - "firstname": "Luis Walter", - "surname": "Alvarez", - "born": "1911-06-13", - "died": "1988-09-01", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "San Francisco, CA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Berkeley, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1968", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Berkeley, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "90", - "firstname": "Murray", - "surname": "Gell-Mann", - "born": "1929-09-15", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1969", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "California Institute of Technology (Caltech)", - "city": "Pasadena, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "91", - "firstname": "Hannes Olof Gösta", - "surname": "Alfvén", - "born": "1908-05-30", - "died": "1995-04-02", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Norrköping", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Djursholm", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1970", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Royal Institute of Technology", - "city": "Stockholm", - "country": "Sweden" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "92", - "firstname": "Louis Eugène Félix", - "surname": "Néel", - "born": "1904-11-22", - "died": "2000-11-17", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Lyon", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Brive-Corrèze", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1970", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Grenoble", - "city": "Grenoble", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "93", - "firstname": "Dennis", - "surname": "Gabor", - "born": "1900-06-05", - "died": "1979-02-08", - "bornCountry": "Hungary", - "bornCountryCode": "HU", - "bornCity": "Budapest", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "London", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1971", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his invention and development of the holographic method\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Imperial College", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "95", - "firstname": "Leon Neil", - "surname": "Cooper", - "born": "1930-02-28", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1972", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Brown University", - "city": "Providence, RI", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "96", - "firstname": "John Robert", - "surname": "Schrieffer", - "born": "1931-05-31", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Oak Park, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1972", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Pennsylvania", - "city": "Philadelphia, PA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "97", - "firstname": "Leo", - "surname": "Esaki", - "born": "1925-03-12", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Japan", - "bornCountryCode": "JP", - "bornCity": "Osaka", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1973", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center", - "city": "Yorktown Heights, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "98", - "firstname": "Ivar", - "surname": "Giaever", - "born": "1929-04-05", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Norway", - "bornCountryCode": "NO", - "bornCity": "Bergen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1973", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "General Electric Company", - "city": "Schenectady, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "99", - "firstname": "Brian David", - "surname": "Josephson", - "born": "1940-01-04", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Cardiff", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1973", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Cambridge", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "100", - "firstname": "Sir Martin", - "surname": "Ryle", - "born": "1918-09-27", - "died": "1984-10-14", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Brighton", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Cambridge", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1974", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Cambridge", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "101", - "firstname": "Antony", - "surname": "Hewish", - "born": "1924-05-11", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Fowey", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1974", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Cambridge", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "102", - "firstname": "Aage Niels", - "surname": "Bohr", - "born": "1922-06-19", - "died": "2009-09-08", - "bornCountry": "Denmark", - "bornCountryCode": "DK", - "bornCity": "Copenhagen", - "diedCountry": "Denmark", - "diedCountryCode": "DK", - "diedCity": "Copenhagen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1975", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Niels Bohr Institute", - "city": "Copenhagen", - "country": "Denmark" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "103", - "firstname": "Ben Roy", - "surname": "Mottelson", - "born": "1926-07-09", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Chicago, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1975", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Nordita", - "city": "Copenhagen", - "country": "Denmark" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "104", - "firstname": "Leo James", - "surname": "Rainwater", - "born": "1917-12-09", - "died": "1986-03-31", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Council, ID", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Yonkers, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1975", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Columbia University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "105", - "firstname": "Burton", - "surname": "Richter", - "born": "1931-03-22", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Brooklyn, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1976", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stanford Linear Accelerator Center", - "city": "Stanford, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "106", - "firstname": "Samuel Chao Chung", - "surname": "Ting", - "born": "1936-01-27", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Ann Arbor, MI", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1976", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "107", - "firstname": "Philip Warren", - "surname": "Anderson", - "born": "1923-12-13", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Indianapolis, IN", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1977", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Bell Telephone Laboratories", - "city": "Murray Hill, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "108", - "firstname": "Sir Nevill Francis", - "surname": "Mott", - "born": "1905-09-30", - "died": "1996-08-08", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Leeds", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Milton Keynes", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1977", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Cambridge", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "109", - "firstname": "John Hasbrouck", - "surname": "van Vleck", - "born": "1899-03-13", - "died": "1980-10-27", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Middletown, CT", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Cambridge, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1977", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "110", - "firstname": "Pyotr Leonidovich", - "surname": "Kapitsa", - "born": "1894-07-09", - "died": "1984-04-08", - "bornCountry": "Russian Empire (now Russia)", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "Kronshtadt", - "diedCountry": "USSR (now Russia)", - "diedCountryCode": "RU", - "diedCity": "Moscow", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1978", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Academy of Sciences", - "city": "Moscow", - "country": "USSR" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "111", - "firstname": "Arno Allan", - "surname": "Penzias", - "born": "1933-04-26", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Munich", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1978", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Bell Laboratories", - "city": "Holmdel, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "112", - "firstname": "Robert Woodrow", - "surname": "Wilson", - "born": "1936-01-10", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Houston, TX", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1978", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Bell Laboratories", - "city": "Holmdel, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "113", - "firstname": "Sheldon Lee", - "surname": "Glashow", - "born": "1932-12-05", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1979", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University, Lyman Laboratory", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "114", - "firstname": "Abdus", - "surname": "Salam", - "born": "1926-01-29", - "died": "1996-11-21", - "bornCountry": "India (now Pakistan)", - "bornCountryCode": "PK", - "bornCity": "Jhang Maghiāna", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Oxford", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1979", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "International Centre for Theoretical Physics", - "city": "Trieste", - "country": "Italy" - }, - { - "name": "Imperial College", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "115", - "firstname": "Steven", - "surname": "Weinberg", - "born": "1933-05-03", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1979", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "116", - "firstname": "James Watson", - "surname": "Cronin", - "born": "1931-09-29", - "died": "2016-08-25", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Chicago, IL", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "St. Paul, MN", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1980", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Chicago", - "city": "Chicago, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "117", - "firstname": "Val Logsdon", - "surname": "Fitch", - "born": "1923-03-10", - "died": "2015-02-05", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Merriman, NE", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Princeton, NJ", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1980", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Princeton University", - "city": "Princeton, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "118", - "firstname": "Nicolaas", - "surname": "Bloembergen", - "born": "1920-03-11", - "died": "2017-09-05", - "bornCountry": "the Netherlands", - "bornCountryCode": "NL", - "bornCity": "Dordrecht", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Tucson, AZ", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1981", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "119", - "firstname": "Arthur Leonard", - "surname": "Schawlow", - "born": "1921-05-05", - "died": "1999-04-28", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Mount Verno, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Palo Alto, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1981", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stanford University", - "city": "Stanford, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "120", - "firstname": "Kai M.", - "surname": "Siegbahn", - "born": "1918-04-20", - "died": "2007-07-20", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Lund", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Ängelholm", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1981", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Uppsala University", - "city": "Uppsala", - "country": "Sweden" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "121", - "firstname": "Kenneth G.", - "surname": "Wilson", - "born": "1936-06-08", - "died": "2013-06-15", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Waltham, MA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Saco, ME", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1982", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Cornell University", - "city": "Ithaca, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "122", - "firstname": "Subramanyan", - "surname": "Chandrasekhar", - "born": "1910-10-19", - "died": "1995-08-21", - "bornCountry": "India (now Pakistan)", - "bornCountryCode": "PK", - "bornCity": "Lahore", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Chicago, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1983", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Chicago", - "city": "Chicago, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "123", - "firstname": "William Alfred", - "surname": "Fowler", - "born": "1911-08-09", - "died": "1995-03-14", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Pittsburgh, PA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Pasadena, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1983", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "California Institute of Technology (Caltech)", - "city": "Pasadena, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "124", - "firstname": "Carlo", - "surname": "Rubbia", - "born": "1934-03-31", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Italy", - "bornCountryCode": "IT", - "bornCity": "Gorizia", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Geneva", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1984", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "CERN", - "city": "Geneva", - "country": "Switzerland" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "125", - "firstname": "Simon", - "surname": "van der Meer", - "born": "1925-11-24", - "died": "2011-03-04", - "bornCountry": "the Netherlands", - "bornCountryCode": "NL", - "bornCity": "the Hague", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Geneva", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1984", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "CERN", - "city": "Geneva", - "country": "Switzerland" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "126", - "firstname": "Klaus", - "surname": "von Klitzing", - "born": "1943-06-28", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "German-occupied Poland (now Poland)", - "bornCountryCode": "PL", - "bornCity": "Schroda", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1985", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung", - "city": "Stuttgart", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "127", - "firstname": "Ernst", - "surname": "Ruska", - "born": "1906-12-25", - "died": "1988-05-27", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Heidelberg", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "West Berlin", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1986", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft", - "city": "Berlin", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "128", - "firstname": "Gerd", - "surname": "Binnig", - "born": "1947-07-20", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Frankfurt-on-the-Main", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1986", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "IBM Zurich Research Laboratory", - "city": "Rüschlikon", - "country": "Switzerland" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "129", - "firstname": "Heinrich", - "surname": "Rohrer", - "born": "1933-06-06", - "died": "2013-05-16", - "bornCountry": "Switzerland", - "bornCountryCode": "CH", - "bornCity": "Buchs", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Wollerau", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1986", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "IBM Zurich Research Laboratory", - "city": "Rüschlikon", - "country": "Switzerland" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "130", - "firstname": "J. Georg", - "surname": "Bednorz", - "born": "1950-05-16", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Neuenkirchen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1987", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "IBM Zurich Research Laboratory", - "city": "Rüschlikon", - "country": "Switzerland" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "131", - "firstname": "K. Alexander", - "surname": "Müller", - "born": "1927-04-20", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Switzerland", - "bornCountryCode": "CH", - "bornCity": "Basel", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1987", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "IBM Zurich Research Laboratory", - "city": "Rüschlikon", - "country": "Switzerland" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "132", - "firstname": "Leon M.", - "surname": "Lederman", - "born": "1922-07-15", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1988", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory", - "city": "Batavia, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "133", - "firstname": "Melvin", - "surname": "Schwartz", - "born": "1932-11-02", - "died": "2006-08-28", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Twin Falls, ID", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1988", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Digital Pathways, Inc.", - "city": "Mountain View, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "134", - "firstname": "Jack", - "surname": "Steinberger", - "born": "1921-05-25", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Bad Kissingen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1988", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "CERN", - "city": "Geneva", - "country": "Switzerland" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "135", - "firstname": "Norman F.", - "surname": "Ramsey", - "born": "1915-08-27", - "died": "2011-11-04", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Washington, DC", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Wayland, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1989", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "136", - "firstname": "Hans G.", - "surname": "Dehmelt", - "born": "1922-09-09", - "died": "2017-03-07", - "bornCountry": "Prussia (now Germany)", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Görlitz", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Seattle, WA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1989", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for the development of the ion trap technique\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Washington", - "city": "Seattle, WA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "137", - "firstname": "Wolfgang", - "surname": "Paul", - "born": "1913-08-10", - "died": "1993-12-07", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Lorenzkirch", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Bonn", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1989", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for the development of the ion trap technique\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Bonn", - "city": "Bonn", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "138", - "firstname": "Jerome I.", - "surname": "Friedman", - "born": "1930-03-28", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Chicago, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1990", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "139", - "firstname": "Henry W.", - "surname": "Kendall", - "born": "1926-12-09", - "died": "1999-02-15", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Boston, MA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Wakulla Springs State Park, FL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1990", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "140", - "firstname": "Richard E.", - "surname": "Taylor", - "born": "1929-11-02", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Canada", - "bornCountryCode": "CA", - "bornCity": "Medicine Hat, Alberta", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1990", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stanford University", - "city": "Stanford, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "141", - "firstname": "Pierre-Gilles", - "surname": "de Gennes", - "born": "1932-10-24", - "died": "2007-05-18", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Paris", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Orsay", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1991", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Collège de France", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "142", - "firstname": "Georges", - "surname": "Charpak", - "born": "1924-08-01", - "died": "2010-09-29", - "bornCountry": "Poland", - "bornCountryCode": "PL", - "bornCity": "Dabrovica", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1992", - "category": "physics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "École Supérieure de Physique et Chimie", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - }, - { - "name": "CERN", - "city": "Geneva", - "country": "Switzerland" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "143", - "firstname": "Russell A.", - "surname": "Hulse", - "born": "1950-11-28", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1993", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Princeton University", - "city": "Princeton, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "144", - "firstname": "Joseph H.", - "surname": "Taylor Jr.", - "born": "1941-03-29", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Philadelphia, PA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1993", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Princeton University", - "city": "Princeton, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "145", - "firstname": "Bertram N.", - "surname": "Brockhouse", - "born": "1918-07-15", - "died": "2003-10-13", - "bornCountry": "Canada", - "bornCountryCode": "CA", - "bornCity": "Lethbridge, Alberta", - "diedCountry": "Canada", - "diedCountryCode": "CA", - "diedCity": "Hamilton, Ontario", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1994", - "category": "physics", - "overallMotivation": "\"for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter\"", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the development of neutron spectroscopy\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "McMaster University", - "city": "Hamilton, Ontario", - "country": "Canada" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "146", - "firstname": "Clifford G.", - "surname": "Shull", - "born": "1915-09-23", - "died": "2001-03-31", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Pittsburgh, PA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Medford, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1994", - "category": "physics", - "overallMotivation": "\"for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter\"", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the development of the neutron diffraction technique\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "147", - "firstname": "Martin L.", - "surname": "Perl", - "born": "1927-06-24", - "died": "2014-09-30", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Palo Alto, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1995", - "category": "physics", - "overallMotivation": "\"for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics\"", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the tau lepton\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stanford University", - "city": "Stanford, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "148", - "firstname": "Frederick", - "surname": "Reines", - "born": "1918-03-16", - "died": "1998-08-26", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Paterson, NJ", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Orange, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1995", - "category": "physics", - "overallMotivation": "\"for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics\"", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the detection of the neutrino\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Irvine, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "149", - "firstname": "David M.", - "surname": "Lee", - "born": "1931-01-20", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Rye, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1996", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Cornell University", - "city": "Ithaca, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "150", - "firstname": "Douglas D.", - "surname": "Osheroff", - "born": "1945-08-01", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Aberdeen, WA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1996", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stanford University", - "city": "Stanford, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "151", - "firstname": "Robert C.", - "surname": "Richardson", - "born": "1937-06-26", - "died": "2013-02-19", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Washington, DC", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Ithaca, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1996", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Cornell University", - "city": "Ithaca, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "152", - "firstname": "Steven", - "surname": "Chu", - "born": "1948-02-28", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "St. Louis, MO", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1997", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stanford University", - "city": "Stanford, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "153", - "firstname": "Claude", - "surname": "Cohen-Tannoudji", - "born": "1933-04-01", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "French Algeria (now Algeria)", - "bornCountryCode": "DZ", - "bornCity": "Constantine", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1997", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Collège de France", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - }, - { - "name": "École Normale Supérieure", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "154", - "firstname": "William D.", - "surname": "Phillips", - "born": "1948-11-05", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Wilkes-Barre, PA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1997", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", - "city": "Gaithersburg, MD", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "155", - "firstname": "Robert B.", - "surname": "Laughlin", - "born": "1950-11-01", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Visalia, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1998", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stanford University", - "city": "Stanford, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "156", - "firstname": "Horst L.", - "surname": "Störmer", - "born": "1949-04-06", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Frankfurt-on-the-Main", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1998", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Columbia University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "157", - "firstname": "Daniel C.", - "surname": "Tsui", - "born": "1939-02-28", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "China", - "bornCountryCode": "CN", - "bornCity": "Henan", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1998", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Princeton University", - "city": "Princeton, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "158", - "firstname": "Gerardus", - "surname": "'t Hooft", - "born": "1946-07-05", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "the Netherlands", - "bornCountryCode": "NL", - "bornCity": "Den Helder", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1999", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Utrecht University", - "city": "Utrecht", - "country": "the Netherlands" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "159", - "firstname": "Martinus J.G.", - "surname": "Veltman", - "born": "1931-06-27", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "the Netherlands", - "bornCountryCode": "NL", - "bornCity": "Waalwijk", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1999", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "city": "Bilthoven", - "country": "the Netherlands" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "160", - "firstname": "Jacobus Henricus", - "surname": "van 't Hoff", - "born": "1852-08-30", - "died": "1911-03-01", - "bornCountry": "the Netherlands", - "bornCountryCode": "NL", - "bornCity": "Rotterdam", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Berlin", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1901", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Berlin University", - "city": "Berlin", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "161", - "firstname": "Hermann Emil", - "surname": "Fischer", - "born": "1852-10-09", - "died": "1919-07-15", - "bornCountry": "Prussia (now Germany)", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Euskirchen", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Berlin", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1902", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Berlin University", - "city": "Berlin", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "162", - "firstname": "Svante August", - "surname": "Arrhenius", - "born": "1859-02-19", - "died": "1927-10-02", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Vik", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Stockholm", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1903", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stockholm University", - "city": "Stockholm", - "country": "Sweden" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "163", - "firstname": "Sir William", - "surname": "Ramsay", - "born": "1852-10-02", - "died": "1916-07-23", - "bornCountry": "Scotland", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Glasgow", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "High Wycombe", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1904", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University College", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "164", - "firstname": "Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf", - "surname": "von Baeyer", - "born": "1835-10-31", - "died": "1917-08-20", - "bornCountry": "Prussia (now Germany)", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Berlin", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Starnberg", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1905", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Munich University", - "city": "Munich", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "165", - "firstname": "Henri", - "surname": "Moissan", - "born": "1852-09-28", - "died": "1907-02-20", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Paris", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1906", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Sorbonne University", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "166", - "firstname": "Eduard", - "surname": "Buchner", - "born": "1860-05-20", - "died": "1917-08-13", - "bornCountry": "Bavaria (now Germany)", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Munich", - "diedCountry": "Romania", - "diedCountryCode": "RO", - "diedCity": "Focsani", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1907", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule (Agricultural College)", - "city": "Berlin", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "167", - "firstname": "Ernest", - "surname": "Rutherford", - "born": "1871-08-30", - "died": "1937-10-19", - "bornCountry": "New Zealand", - "bornCountryCode": "NZ", - "bornCity": "Nelson", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Cambridge", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1908", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Victoria University", - "city": "Manchester", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "168", - "firstname": "Wilhelm", - "surname": "Ostwald", - "born": "1853-09-02", - "died": "1932-04-04", - "bornCountry": "Russian Empire (now Latvia)", - "bornCountryCode": "LV", - "bornCity": "Riga", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Leipzig", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1909", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Leipzig University", - "city": "Leipzig", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "169", - "firstname": "Otto", - "surname": "Wallach", - "born": "1847-03-27", - "died": "1931-02-26", - "bornCountry": "Germany (now Russia)", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "Koenigsberg (now Kaliningrad)", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Göttingen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1910", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Goettingen University", - "city": "Göttingen", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "172", - "firstname": "Victor", - "surname": "Grignard", - "born": "1871-05-06", - "died": "1935-12-13", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Cherbourg", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Lyon", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1912", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Nancy University", - "city": "Nancy", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "173", - "firstname": "Paul", - "surname": "Sabatier", - "born": "1854-11-05", - "died": "1941-08-14", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Carcassonne", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Toulouse", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1912", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Toulouse University", - "city": "Toulouse", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "174", - "firstname": "Alfred", - "surname": "Werner", - "born": "1866-12-12", - "died": "1919-11-15", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Mulhouse", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Zurich", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1913", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Zurich", - "city": "Zurich", - "country": "Switzerland" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "175", - "firstname": "Theodore William", - "surname": "Richards", - "born": "1868-01-31", - "died": "1928-04-02", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Germantown, PA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Cambridge, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1914", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "176", - "firstname": "Richard Martin", - "surname": "Willstätter", - "born": "1872-08-13", - "died": "1942-08-03", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Karlsruhe", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Locarno", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1915", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Munich University", - "city": "Munich", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "177", - "firstname": "Fritz", - "surname": "Haber", - "born": "1868-12-09", - "died": "1934-01-29", - "bornCountry": "Prussia (now Poland)", - "bornCountryCode": "PL", - "bornCity": "Breslau (now Wroclaw)", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Basel", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1918", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Fritz-Haber-Institut) für physikalische Chemie und Electrochemie", - "city": "Berlin-Dahlem", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "178", - "firstname": "Walther Hermann", - "surname": "Nernst", - "born": "1864-06-25", - "died": "1941-11-18", - "bornCountry": "Prussia (now Germany)", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Briesen", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Muskau", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1920", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his work in thermochemistry\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Berlin University", - "city": "Berlin", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "179", - "firstname": "Frederick", - "surname": "Soddy", - "born": "1877-09-02", - "died": "1956-09-22", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Eastbourne", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Brighton", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1921", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Oxford", - "city": "Oxford", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "180", - "firstname": "Francis William", - "surname": "Aston", - "born": "1877-09-01", - "died": "1945-11-20", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Harborne", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Cambridge", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1922", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Cambridge", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "181", - "firstname": "Fritz", - "surname": "Pregl", - "born": "1869-09-03", - "died": "1930-12-13", - "bornCountry": "Austria-Hungary (now Slovenia)", - "bornCountryCode": "SI", - "bornCity": "Laibach (now Ljubljana)", - "diedCountry": "Austria", - "diedCountryCode": "AT", - "diedCity": "Graz", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1923", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Graz University", - "city": "Graz", - "country": "Austria" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "182", - "firstname": "Richard Adolf", - "surname": "Zsigmondy", - "born": "1865-04-01", - "died": "1929-09-24", - "bornCountry": "Austrian Empire (now Austria)", - "bornCountryCode": "AT", - "bornCity": "Vienna", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Göttingen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1925", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Goettingen University", - "city": "Göttingen", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "183", - "firstname": "The (Theodor)", - "surname": "Svedberg", - "born": "1884-08-30", - "died": "1971-02-25", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Fleräng", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Örebro", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1926", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his work on disperse systems\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Uppsala University", - "city": "Uppsala", - "country": "Sweden" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "184", - "firstname": "Heinrich Otto", - "surname": "Wieland", - "born": "1877-06-04", - "died": "1957-08-05", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Pforzheim", - "diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Munich", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1927", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Munich University", - "city": "Munich", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "185", - "firstname": "Adolf Otto Reinhold", - "surname": "Windaus", - "born": "1876-12-25", - "died": "1959-06-09", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Berlin", - "diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Göttingen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1928", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Goettingen University", - "city": "Göttingen", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "186", - "firstname": "Arthur", - "surname": "Harden", - "born": "1865-10-12", - "died": "1940-06-17", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Manchester", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Bourne", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1929", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "London University", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "187", - "firstname": "Hans Karl August Simon", - "surname": "von Euler-Chelpin", - "born": "1873-02-15", - "died": "1964-11-06", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Augsburg", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Stockholm", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1929", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stockholm University", - "city": "Stockholm", - "country": "Sweden" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "188", - "firstname": "Hans", - "surname": "Fischer", - "born": "1881-07-27", - "died": "1945-03-31", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Hoechst", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Munich", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1930", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Technische Hochschule (Institute of Technology)", - "city": "Munich", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "189", - "firstname": "Carl", - "surname": "Bosch", - "born": "1874-08-27", - "died": "1940-04-26", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Cologne", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Heidelberg", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1931", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Heidelberg", - "city": "Heidelberg", - "country": "Germany" - }, - { - "name": "I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G.", - "city": "Heidelberg", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "190", - "firstname": "Friedrich", - "surname": "Bergius", - "born": "1884-10-11", - "died": "1949-03-30", - "bornCountry": "Germany (now Poland)", - "bornCountryCode": "PL", - "bornCity": "Goldschmieden, near Breslau", - "diedCountry": "Argentina", - "diedCountryCode": "AR", - "diedCity": "Buenos Aires", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1931", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Heidelberg", - "city": "Heidelberg", - "country": "Germany" - }, - { - "name": "I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G.", - "city": "Mannheim-Rheinau", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "191", - "firstname": "Irving", - "surname": "Langmuir", - "born": "1881-01-31", - "died": "1957-08-16", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Brooklyn, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Falmouth, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1932", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "General Electric Company", - "city": "Schenectady, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "192", - "firstname": "Harold Clayton", - "surname": "Urey", - "born": "1893-04-29", - "died": "1981-01-05", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Walkerton, IN", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "La Jolla, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1934", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of heavy hydrogen\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Columbia University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "193", - "firstname": "Frédéric", - "surname": "Joliot", - "born": "1900-03-19", - "died": "1958-08-14", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Paris", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1935", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Institut du Radium", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "194", - "firstname": "Irène", - "surname": "Joliot-Curie", - "born": "1897-09-12", - "died": "1956-03-17", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Paris", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1935", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Institut du Radium", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "195", - "firstname": "Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus", - "surname": "Debye", - "born": "1884-03-24", - "died": "1966-11-02", - "bornCountry": "the Netherlands", - "bornCountryCode": "NL", - "bornCity": "Maastricht", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Ithaca, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1936", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Berlin University", - "city": "Berlin", - "country": "Germany" - }, - { - "name": "Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) für Physik", - "city": "Berlin", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "196", - "firstname": "Walter Norman", - "surname": "Haworth", - "born": "1883-03-19", - "died": "1950-03-19", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Chorley", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Birmingham", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1937", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Birmingham University", - "city": "Birmingham", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "197", - "firstname": "Paul", - "surname": "Karrer", - "born": "1889-04-21", - "died": "1971-06-18", - "bornCountry": "Russia", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "Moscow", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Zurich", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1937", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Zurich", - "city": "Zurich", - "country": "Switzerland" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "198", - "firstname": "Richard", - "surname": "Kuhn", - "born": "1900-12-03", - "died": "1967-07-31", - "bornCountry": "Austria-Hungary (now Austria)", - "bornCountryCode": "AT", - "bornCity": "Vienna", - "diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Heidelberg", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1938", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his work on carotenoids and vitamins\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck Institut) für Medizinische Forschung", - "city": "Heidelberg", - "country": "Germany" - }, - { - "name": "University of Heidelberg", - "city": "Heidelberg", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "199", - "firstname": "Adolf Friedrich Johann", - "surname": "Butenandt", - "born": "1903-03-24", - "died": "1995-01-18", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Bremerhaven-Lehe", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Munich", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1939", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his work on sex hormones\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) für Biochemie", - "city": "Berlin-Dahlem", - "country": "Germany" - }, - { - "name": "Berlin University", - "city": "Berlin", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "200", - "firstname": "Leopold", - "surname": "Ruzicka", - "born": "1887-09-13", - "died": "1976-09-26", - "bornCountry": "Austria-Hungary (now Croatia)", - "bornCountryCode": "HR", - "bornCity": "Vukovar", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Zurich", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1939", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)", - "city": "Zurich", - "country": "Switzerland" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "201", - "firstname": "George", - "surname": "de Hevesy", - "born": "1885-08-01", - "died": "1966-07-05", - "bornCountry": "Austria-Hungary (now Hungary)", - "bornCountryCode": "HU", - "bornCity": "Budapest", - "diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Freiburg im Breisgau", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1943", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stockholm University", - "city": "Stockholm", - "country": "Sweden" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "202", - "firstname": "Otto", - "surname": "Hahn", - "born": "1879-03-08", - "died": "1968-07-28", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Frankfurt-on-the-Main", - "diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Göttingen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1944", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck Institut) für Chemie", - "city": "Berlin-Dahlem", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "203", - "firstname": "Artturi Ilmari", - "surname": "Virtanen", - "born": "1895-01-15", - "died": "1973-11-11", - "bornCountry": "Russian Empire (now Finland)", - "bornCountryCode": "FI", - "bornCity": "Helsinki", - "diedCountry": "Finland", - "diedCountryCode": "FI", - "diedCity": "Helsinki", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1945", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Helsinki", - "city": "Helsinki", - "country": "Finland" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "204", - "firstname": "James Batcheller", - "surname": "Sumner", - "born": "1887-11-19", - "died": "1955-08-12", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Canton, MA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Buffalo, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1946", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Cornell University", - "city": "Ithaca, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "205", - "firstname": "John Howard", - "surname": "Northrop", - "born": "1891-07-05", - "died": "1987-05-27", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Yonkers, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Wickenberg, AZ", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1946", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research", - "city": "Princeton, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "206", - "firstname": "Wendell Meredith", - "surname": "Stanley", - "born": "1904-08-16", - "died": "1971-06-15", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Ridgeville, IN", - "diedCountry": "Spain", - "diedCountryCode": "ES", - "diedCity": "Salamanca", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1946", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research", - "city": "Princeton, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "207", - "firstname": "Sir Robert", - "surname": "Robinson", - "born": "1886-09-13", - "died": "1975-02-08", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Rufford, near Chesterfield", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Great Missenden", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1947", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Oxford", - "city": "Oxford", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "208", - "firstname": "Arne Wilhelm Kaurin", - "surname": "Tiselius", - "born": "1902-08-10", - "died": "1971-10-29", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Stockholm", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Uppsala", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1948", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Uppsala University", - "city": "Uppsala", - "country": "Sweden" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "209", - "firstname": "William Francis", - "surname": "Giauque", - "born": "1895-05-12", - "died": "1982-03-28", - "bornCountry": "Canada", - "bornCountryCode": "CA", - "bornCity": "Niagara Falls", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Berkeley, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1949", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Berkeley, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "210", - "firstname": "Otto Paul Hermann", - "surname": "Diels", - "born": "1876-01-23", - "died": "1954-03-07", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Hamburg", - "diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Kiel", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1950", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Kiel University", - "city": "Kiel", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "211", - "firstname": "Kurt", - "surname": "Alder", - "born": "1902-07-10", - "died": "1958-06-20", - "bornCountry": "Prussia (now Poland)", - "bornCountryCode": "PL", - "bornCity": "Königshütte (now Chorzów)", - "diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Cologne", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1950", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Cologne University", - "city": "Cologne", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "212", - "firstname": "Edwin Mattison", - "surname": "McMillan", - "born": "1907-09-18", - "died": "1991-09-07", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Redondo Beach, CA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "El Cerrito, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1951", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Berkeley, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "213", - "firstname": "Glenn Theodore", - "surname": "Seaborg", - "born": "1912-04-19", - "died": "1999-02-25", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Ishpeming, MI", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Lafayette, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1951", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Berkeley, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "214", - "firstname": "Archer John Porter", - "surname": "Martin", - "born": "1910-03-01", - "died": "2002-07-28", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "London", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Llangarron", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1952", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their invention of partition chromatography\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "National Institute for Medical Research", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "215", - "firstname": "Richard Laurence Millington", - "surname": "Synge", - "born": "1914-10-28", - "died": "1994-08-18", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Liverpool", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Norwich", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1952", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their invention of partition chromatography\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Rowett Research Institute", - "city": "Bucksburn (Scotland)", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "216", - "firstname": "Hermann", - "surname": "Staudinger", - "born": "1881-03-23", - "died": "1965-09-08", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Worms", - "diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Freiburg im Breisgau", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1953", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Freiburg", - "city": "Breisgau", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - }, - { - "name": "Staatliches Institut für makromolekulare Chemie (State Research Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry), Freiburg", - "city": "Breisgau", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "217", - "firstname": "Linus Carl", - "surname": "Pauling", - "born": "1901-02-28", - "died": "1994-08-19", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Portland, OR", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Big Sur, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1954", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "California Institute of Technology (Caltech)", - "city": "Pasadena, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1962", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "California Institute of Technology (Caltech)", - "city": "Pasadena, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "218", - "firstname": "Vincent", - "surname": "du Vigneaud", - "born": "1901-05-18", - "died": "1978-12-11", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Chicago, IL", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "White Plains, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1955", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Cornell University", - "city": "Ithaca, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "219", - "firstname": "Sir Cyril Norman", - "surname": "Hinshelwood", - "born": "1897-05-19", - "died": "1967-10-09", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "London", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "London", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1956", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Oxford", - "city": "Oxford", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "220", - "firstname": "Nikolay Nikolaevich", - "surname": "Semenov", - "born": "1896-04-03", - "died": "1986-09-25", - "bornCountry": "Russia", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "Saratov", - "diedCountry": "USSR", - "diedCountryCode": "RU", - "diedCity": "Moscow", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1956", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Institute for Chemical Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR", - "city": "Moscow", - "country": "USSR" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "221", - "firstname": "Lord (Alexander R.)", - "surname": "Todd", - "born": "1907-10-02", - "died": "1997-01-10", - "bornCountry": "Scotland", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Glasgow", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Cambridge", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1957", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Cambridge", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "222", - "firstname": "Frederick", - "surname": "Sanger", - "born": "1918-08-13", - "died": "2013-11-19", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Rendcombe", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Cambridge", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1958", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Cambridge", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1980", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "223", - "firstname": "Jaroslav", - "surname": "Heyrovsky", - "born": "1890-12-20", - "died": "1967-03-27", - "bornCountry": "Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic)", - "bornCountryCode": "CZ", - "bornCity": "Prague", - "diedCountry": "Czechoslovakia", - "diedCountryCode": "CZ", - "diedCity": "Prague", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1959", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Polarographic Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Science", - "city": "Prague", - "country": "Czechoslovakia" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "224", - "firstname": "Willard Frank", - "surname": "Libby", - "born": "1908-12-17", - "died": "1980-09-08", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Grand Valley, CO", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Los Angeles, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1960", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Los Angeles, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "225", - "firstname": "Melvin", - "surname": "Calvin", - "born": "1911-04-08", - "died": "1997-01-08", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "St. Paul, MN", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Berkeley, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1961", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Berkeley, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "226", - "firstname": "Max Ferdinand", - "surname": "Perutz", - "born": "1914-05-19", - "died": "2002-02-06", - "bornCountry": "Austria", - "bornCountryCode": "AT", - "bornCity": "Vienna", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Cambridge", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1962", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "227", - "firstname": "John Cowdery", - "surname": "Kendrew", - "born": "1917-03-24", - "died": "1997-08-23", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Oxford", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Cambridge", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1962", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "228", - "firstname": "Karl", - "surname": "Ziegler", - "born": "1898-11-26", - "died": "1973-08-12", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Helsa", - "diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Mülheim", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1963", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung (Max-Planck-Institute for Carbon Research)", - "city": "Mülheim/Ruhr", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "229", - "firstname": "Giulio", - "surname": "Natta", - "born": "1903-02-26", - "died": "1979-05-02", - "bornCountry": "Italy", - "bornCountryCode": "IT", - "bornCity": "Imperia", - "diedCountry": "Italy", - "diedCountryCode": "IT", - "diedCity": "Bergamo", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1963", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Institute of Technology", - "city": "Milan", - "country": "Italy" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "230", - "firstname": "Dorothy Crowfoot", - "surname": "Hodgkin", - "born": "1910-05-12", - "died": "1994-07-29", - "bornCountry": "Egypt", - "bornCountryCode": "EG", - "bornCity": "Cairo", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Shipston-on-Stour", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1964", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Oxford, Royal Society", - "city": "Oxford", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "231", - "firstname": "Robert Burns", - "surname": "Woodward", - "born": "1917-04-10", - "died": "1979-07-08", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Boston, MA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Cambridge, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1965", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "232", - "firstname": "Robert S.", - "surname": "Mulliken", - "born": "1896-06-07", - "died": "1986-10-31", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Newburyport, MA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Arlington, VA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1966", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Chicago", - "city": "Chicago, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "233", - "firstname": "Manfred", - "surname": "Eigen", - "born": "1927-05-09", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Bochum", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1967", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Max-Planck-Institut für Physikalische Chemie", - "city": "Göttingen", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "234", - "firstname": "Ronald George Wreyford", - "surname": "Norrish", - "born": "1897-11-09", - "died": "1978-06-07", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Cambridge", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Cambridge", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1967", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Institute of Physical Chemistry", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "235", - "firstname": "George", - "surname": "Porter", - "born": "1920-12-06", - "died": "2002-08-31", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Stainforth", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Canterbury", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1967", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Royal Institution of Great Britain", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "236", - "firstname": "Lars", - "surname": "Onsager", - "born": "1903-11-27", - "died": "1976-10-05", - "bornCountry": "Norway", - "bornCountryCode": "NO", - "bornCity": "Kristiania (now Oslo)", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Coral Gables, FL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1968", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Yale University", - "city": "New Haven, CT", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "237", - "firstname": "Derek H. R.", - "surname": "Barton", - "born": "1918-09-08", - "died": "1998-03-16", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Gravesend", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "College Station, TX", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1969", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Imperial College", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "238", - "firstname": "Odd", - "surname": "Hassel", - "born": "1897-05-17", - "died": "1981-05-11", - "bornCountry": "Norway", - "bornCountryCode": "NO", - "bornCity": "Kristiania (now Oslo)", - "diedCountry": "Norway", - "diedCountryCode": "NO", - "diedCity": "Oslo", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1969", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Oslo", - "city": "Oslo", - "country": "Norway" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "239", - "firstname": "Luis F.", - "surname": "Leloir", - "born": "1906-09-06", - "died": "1987-12-02", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Paris", - "diedCountry": "Argentina", - "diedCountryCode": "AR", - "diedCity": "Buenos Aires", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1970", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Institute for Biochemical Research", - "city": "Buenos Aires", - "country": "Argentina" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "240", - "firstname": "Gerhard", - "surname": "Herzberg", - "born": "1904-12-25", - "died": "1999-03-03", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Hamburg", - "diedCountry": "Canada", - "diedCountryCode": "CA", - "diedCity": "Ottawa", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1971", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "National Research Council of Canada", - "city": "Ottawa", - "country": "Canada" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "241", - "firstname": "Christian B.", - "surname": "Anfinsen", - "born": "1916-03-26", - "died": "1995-05-14", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Monessen, PA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Randallstown, MD", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1972", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "National Institutes of Health", - "city": "Bethesda, MD", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "242", - "firstname": "Stanford", - "surname": "Moore", - "born": "1913-09-04", - "died": "1982-08-23", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Chicago, IL", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1972", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Rockefeller University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "243", - "firstname": "William H.", - "surname": "Stein", - "born": "1911-06-25", - "died": "1980-02-02", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1972", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Rockefeller University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "244", - "firstname": "Ernst Otto", - "surname": "Fischer", - "born": "1918-11-10", - "died": "2007-07-23", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Munich", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Munich", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1973", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Technical University", - "city": "Munich", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "245", - "firstname": "Geoffrey", - "surname": "Wilkinson", - "born": "1921-07-14", - "died": "1996-09-26", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Todmorden", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "London", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1973", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Imperial College", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "246", - "firstname": "Paul J.", - "surname": "Flory", - "born": "1910-06-19", - "died": "1985-09-08", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Sterling, IL", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Big Sur, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1974", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stanford University", - "city": "Stanford, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "247", - "firstname": "John Warcup", - "surname": "Cornforth", - "born": "1917-09-07", - "died": "2013-12-08", - "bornCountry": "Australia", - "bornCountryCode": "AU", - "bornCity": "Sydney", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1975", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Sussex", - "city": "Brighton", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "248", - "firstname": "Vladimir", - "surname": "Prelog", - "born": "1906-07-23", - "died": "1998-01-07", - "bornCountry": "Austria-Hungary (now Bosnia and Herzegovina)", - "bornCountryCode": "BA", - "bornCity": "Sarajevo", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Zurich", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1975", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)", - "city": "Zurich", - "country": "Switzerland" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "249", - "firstname": "William N.", - "surname": "Lipscomb", - "born": "1919-12-09", - "died": "2011-04-14", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Cleveland, OH", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Cambridge, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1976", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "250", - "firstname": "Ilya", - "surname": "Prigogine", - "born": "1917-01-25", - "died": "2003-05-28", - "bornCountry": "Russia", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "Moscow", - "diedCountry": "Belgium", - "diedCountryCode": "BE", - "diedCity": "Brussels", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1977", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Université Libre de Bruxelles", - "city": "Brussels", - "country": "Belgium" - }, - { - "name": "University of Texas", - "city": "Austin, TX", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "251", - "firstname": "Peter D.", - "surname": "Mitchell", - "born": "1920-09-29", - "died": "1992-04-10", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Mitcham", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Bodmin", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1978", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Glynn Research Laboratories", - "city": "Bodmin", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "252", - "firstname": "Herbert C.", - "surname": "Brown", - "born": "1912-05-22", - "died": "2004-12-19", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "London", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Lafayette, IN", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1979", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Purdue University", - "city": "West Lafayette, IN", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "253", - "firstname": "Georg", - "surname": "Wittig", - "born": "1897-06-16", - "died": "1987-08-26", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Berlin", - "diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Heidelberg", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1979", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Heidelberg", - "city": "Heidelberg", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "254", - "firstname": "Paul", - "surname": "Berg", - "born": "1926-06-30", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1980", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stanford University", - "city": "Stanford, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "255", - "firstname": "Walter", - "surname": "Gilbert", - "born": "1932-03-21", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Boston, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1980", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University, Biological Laboratories", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "257", - "firstname": "Kenichi", - "surname": "Fukui", - "born": "1918-10-04", - "died": "1998-01-09", - "bornCountry": "Japan", - "bornCountryCode": "JP", - "bornCity": "Nara", - "diedCountry": "Japan", - "diedCountryCode": "JP", - "diedCity": "Kyoto", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1981", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Kyoto University", - "city": "Kyoto", - "country": "Japan" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "258", - "firstname": "Roald", - "surname": "Hoffmann", - "born": "1937-07-18", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Poland (now Ukraine)", - "bornCountryCode": "UA", - "bornCity": "Zloczov", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1981", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Cornell University", - "city": "Ithaca, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "259", - "firstname": "Aaron", - "surname": "Klug", - "born": "1926-08-11", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Lithuania", - "bornCountryCode": "LT", - "bornCity": "Zelvas", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1982", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "260", - "firstname": "Henry", - "surname": "Taube", - "born": "1915-11-30", - "died": "2005-11-16", - "bornCountry": "Canada", - "bornCountryCode": "CA", - "bornCity": "Neudorf", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Stanford, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1983", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stanford University", - "city": "Stanford, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "261", - "firstname": "Robert Bruce", - "surname": "Merrifield", - "born": "1921-07-15", - "died": "2006-05-14", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Fort Worth, TX", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Cresskill, NJ", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1984", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Rockefeller University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "262", - "firstname": "Herbert A.", - "surname": "Hauptman", - "born": "1917-02-14", - "died": "2011-10-23", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Buffalo, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1985", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "The Medical Foundation of Buffalo", - "city": "Buffalo, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "263", - "firstname": "Jerome", - "surname": "Karle", - "born": "1918-06-18", - "died": "2013-06-06", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1985", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "US Naval Research Laboratory", - "city": "Washington, DC", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "264", - "firstname": "Dudley R.", - "surname": "Herschbach", - "born": "1932-06-18", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "San José, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1986", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "265", - "firstname": "Yuan T.", - "surname": "Lee", - "born": "1936-11-19", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Taiwan", - "bornCountryCode": "TW", - "bornCity": "Hsinchu", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1986", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Berkeley, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "266", - "firstname": "John C.", - "surname": "Polanyi", - "born": "1929-01-23", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Berlin", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1986", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Toronto", - "city": "Toronto", - "country": "Canada" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "267", - "firstname": "Donald J.", - "surname": "Cram", - "born": "1919-04-22", - "died": "2001-06-17", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Chester, VT", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Palm Desert, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1987", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Los Angeles, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "268", - "firstname": "Jean-Marie", - "surname": "Lehn", - "born": "1939-09-30", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Rosheim", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1987", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Université Louis Pasteur", - "city": "Strasbourg", - "country": "France" - }, - { - "name": "Collège de France", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "269", - "firstname": "Charles J.", - "surname": "Pedersen", - "born": "1904-10-03", - "died": "1989-10-26", - "bornCountry": "Korea (now South Korea)", - "bornCountryCode": "KR", - "bornCity": "Pusan", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Salem, NJ", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1987", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Du Pont", - "city": "Wilmington, DE", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "270", - "firstname": "Johann", - "surname": "Deisenhofer", - "born": "1943-09-30", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Zusamaltheim", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1988", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas", - "city": "Dallas, TX", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "Howard Hughes Medical Institute" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "271", - "firstname": "Robert", - "surname": "Huber", - "born": "1937-02-20", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Munich", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1988", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie", - "city": "Martinsried", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "272", - "firstname": "Hartmut", - "surname": "Michel", - "born": "1948-07-18", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Ludwigsburg", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1988", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik", - "city": "Frankfurt-on-the-Main", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "273", - "firstname": "Sidney", - "surname": "Altman", - "born": "1939-05-07", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Canada", - "bornCountryCode": "CA", - "bornCity": "Montreal", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1989", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Yale University", - "city": "New Haven, CT", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "274", - "firstname": "Thomas R.", - "surname": "Cech", - "born": "1947-12-08", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Chicago, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1989", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Colorado", - "city": "Boulder, CO", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "275", - "firstname": "Elias James", - "surname": "Corey", - "born": "1928-07-12", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Methuen, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1990", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "276", - "firstname": "Richard R.", - "surname": "Ernst", - "born": "1933-08-14", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Switzerland", - "bornCountryCode": "CH", - "bornCity": "Winterthur", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1991", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)", - "city": "Zurich", - "country": "Switzerland" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "277", - "firstname": "Rudolph A.", - "surname": "Marcus", - "born": "1923-07-21", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Canada", - "bornCountryCode": "CA", - "bornCity": "Montreal", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1992", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "California Institute of Technology (Caltech)", - "city": "Pasadena, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "278", - "firstname": "Kary B.", - "surname": "Mullis", - "born": "1944-12-28", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Lenoir, NC", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1993", - "category": "chemistry", - "overallMotivation": "\"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry\"", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "city": "La Jolla, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "279", - "firstname": "Michael", - "surname": "Smith", - "born": "1932-04-26", - "died": "2000-10-04", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Blackpool", - "diedCountry": "Canada", - "diedCountryCode": "CA", - "diedCity": "Vancouver", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1993", - "category": "chemistry", - "overallMotivation": "\"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry\"", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of British Columbia", - "city": "Vancouver", - "country": "Canada" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "280", - "firstname": "George A.", - "surname": "Olah", - "born": "1927-05-22", - "died": "2017-03-08", - "bornCountry": "Hungary", - "bornCountryCode": "HU", - "bornCity": "Budapest", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Los Angeles, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1994", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Southern California", - "city": "Los Angeles, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "281", - "firstname": "Paul J.", - "surname": "Crutzen", - "born": "1933-12-03", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "the Netherlands", - "bornCountryCode": "NL", - "bornCity": "Amsterdam", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1995", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie", - "city": "Mainz", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "282", - "firstname": "Mario J.", - "surname": "Molina", - "born": "1943-03-19", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Mexico", - "bornCountryCode": "MX", - "bornCity": "Mexico City", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1995", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "283", - "firstname": "F. Sherwood", - "surname": "Rowland", - "born": "1927-06-28", - "died": "2012-03-10", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Delaware, OH", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Corona del Mar, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1995", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Irvine, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "284", - "firstname": "Robert F.", - "surname": "Curl Jr.", - "born": "1933-08-23", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Alice, TX", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1996", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of fullerenes\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Rice University", - "city": "Houston, TX", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "285", - "firstname": "Sir Harold W.", - "surname": "Kroto", - "born": "1939-10-07", - "died": "2016-04-30", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Wisbech", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Lewes, East Sussex", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1996", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of fullerenes\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Sussex", - "city": "Brighton", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "286", - "firstname": "Richard E.", - "surname": "Smalley", - "born": "1943-06-06", - "died": "2005-10-28", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Akron, OH", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Houston, TX", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1996", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of fullerenes\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Rice University", - "city": "Houston, TX", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "287", - "firstname": "Paul D.", - "surname": "Boyer", - "born": "1918-07-31", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Provo, UT", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1997", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Los Angeles, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "288", - "firstname": "John E.", - "surname": "Walker", - "born": "1941-01-07", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Halifax", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1997", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "289", - "firstname": "Jens C.", - "surname": "Skou", - "born": "1918-10-08", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Denmark", - "bornCountryCode": "DK", - "bornCity": "Lemvig", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1997", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Aarhus University", - "city": "Aarhus", - "country": "Denmark" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "290", - "firstname": "Walter", - "surname": "Kohn", - "born": "1923-03-09", - "died": "2016-04-19", - "bornCountry": "Austria", - "bornCountryCode": "AT", - "bornCity": "Vienna", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Santa Barbara, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1998", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his development of the density-functional theory\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Santa Barbara, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "291", - "firstname": "John A.", - "surname": "Pople", - "born": "1925-10-31", - "died": "2004-03-15", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Burnham-on-Sea", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Chicago, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1998", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Northwestern University", - "city": "Evanston, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "292", - "firstname": "Ahmed H.", - "surname": "Zewail", - "born": "1946-02-26", - "died": "2016-08-02", - "bornCountry": "Egypt", - "bornCountryCode": "EG", - "bornCity": "Damanhur", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1999", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "California Institute of Technology (Caltech)", - "city": "Pasadena, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "293", - "firstname": "Emil Adolf", - "surname": "von Behring", - "born": "1854-03-15", - "died": "1917-03-31", - "bornCountry": "Prussia (now Poland)", - "bornCountryCode": "PL", - "bornCity": "Hansdorf (now Lawice)", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Marburg", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1901", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Marburg University", - "city": "Marburg", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "294", - "firstname": "Ronald", - "surname": "Ross", - "born": "1857-05-13", - "died": "1932-09-16", - "bornCountry": "India", - "bornCountryCode": "IN", - "bornCity": "Almora", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Putney Heath", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1902", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University College", - "city": "Liverpool", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "295", - "firstname": "Niels Ryberg", - "surname": "Finsen", - "born": "1860-12-15", - "died": "1904-09-24", - "bornCountry": "Faroe Islands (Denmark)", - "bornCountryCode": "DK", - "bornCity": "Thorshavn", - "diedCountry": "Denmark", - "diedCountryCode": "DK", - "diedCity": "Copenhagen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1903", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Finsen Medical Light Institute", - "city": "Copenhagen", - "country": "Denmark" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "296", - "firstname": "Ivan Petrovich", - "surname": "Pavlov", - "born": "1849-09-14", - "died": "1936-02-27", - "bornCountry": "Russia", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "Ryazan", - "diedCountry": "Russia", - "diedCountryCode": "RU", - "diedCity": "Leningrad", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1904", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Military Medical Academy", - "city": "St. Petersburg", - "country": "Russia" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "297", - "firstname": "Robert", - "surname": "Koch", - "born": "1843-12-11", - "died": "1910-05-27", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Clausthal (now Clausthal-Zellerfeld)", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Baden-Baden", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1905", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Institute for Infectious Diseases", - "city": "Berlin", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "298", - "firstname": "Camillo", - "surname": "Golgi", - "born": "1843-07-07", - "died": "1926-01-21", - "bornCountry": "Italy", - "bornCountryCode": "IT", - "bornCity": "Corteno", - "diedCountry": "Italy", - "diedCountryCode": "IT", - "diedCity": "Pavia", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1906", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Pavia University", - "city": "Pavia", - "country": "Italy" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "299", - "firstname": "Santiago", - "surname": "Ramón y Cajal", - "born": "1852-05-01", - "died": "1934-10-17", - "bornCountry": "Spain", - "bornCountryCode": "ES", - "bornCity": "Petilla de Aragón", - "diedCountry": "Spain", - "diedCountryCode": "ES", - "diedCity": "Madrid", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1906", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Madrid University", - "city": "Madrid", - "country": "Spain" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "300", - "firstname": "Charles Louis Alphonse", - "surname": "Laveran", - "born": "1845-06-18", - "died": "1922-05-18", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Paris", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1907", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Institut Pasteur", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "301", - "firstname": "Ilya Ilyich", - "surname": "Mechnikov", - "born": "1845-05-15", - "died": "1916-07-15", - "bornCountry": "Russian Empire (now Ukraine)", - "bornCountryCode": "UA", - "bornCity": "Kharkov (now Kharkiv)", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1908", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of their work on immunity\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Institut Pasteur", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "302", - "firstname": "Paul", - "surname": "Ehrlich", - "born": "1854-03-14", - "died": "1915-08-20", - "bornCountry": "Prussia (now Poland)", - "bornCountryCode": "PL", - "bornCity": "Strehlen (now Strzelin)", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Bad Homburg vor der Höhe", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1908", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of their work on immunity\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Goettingen University", - "city": "Göttingen", - "country": "Germany" - }, - { - "name": "Königliches Institut für experimentelle Therapie (Royal Institute for Experimental Therapy)", - "city": "Frankfurt-on-the-Main", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "303", - "firstname": "Emil Theodor", - "surname": "Kocher", - "born": "1841-08-25", - "died": "1917-07-27", - "bornCountry": "Switzerland", - "bornCountryCode": "CH", - "bornCity": "Berne", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Berne", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1909", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Berne University", - "city": "Berne", - "country": "Switzerland" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "304", - "firstname": "Albrecht", - "surname": "Kossel", - "born": "1853-09-16", - "died": "1927-07-05", - "bornCountry": "Mecklenburg (now Germany)", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Rostock", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Heidelberg", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1910", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Heidelberg", - "city": "Heidelberg", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "305", - "firstname": "Allvar", - "surname": "Gullstrand", - "born": "1862-06-05", - "died": "1930-07-28", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Landskrona", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Stockholm", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1911", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his work on the dioptrics of the eye\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Uppsala University", - "city": "Uppsala", - "country": "Sweden" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "306", - "firstname": "Alexis", - "surname": "Carrel", - "born": "1873-06-28", - "died": "1944-11-05", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1912", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "307", - "firstname": "Charles Robert", - "surname": "Richet", - "born": "1850-08-26", - "died": "1935-12-04", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Paris", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1913", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Sorbonne University", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "308", - "firstname": "Robert", - "surname": "Bárány", - "born": "1876-04-22", - "died": "1936-04-08", - "bornCountry": "Austria", - "bornCountryCode": "AT", - "bornCity": "Vienna", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Uppsala", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1914", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Vienna University", - "city": "Vienna", - "country": "Austria" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "309", - "firstname": "Jules", - "surname": "Bordet", - "born": "1870-06-13", - "died": "1961-04-06", - "bornCountry": "Belgium", - "bornCountryCode": "BE", - "bornCity": "Soignies", - "diedCountry": "Belgium", - "diedCountryCode": "BE", - "diedCity": "Brussels", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1919", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries relating to immunity\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Brussels University", - "city": "Brussels", - "country": "Belgium" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "310", - "firstname": "Schack August Steenberg", - "surname": "Krogh", - "born": "1874-11-15", - "died": "1949-09-13", - "bornCountry": "Denmark", - "bornCountryCode": "DK", - "bornCity": "Grenå", - "diedCountry": "Denmark", - "diedCountryCode": "DK", - "diedCity": "Copenhagen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1920", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Copenhagen University", - "city": "Copenhagen", - "country": "Denmark" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "311", - "firstname": "Archibald Vivian", - "surname": "Hill", - "born": "1886-09-26", - "died": "1977-06-03", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Bristol", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Cambridge", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1922", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "London University", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "312", - "firstname": "Otto Fritz", - "surname": "Meyerhof", - "born": "1884-04-12", - "died": "1951-10-06", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Hanover", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Philadelphia, PA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1922", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Kiel University", - "city": "Kiel", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "313", - "firstname": "Frederick Grant", - "surname": "Banting", - "born": "1891-11-14", - "died": "1941-02-21", - "bornCountry": "Canada", - "bornCountryCode": "CA", - "bornCity": "Alliston", - "diedCountry": "Canada", - "diedCountryCode": "CA", - "diedCity": "Newfoundland", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1923", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of insulin\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Toronto", - "city": "Toronto", - "country": "Canada" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "314", - "firstname": "John James Rickard", - "surname": "Macleod", - "born": "1876-09-06", - "died": "1935-03-16", - "bornCountry": "Scotland", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Cluny", - "diedCountry": "Scotland", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Aberdeen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1923", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of insulin\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Toronto", - "city": "Toronto", - "country": "Canada" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "315", - "firstname": "Willem", - "surname": "Einthoven", - "born": "1860-05-21", - "died": "1927-09-29", - "bornCountry": "Java, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia)", - "bornCountryCode": "ID", - "bornCity": "Semarang", - "diedCountry": "the Netherlands", - "diedCountryCode": "NL", - "diedCity": "Leiden", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1924", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Leiden University", - "city": "Leiden", - "country": "the Netherlands" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "316", - "firstname": "Johannes Andreas Grib", - "surname": "Fibiger", - "born": "1867-04-23", - "died": "1928-01-30", - "bornCountry": "Denmark", - "bornCountryCode": "DK", - "bornCity": "Silkeborg", - "diedCountry": "Denmark", - "diedCountryCode": "DK", - "diedCity": "Copenhagen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1926", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Copenhagen University", - "city": "Copenhagen", - "country": "Denmark" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "317", - "firstname": "Julius", - "surname": "Wagner-Jauregg", - "born": "1857-03-07", - "died": "1940-09-27", - "bornCountry": "Austria", - "bornCountryCode": "AT", - "bornCity": "Wels", - "diedCountry": "Austria", - "diedCountryCode": "AT", - "diedCity": "Vienna", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1927", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Vienna University", - "city": "Vienna", - "country": "Austria" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "318", - "firstname": "Charles Jules Henri", - "surname": "Nicolle", - "born": "1866-09-21", - "died": "1936-02-28", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Rouen", - "diedCountry": "Tunisia", - "diedCountryCode": "TN", - "diedCity": "Tunis", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1928", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his work on typhus\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Institut Pasteur", - "city": "Tunis" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "319", - "firstname": "Christiaan", - "surname": "Eijkman", - "born": "1858-08-11", - "died": "1930-11-05", - "bornCountry": "the Netherlands", - "bornCountryCode": "NL", - "bornCity": "Nijkerk", - "diedCountry": "the Netherlands", - "diedCountryCode": "NL", - "diedCity": "Utrecht", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1929", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Utrecht University", - "city": "Utrecht", - "country": "the Netherlands" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "320", - "firstname": "Sir Frederick Gowland", - "surname": "Hopkins", - "born": "1861-06-20", - "died": "1947-05-16", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Eastbourne", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Cambridge", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1929", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Cambridge", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "321", - "firstname": "Karl", - "surname": "Landsteiner", - "born": "1868-06-14", - "died": "1943-06-26", - "bornCountry": "Austrian Empire (now Austria)", - "bornCountryCode": "AT", - "bornCity": "Vienna", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1930", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of human blood groups\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "322", - "firstname": "Otto Heinrich", - "surname": "Warburg", - "born": "1883-10-08", - "died": "1970-08-01", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Freiburg im Breisgau", - "diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "West Berlin", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1931", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) für Biologie", - "city": "Berlin-Dahlem", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "323", - "firstname": "Sir Charles Scott", - "surname": "Sherrington", - "born": "1857-11-27", - "died": "1952-03-04", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "London", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Eastbourne", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1932", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Oxford", - "city": "Oxford", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "324", - "firstname": "Edgar Douglas", - "surname": "Adrian", - "born": "1889-11-30", - "died": "1977-08-08", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "London", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Cambridge", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1932", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Cambridge", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "325", - "firstname": "Thomas Hunt", - "surname": "Morgan", - "born": "1866-09-25", - "died": "1945-12-04", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Lexington, KY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Pasadena, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1933", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "California Institute of Technology (Caltech)", - "city": "Pasadena, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "326", - "firstname": "George Hoyt", - "surname": "Whipple", - "born": "1878-08-28", - "died": "1976-02-01", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Ashland, NH", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Rochester, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1934", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Rochester", - "city": "Rochester, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "327", - "firstname": "George Richards", - "surname": "Minot", - "born": "1885-12-02", - "died": "1950-02-25", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Boston, MA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Brookline, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1934", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "328", - "firstname": "William Parry", - "surname": "Murphy", - "born": "1892-02-06", - "died": "1987-10-09", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Stoughton, WI", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Brookline, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1934", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "Peter Brent Brigham Hospital", - "city": "Boston, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "329", - "firstname": "Hans", - "surname": "Spemann", - "born": "1869-06-27", - "died": "1941-09-12", - "bornCountry": "Württemberg (now Germany)", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Stuttgart", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Freiburg im Breisgau", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1935", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Freiburg im Breisgau", - "city": "Breisgau", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "330", - "firstname": "Sir Henry Hallett", - "surname": "Dale", - "born": "1875-06-09", - "died": "1968-07-23", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "London", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Cambridge", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1936", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "National Institute for Medical Research", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "331", - "firstname": "Otto", - "surname": "Loewi", - "born": "1873-06-03", - "died": "1961-12-25", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Frankfurt-on-the-Main", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1936", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Graz University", - "city": "Graz", - "country": "Austria" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "332", - "firstname": "Albert", - "surname": "von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrápolt", - "born": "1893-09-16", - "died": "1986-10-22", - "bornCountry": "Austria-Hungary (now Hungary)", - "bornCountryCode": "HU", - "bornCity": "Budapest", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Woods Hole, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1937", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Szeged University", - "city": "Szeged", - "country": "Hungary" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "333", - "firstname": "Corneille Jean François", - "surname": "Heymans", - "born": "1892-03-28", - "died": "1968-07-18", - "bornCountry": "Belgium", - "bornCountryCode": "BE", - "bornCity": "Ghent", - "diedCountry": "Belgium", - "diedCountryCode": "BE", - "diedCity": "Knokke", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1938", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Ghent University", - "city": "Ghent", - "country": "Belgium" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "334", - "firstname": "Gerhard", - "surname": "Domagk", - "born": "1895-10-30", - "died": "1964-04-24", - "bornCountry": "Germany (now Poland)", - "bornCountryCode": "PL", - "bornCity": "Lagow", - "diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Burgberg", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1939", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Munster University", - "city": "Munster", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "335", - "firstname": "Henrik Carl Peter", - "surname": "Dam", - "born": "1895-02-21", - "died": "1976-04-17", - "bornCountry": "Denmark", - "bornCountryCode": "DK", - "bornCity": "Copenhagen", - "diedCountry": "Denmark", - "diedCountryCode": "DK", - "diedCity": "Copenhagen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1943", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of vitamin K\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Polytechnic Institute", - "city": "Copenhagen", - "country": "Denmark" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "336", - "firstname": "Edward Adelbert", - "surname": "Doisy", - "born": "1893-11-13", - "died": "1986-10-23", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Hume, IL", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "St. Louis, MO", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1943", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Saint Louis University", - "city": "St. Louis, MO", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "337", - "firstname": "Joseph", - "surname": "Erlanger", - "born": "1874-01-05", - "died": "1965-12-05", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "San Francisco, CA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "St. Louis, MO", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1944", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Washington University", - "city": "St. Louis, MO", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "338", - "firstname": "Herbert Spencer", - "surname": "Gasser", - "born": "1888-07-05", - "died": "1963-05-11", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Platteville, WI", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1944", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "339", - "firstname": "Sir Alexander", - "surname": "Fleming", - "born": "1881-08-06", - "died": "1955-03-11", - "bornCountry": "Scotland", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Lochfield", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "London", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1945", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "London University", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "340", - "firstname": "Ernst Boris", - "surname": "Chain", - "born": "1906-06-19", - "died": "1979-08-12", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Berlin", - "diedCountry": "Ireland", - "diedCountryCode": "IE", - "diedCity": "Mulrany", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1945", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Oxford", - "city": "Oxford", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "341", - "firstname": "Sir Howard Walter", - "surname": "Florey", - "born": "1898-09-24", - "died": "1968-02-21", - "bornCountry": "Australia", - "bornCountryCode": "AU", - "bornCity": "Adelaide", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Oxford", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1945", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Oxford", - "city": "Oxford", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "342", - "firstname": "Hermann Joseph", - "surname": "Muller", - "born": "1890-12-21", - "died": "1967-04-05", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1946", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Indiana University", - "city": "Bloomington, IN", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "343", - "firstname": "Carl Ferdinand", - "surname": "Cori", - "born": "1896-12-05", - "died": "1984-10-20", - "bornCountry": "Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic)", - "bornCountryCode": "CZ", - "bornCity": "Prague", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Cambridge, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1947", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Washington University", - "city": "St. Louis, MO", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "344", - "firstname": "Gerty Theresa", - "surname": "Cori, née Radnitz", - "born": "1896-08-15", - "died": "1957-10-26", - "bornCountry": "Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic)", - "bornCountryCode": "CZ", - "bornCity": "Prague", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "St. Louis, MO", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1947", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Washington University", - "city": "St. Louis, MO", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "345", - "firstname": "Bernardo Alberto", - "surname": "Houssay", - "born": "1887-04-10", - "died": "1971-09-21", - "bornCountry": "Argentina", - "bornCountryCode": "AR", - "bornCity": "Buenos Aires", - "diedCountry": "Argentina", - "diedCountryCode": "AR", - "diedCity": "Buenos Aires", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1947", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental (Institute for Biology and Experimental Medicine)", - "city": "Buenos Aires", - "country": "Argentina" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "346", - "firstname": "Paul Hermann", - "surname": "Müller", - "born": "1899-01-12", - "died": "1965-10-12", - "bornCountry": "Switzerland", - "bornCountryCode": "CH", - "bornCity": "Olten", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Basel", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1948", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Laboratorium der Farben-Fabriken J.R. Geigy A.G. (Laboratory of the J.R. Geigy Dye-Factory Co.)", - "city": "Basel", - "country": "Switzerland" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "347", - "firstname": "Walter Rudolf", - "surname": "Hess", - "born": "1881-03-17", - "died": "1973-08-12", - "bornCountry": "Switzerland", - "bornCountryCode": "CH", - "bornCity": "Frauenfeld", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Ascona", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1949", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Zurich", - "city": "Zurich", - "country": "Switzerland" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "348", - "firstname": "Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas", - "surname": "Moniz", - "born": "1874-11-29", - "died": "1955-12-13", - "bornCountry": "Portugal", - "bornCountryCode": "PT", - "bornCity": "Avanca", - "diedCountry": "Portugal", - "diedCountryCode": "PT", - "diedCity": "Lisbon", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1949", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Lisbon", - "city": "Lisbon", - "country": "Portugal" - }, - { - "name": "Neurological Institute", - "city": "Lisbon", - "country": "Portugal" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "349", - "firstname": "Edward Calvin", - "surname": "Kendall", - "born": "1886-03-08", - "died": "1972-05-04", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "South Norwalk, CT", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Princeton, NJ", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1950", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Mayo Clinic", - "city": "Rochester, MN", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "350", - "firstname": "Tadeus", - "surname": "Reichstein", - "born": "1897-07-20", - "died": "1996-08-01", - "bornCountry": "Poland", - "bornCountryCode": "PL", - "bornCity": "Wloclawek", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Basel", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1950", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Basel University", - "city": "Basel", - "country": "Switzerland" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "351", - "firstname": "Philip Showalter", - "surname": "Hench", - "born": "1896-02-28", - "died": "1965-03-30", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Pittsburgh, PA", - "diedCountry": "Jamaica", - "diedCountryCode": "JM", - "diedCity": "Ocho Rios", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1950", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Mayo Clinic", - "city": "Rochester, MN", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "352", - "firstname": "Max", - "surname": "Theiler", - "born": "1899-01-30", - "died": "1972-08-11", - "bornCountry": "South Africa", - "bornCountryCode": "ZA", - "bornCity": "Pretoria", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "New Haven, CT", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1951", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Laboratories of the Division of Medicine and Public Health, Rockefeller Foundation", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "353", - "firstname": "Selman Abraham", - "surname": "Waksman", - "born": "1888-07-22", - "died": "1973-08-16", - "bornCountry": "Russian Empire (now Ukraine)", - "bornCountryCode": "UA", - "bornCity": "Priluka (now Nova Pryluka)", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Hyannis, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1952", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Rutgers University", - "city": "New Brunswick, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "354", - "firstname": "Hans Adolf", - "surname": "Krebs", - "born": "1900-08-25", - "died": "1981-11-22", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Hildesheim", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Oxford", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1953", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Sheffield University", - "city": "Sheffield", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "355", - "firstname": "Fritz Albert", - "surname": "Lipmann", - "born": "1899-06-12", - "died": "1986-07-24", - "bornCountry": "Germany (now Russia)", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "Koenigsberg (now Kaliningrad)", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Poughkeepsie, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1953", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard Medical School", - "city": "Boston, MA", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "Massachusetts General Hospital", - "city": "Boston, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "356", - "firstname": "John Franklin", - "surname": "Enders", - "born": "1897-02-10", - "died": "1985-09-08", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "West Hartford, CT", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Waterford, CT", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1954", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard Medical School", - "city": "Boston, MA", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "Research Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Medical Center", - "city": "Boston, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "357", - "firstname": "Thomas Huckle", - "surname": "Weller", - "born": "1915-06-15", - "died": "2008-08-23", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Ann Arbor, MI", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Needham, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1954", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Research Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Medical Center", - "city": "Boston, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "358", - "firstname": "Frederick Chapman", - "surname": "Robbins", - "born": "1916-08-25", - "died": "2003-08-04", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Auburn, AL", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Cleveland, OH", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1954", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Western Reserve University", - "city": "Cleveland, OH", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "359", - "firstname": "Axel Hugo Theodor", - "surname": "Theorell", - "born": "1903-07-06", - "died": "1982-08-15", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Linköping", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Stockholm", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1955", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Karolinska Institutet, Nobel Medical Institute", - "city": "Stockholm", - "country": "Sweden" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "360", - "firstname": "André Frédéric", - "surname": "Cournand", - "born": "1895-09-24", - "died": "1988-02-19", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Paris", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Great Barrington, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1956", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Columbia University Division, Cardio-Pulmonary Laboratory, Bellevue Hospital", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "361", - "firstname": "Werner", - "surname": "Forssmann", - "born": "1904-08-29", - "died": "1979-06-01", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Berlin", - "diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Schopfheim", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1956", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Mainz University", - "city": "Mainz", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - }, - { - "city": "Bad Kreuznach", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "362", - "firstname": "Dickinson W.", - "surname": "Richards", - "born": "1895-10-30", - "died": "1973-02-23", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Orange, NJ", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Lakeville, CT", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1956", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Columbia University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "363", - "firstname": "Daniel", - "surname": "Bovet", - "born": "1907-03-23", - "died": "1992-04-08", - "bornCountry": "Switzerland", - "bornCountryCode": "CH", - "bornCity": "Neuchâtel", - "diedCountry": "Italy", - "diedCountryCode": "IT", - "diedCity": "Rome", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1957", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Chief Institute of Public Health)", - "city": "Rome", - "country": "Italy" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "364", - "firstname": "George Wells", - "surname": "Beadle", - "born": "1903-10-22", - "died": "1989-06-09", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Wahoo, NE", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Pomona, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1958", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "California Institute of Technology (Caltech)", - "city": "Pasadena, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "365", - "firstname": "Edward Lawrie", - "surname": "Tatum", - "born": "1909-12-14", - "died": "1975-11-05", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Boulder, CO", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1958", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "366", - "firstname": "Joshua", - "surname": "Lederberg", - "born": "1925-05-23", - "died": "2008-02-02", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Montclair, NJ", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1958", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Wisconsin", - "city": "Madison, WI", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "367", - "firstname": "Severo", - "surname": "Ochoa", - "born": "1905-09-24", - "died": "1993-11-01", - "bornCountry": "Spain", - "bornCountryCode": "ES", - "bornCity": "Luarca", - "diedCountry": "Spain", - "diedCountryCode": "ES", - "diedCity": "Madrid", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1959", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "New York University, College of Medicine", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "368", - "firstname": "Arthur", - "surname": "Kornberg", - "born": "1918-03-03", - "died": "2007-10-26", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Brooklyn, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Stanford, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1959", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stanford University", - "city": "Stanford, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "369", - "firstname": "Sir Frank Macfarlane", - "surname": "Burnet", - "born": "1899-09-03", - "died": "1985-08-31", - "bornCountry": "Australia", - "bornCountryCode": "AU", - "bornCity": "Traralgon", - "diedCountry": "Australia", - "diedCountryCode": "AU", - "diedCity": "Melbourne", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1960", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research", - "city": "Melbourne", - "country": "Australia" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "370", - "firstname": "Peter Brian", - "surname": "Medawar", - "born": "1915-02-28", - "died": "1987-10-02", - "bornCountry": "Brazil", - "bornCountryCode": "BR", - "bornCity": "Rio de Janeiro", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "London", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1960", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University College", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "371", - "firstname": "Georg", - "surname": "von Békésy", - "born": "1899-06-03", - "died": "1972-06-13", - "bornCountry": "Hungary", - "bornCountryCode": "HU", - "bornCity": "Budapest", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Honolulu, HI", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1961", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "372", - "firstname": "Francis Harry Compton", - "surname": "Crick", - "born": "1916-06-08", - "died": "2004-07-28", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Northampton", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "San Diego, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1962", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "373", - "firstname": "James Dewey", - "surname": "Watson", - "born": "1928-04-06", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Chicago, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1962", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "374", - "firstname": "Maurice Hugh Frederick", - "surname": "Wilkins", - "born": "1916-12-15", - "died": "2004-10-05", - "bornCountry": "New Zealand", - "bornCountryCode": "NZ", - "bornCity": "Pongaroa", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "London", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1962", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "London University", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "375", - "firstname": "Sir John Carew", - "surname": "Eccles", - "born": "1903-01-27", - "died": "1997-05-02", - "bornCountry": "Australia", - "bornCountryCode": "AU", - "bornCity": "Melbourne", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Contra", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1963", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Australian National University", - "city": "Canberra", - "country": "Australia" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "376", - "firstname": "Alan Lloyd", - "surname": "Hodgkin", - "born": "1914-02-05", - "died": "1998-12-20", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Banbury", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Cambridge", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1963", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Cambridge", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "377", - "firstname": "Andrew Fielding", - "surname": "Huxley", - "born": "1917-11-22", - "died": "2012-05-30", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Hampstead", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Grantchester", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1963", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University College", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "378", - "firstname": "Konrad", - "surname": "Bloch", - "born": "1912-01-21", - "died": "2000-10-15", - "bornCountry": "Germany (now Poland)", - "bornCountryCode": "PL", - "bornCity": "Neisse (now Nysa)", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Burlington, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1964", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "379", - "firstname": "Feodor", - "surname": "Lynen", - "born": "1911-04-06", - "died": "1979-08-06", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Munich", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Munich", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1964", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Max-Planck-Institut für Zellchemie", - "city": "Munich", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "380", - "firstname": "François", - "surname": "Jacob", - "born": "1920-06-17", - "died": "2013-04-19", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Nancy", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1965", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Institut Pasteur", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "381", - "firstname": "André", - "surname": "Lwoff", - "born": "1902-05-08", - "died": "1994-09-30", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Ainay-le-Château", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1965", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Institut Pasteur", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "382", - "firstname": "Jacques", - "surname": "Monod", - "born": "1910-02-09", - "died": "1976-05-31", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Paris", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Cannes", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1965", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Institut Pasteur", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "383", - "firstname": "Peyton", - "surname": "Rous", - "born": "1879-10-05", - "died": "1972-02-16", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Baltimore, MD", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1966", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Rockefeller University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "384", - "firstname": "Charles Brenton", - "surname": "Huggins", - "born": "1901-09-22", - "died": "1997-01-12", - "bornCountry": "Canada", - "bornCountryCode": "CA", - "bornCity": "Halifax", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Chicago, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1966", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Chicago, Ben May Laboratory for Cancer Research", - "city": "Chicago, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "385", - "firstname": "Ragnar", - "surname": "Granit", - "born": "1900-10-30", - "died": "1991-03-12", - "bornCountry": "Russian Empire (now Finland)", - "bornCountryCode": "FI", - "bornCity": "Helsinki", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Stockholm", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1967", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Karolinska Institutet", - "city": "Stockholm", - "country": "Sweden" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "386", - "firstname": "Haldan Keffer", - "surname": "Hartline", - "born": "1903-12-22", - "died": "1983-03-17", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Bloomsburg, PA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Fallston, MD", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1967", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Rockefeller University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "387", - "firstname": "George", - "surname": "Wald", - "born": "1906-11-18", - "died": "1997-04-12", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Cambridge, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1967", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "388", - "firstname": "Robert W.", - "surname": "Holley", - "born": "1922-01-28", - "died": "1993-02-11", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Urbana, IL", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Los Gatos, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1968", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Cornell University", - "city": "Ithaca, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "389", - "firstname": "Har Gobind", - "surname": "Khorana", - "born": "1922-01-09", - "died": "2011-11-09", - "bornCountry": "India", - "bornCountryCode": "IN", - "bornCity": "Raipur", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Concord, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1968", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Wisconsin", - "city": "Madison, WI", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "390", - "firstname": "Marshall W.", - "surname": "Nirenberg", - "born": "1927-04-10", - "died": "2010-01-15", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1968", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "National Institutes of Health", - "city": "Bethesda, MD", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "391", - "firstname": "Max", - "surname": "Delbrück", - "born": "1906-09-04", - "died": "1981-03-09", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Berlin", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Pasadena, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1969", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "California Institute of Technology (Caltech)", - "city": "Pasadena, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "392", - "firstname": "Alfred D.", - "surname": "Hershey", - "born": "1908-12-04", - "died": "1997-05-22", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Owosso, MI", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Syosset, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1969", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Carnegie Institution of Washington", - "city": "Long Island, New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "393", - "firstname": "Salvador E.", - "surname": "Luria", - "born": "1912-08-13", - "died": "1991-02-06", - "bornCountry": "Italy", - "bornCountryCode": "IT", - "bornCity": "Torino", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Lexington, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1969", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "394", - "firstname": "Sir Bernard", - "surname": "Katz", - "born": "1911-03-26", - "died": "2003-04-20", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Leipzig", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "London", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1970", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University College", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "395", - "firstname": "Ulf", - "surname": "von Euler", - "born": "1905-02-07", - "died": "1983-03-09", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Stockholm", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Stockholm", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1970", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Karolinska Institutet", - "city": "Stockholm", - "country": "Sweden" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "396", - "firstname": "Julius", - "surname": "Axelrod", - "born": "1912-05-30", - "died": "2004-12-29", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Rockville, MD", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1970", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "National Institutes of Health", - "city": "Bethesda, MD", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "397", - "firstname": "Earl W.", - "surname": "Sutherland, Jr.", - "born": "1915-11-19", - "died": "1974-03-09", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Burlingame, KS", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Miami, FL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1971", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Vanderbilt University", - "city": "Nashville, TN", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "398", - "firstname": "Gerald M.", - "surname": "Edelman", - "born": "1929-07-01", - "died": "2014-05-17", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "La Jolla, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1972", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Rockefeller University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "399", - "firstname": "Rodney R.", - "surname": "Porter", - "born": "1917-10-08", - "died": "1985-09-06", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Newton-le-Willows", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Winchester", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1972", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Oxford", - "city": "Oxford", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "400", - "firstname": "Karl", - "surname": "von Frisch", - "born": "1886-11-20", - "died": "1982-06-12", - "bornCountry": "Austria", - "bornCountryCode": "AT", - "bornCity": "Vienna", - "diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Munich", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1973", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Zoologisches Institut der Universität München", - "city": "Munich", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "401", - "firstname": "Konrad", - "surname": "Lorenz", - "born": "1903-11-07", - "died": "1989-02-27", - "bornCountry": "Austria", - "bornCountryCode": "AT", - "bornCity": "Vienna", - "diedCountry": "Austria", - "diedCountryCode": "AT", - "diedCity": "Vienna", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1973", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Konrad-Lorenz-Institut der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissen­schaften, Forschungsstelle für Ethologie", - "city": "Altenberg; Grünau im Almtal", - "country": "Austria" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "402", - "firstname": "Nikolaas", - "surname": "Tinbergen", - "born": "1907-04-15", - "died": "1988-12-21", - "bornCountry": "the Netherlands", - "bornCountryCode": "NL", - "bornCity": "the Hague", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Oxford", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1973", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Oxford", - "city": "Oxford", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "403", - "firstname": "Albert", - "surname": "Claude", - "born": "1898-08-24", - "died": "1983-05-22", - "bornCountry": "Belgium", - "bornCountryCode": "BE", - "bornCity": "Longlier", - "diedCountry": "Belgium", - "diedCountryCode": "BE", - "diedCity": "Brussels", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1974", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Université Catholique de Louvain", - "city": "Louvain", - "country": "Belgium" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "404", - "firstname": "Christian", - "surname": "de Duve", - "born": "1917-10-02", - "died": "2013-05-04", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Thames Ditton", - "diedCountry": "Belgium", - "diedCountryCode": "BE", - "diedCity": "Nethen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1974", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Rockefeller University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "Université Catholique de Louvain", - "city": "Louvain", - "country": "Belgium" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "405", - "firstname": "George E.", - "surname": "Palade", - "born": "1912-11-19", - "died": "2008-10-07", - "bornCountry": "Romania", - "bornCountryCode": "RO", - "bornCity": "Iasi", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Del Mar, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1974", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Yale University, School of Medicine", - "city": "New Haven, CT", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "406", - "firstname": "David", - "surname": "Baltimore", - "born": "1938-03-07", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1975", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "407", - "firstname": "Renato", - "surname": "Dulbecco", - "born": "1914-02-22", - "died": "2012-02-19", - "bornCountry": "Italy", - "bornCountryCode": "IT", - "bornCity": "Catanzaro", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "La Jolla, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1975", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratory", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "408", - "firstname": "Howard Martin", - "surname": "Temin", - "born": "1934-12-10", - "died": "1994-02-09", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Philadelphia, PA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Madison, WI", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1975", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Wisconsin", - "city": "Madison, WI", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "409", - "firstname": "Baruch S.", - "surname": "Blumberg", - "born": "1925-07-28", - "died": "2011-04-05", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Moffett Field, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1976", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "The Institute for Cancer Research", - "city": "Philadelphia, PA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "410", - "firstname": "D. Carleton", - "surname": "Gajdusek", - "born": "1923-09-09", - "died": "2008-12-12", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Yonkers, NY", - "diedCountry": "Norway", - "diedCountryCode": "NO", - "diedCity": "Tromsø", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1976", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "National Institutes of Health", - "city": "Bethesda, MD", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "411", - "firstname": "Roger", - "surname": "Guillemin", - "born": "1924-01-11", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Dijon", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1977", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "The Salk Institute", - "city": "San Diego, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "412", - "firstname": "Andrew V.", - "surname": "Schally", - "born": "1926-11-30", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Poland (now Lithuania)", - "bornCountryCode": "LT", - "bornCity": "Wilno (now Vilnius)", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1977", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Veterans Administration Hospital", - "city": "New Orleans, LA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "413", - "firstname": "Rosalyn", - "surname": "Yalow", - "born": "1921-07-19", - "died": "2011-05-30", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1977", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Veterans Administration Hospital", - "city": "Bronx, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "414", - "firstname": "Werner", - "surname": "Arber", - "born": "1929-06-03", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Switzerland", - "bornCountryCode": "CH", - "bornCity": "Gränichen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1978", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Biozentrum der Universität", - "city": "Basel", - "country": "Switzerland" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "415", - "firstname": "Daniel", - "surname": "Nathans", - "born": "1928-10-30", - "died": "1999-11-16", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Wilmington, DE", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Baltimore, MD", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1978", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine", - "city": "Baltimore, MD", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "416", - "firstname": "Hamilton O.", - "surname": "Smith", - "born": "1931-08-23", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1978", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine", - "city": "Baltimore, MD", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "417", - "firstname": "Allan M.", - "surname": "Cormack", - "born": "1924-02-23", - "died": "1998-05-07", - "bornCountry": "South Africa", - "bornCountryCode": "ZA", - "bornCity": "Johannesburg", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Winchester, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1979", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the development of computer assisted tomography\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Tufts University", - "city": "Medford, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "418", - "firstname": "Godfrey N.", - "surname": "Hounsfield", - "born": "1919-08-28", - "died": "2004-08-12", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Newark", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Kingston upon Thames", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1979", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the development of computer assisted tomography\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Central Research Laboratories, EMI", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "419", - "firstname": "Baruj", - "surname": "Benacerraf", - "born": "1920-10-29", - "died": "2011-08-02", - "bornCountry": "Venezuela", - "bornCountryCode": "VE", - "bornCity": "Caracas", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Boston, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1980", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard Medical School", - "city": "Boston, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "420", - "firstname": "Jean", - "surname": "Dausset", - "born": "1916-10-19", - "died": "2009-06-06", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Toulouse", - "diedCountry": "Spain", - "diedCountryCode": "ES", - "diedCity": "Palma, Majorca", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1980", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Université de Paris, Laboratoire Immuno-Hématologie", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "421", - "firstname": "George D.", - "surname": "Snell", - "born": "1903-12-19", - "died": "1996-06-06", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Bradford, MA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Bar Harbor, ME", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1980", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Jackson Laboratory", - "city": "Bar Harbor, ME", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "422", - "firstname": "Roger W.", - "surname": "Sperry", - "born": "1913-08-20", - "died": "1994-04-17", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Hartford, CT", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Pasadena, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1981", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "California Institute of Technology (Caltech)", - "city": "Pasadena, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "423", - "firstname": "David H.", - "surname": "Hubel", - "born": "1926-02-27", - "died": "2013-09-22", - "bornCountry": "Canada", - "bornCountryCode": "CA", - "bornCity": "Windsor, ON", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Lincoln, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1981", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard Medical School", - "city": "Boston, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "424", - "firstname": "Torsten N.", - "surname": "Wiesel", - "born": "1924-06-03", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Uppsala", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1981", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard Medical School", - "city": "Boston, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "425", - "firstname": "Sune K.", - "surname": "Bergström", - "born": "1916-01-10", - "died": "2004-08-15", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Stockholm", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Stockholm", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1982", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Karolinska Institutet", - "city": "Stockholm", - "country": "Sweden" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "426", - "firstname": "Bengt I.", - "surname": "Samuelsson", - "born": "1934-05-21", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Halmstad", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1982", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Karolinska Institutet", - "city": "Stockholm", - "country": "Sweden" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "427", - "firstname": "John R.", - "surname": "Vane", - "born": "1927-03-29", - "died": "2004-11-19", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Tardebigg", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Farnborough", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1982", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "The Wellcome Research Laboratories", - "city": "Beckenham", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "428", - "firstname": "Barbara", - "surname": "McClintock", - "born": "1902-06-16", - "died": "1992-09-02", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Hartford, CT", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Huntington, NY", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1983", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory", - "city": "Cold Spring Harbor, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "429", - "firstname": "Niels K.", - "surname": "Jerne", - "born": "1911-12-23", - "died": "1994-10-07", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "London", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Castillon-du-Gard", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1984", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Basel Institute for Immunology", - "city": "Basel", - "country": "Switzerland" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "430", - "firstname": "Georges J.F.", - "surname": "Köhler", - "born": "1946-04-17", - "died": "1995-03-01", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Munich", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Freiburg im Breisgau", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1984", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Basel Institute for Immunology", - "city": "Basel", - "country": "Switzerland" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "431", - "firstname": "César", - "surname": "Milstein", - "born": "1927-10-08", - "died": "2002-03-24", - "bornCountry": "Argentina", - "bornCountryCode": "AR", - "bornCity": "Bahia Blanca", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Cambridge", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1984", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "432", - "firstname": "Michael S.", - "surname": "Brown", - "born": "1941-04-13", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1985", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas", - "city": "Dallas, TX", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "433", - "firstname": "Joseph L.", - "surname": "Goldstein", - "born": "1940-04-18", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Sumter, SC", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1985", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas", - "city": "Dallas, TX", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "434", - "firstname": "Stanley", - "surname": "Cohen", - "born": "1922-11-17", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Brooklyn, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1986", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of growth factors\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Vanderbilt University School of Medicine", - "city": "Nashville, TN", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "435", - "firstname": "Rita", - "surname": "Levi-Montalcini", - "born": "1909-04-22", - "died": "2012-12-30", - "bornCountry": "Italy", - "bornCountryCode": "IT", - "bornCity": "Turin", - "diedCountry": "Italy", - "diedCountryCode": "IT", - "diedCity": "Rome", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1986", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of growth factors\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Institute of Cell Biology of the C.N.R.", - "city": "Rome", - "country": "Italy" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "436", - "firstname": "Susumu", - "surname": "Tonegawa", - "born": "1939-09-06", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Japan", - "bornCountryCode": "JP", - "bornCity": "Nagoya", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1987", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "437", - "firstname": "Sir James W.", - "surname": "Black", - "born": "1924-06-14", - "died": "2010-03-21", - "bornCountry": "Scotland", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Uddingston", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1988", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "London University, King's College Hospital Medical School", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "438", - "firstname": "Gertrude B.", - "surname": "Elion", - "born": "1918-01-23", - "died": "1999-02-21", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Chapel Hill, NC", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1988", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Wellcome Research Laboratories", - "city": "Research Triangle Park, NC", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "439", - "firstname": "George H.", - "surname": "Hitchings", - "born": "1905-04-18", - "died": "1998-02-27", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Hoquiam, WA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Chapel Hill, NC", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1988", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Wellcome Research Laboratories", - "city": "Research Triangle Park, NC", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "440", - "firstname": "J. Michael", - "surname": "Bishop", - "born": "1936-02-22", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "York, PA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1989", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California School of Medicine", - "city": "San Francisco, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "441", - "firstname": "Harold E.", - "surname": "Varmus", - "born": "1939-12-18", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Oceanside, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1989", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California School of Medicine", - "city": "San Francisco, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "442", - "firstname": "Joseph E.", - "surname": "Murray", - "born": "1919-04-01", - "died": "2012-11-26", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Milford, MA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Boston, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1990", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Brigham and Women's Hospital", - "city": "Boston, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "443", - "firstname": "E. Donnall", - "surname": "Thomas", - "born": "1920-03-15", - "died": "2012-10-20", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Mart, TX", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Seattle, WA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1990", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center", - "city": "Seattle, WA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "444", - "firstname": "Erwin", - "surname": "Neher", - "born": "1944-03-20", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Landsberg", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1991", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie", - "city": "Göttingen", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "445", - "firstname": "Bert", - "surname": "Sakmann", - "born": "1942-06-12", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Stuttgart", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1991", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung", - "city": "Heidelberg", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "446", - "firstname": "Edmond H.", - "surname": "Fischer", - "born": "1920-04-06", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "China", - "bornCountryCode": "CN", - "bornCity": "Shanghai", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1992", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Washington", - "city": "Seattle, WA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "447", - "firstname": "Edwin G.", - "surname": "Krebs", - "born": "1918-06-06", - "died": "2009-12-21", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Lansing, IA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Seattle, WA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1992", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Washington", - "city": "Seattle, WA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "448", - "firstname": "Richard J.", - "surname": "Roberts", - "born": "1943-09-06", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Derby", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1993", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of split genes\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "New England Biolabs", - "city": "Beverly, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "449", - "firstname": "Phillip A.", - "surname": "Sharp", - "born": "1944-06-06", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Falmouth, KY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1993", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of split genes\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Center for Cancer Research", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "450", - "firstname": "Alfred G.", - "surname": "Gilman", - "born": "1941-07-01", - "died": "2015-12-23", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New Haven, CT", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Dallas, TX", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1994", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas", - "city": "Dallas, TX", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "451", - "firstname": "Martin", - "surname": "Rodbell", - "born": "1925-12-01", - "died": "1998-12-07", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Baltimore, MD", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Chapel Hill, NC", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1994", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences", - "city": "Research Triangle Park, NC", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "452", - "firstname": "Edward B.", - "surname": "Lewis", - "born": "1918-05-20", - "died": "2004-07-21", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Wilkes-Barre, PA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Pasadena, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1995", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "California Institute of Technology (Caltech)", - "city": "Pasadena, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "453", - "firstname": "Christiane", - "surname": "Nüsslein-Volhard", - "born": "1942-10-20", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Magdeburg", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1995", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie", - "city": "Tübingen", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "454", - "firstname": "Eric F.", - "surname": "Wieschaus", - "born": "1947-06-08", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "South Bend, IN", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1995", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Princeton University", - "city": "Princeton, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "455", - "firstname": "Peter C.", - "surname": "Doherty", - "born": "1940-10-15", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Australia", - "bornCountryCode": "AU", - "bornCity": "Brisbane", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1996", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "St. Jude Children's Research Hospital", - "city": "Memphis, TN", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "456", - "firstname": "Rolf M.", - "surname": "Zinkernagel", - "born": "1944-01-06", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Switzerland", - "bornCountryCode": "CH", - "bornCity": "Basel", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1996", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Zurich, Institute of Experimental Immunology", - "city": "Zurich", - "country": "Switzerland" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "457", - "firstname": "Stanley B.", - "surname": "Prusiner", - "born": "1942-05-28", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Des Moines, IA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1997", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California School of Medicine", - "city": "San Francisco, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "458", - "firstname": "Robert F.", - "surname": "Furchgott", - "born": "1916-06-04", - "died": "2009-05-19", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Charleston, SC", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Seattle, WA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1998", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "SUNY Health Science Center", - "city": "Brooklyn, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "459", - "firstname": "Louis J.", - "surname": "Ignarro", - "born": "1941-05-31", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Brooklyn, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1998", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California School of Medicine", - "city": "Los Angeles, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "460", - "firstname": "Ferid", - "surname": "Murad", - "born": "1936-09-14", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Whiting, IN", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1998", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Texas Medical School at Houston", - "city": "Houston, TX", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "461", - "firstname": "Günter", - "surname": "Blobel", - "born": "1936-05-21", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Germany (now Poland)", - "bornCountryCode": "PL", - "bornCity": "Waltersdorf (now Niegoslawice)", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1999", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Rockefeller University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "Howard Hughes Medical Institute" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "462", - "firstname": "Jean Henry", - "surname": "Dunant", - "born": "1828-05-08", - "died": "1910-10-30", - "bornCountry": "Switzerland", - "bornCountryCode": "CH", - "bornCity": "Geneva", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Heiden", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1901", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "463", - "firstname": "Frédéric", - "surname": "Passy", - "born": "1822-05-20", - "died": "1912-06-12", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Paris", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1901", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "464", - "firstname": "Élie", - "surname": "Ducommun", - "born": "1833-02-19", - "died": "1906-12-07", - "bornCountry": "Switzerland", - "bornCountryCode": "CH", - "bornCity": "Geneva", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Bern", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1902", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "465", - "firstname": "Charles Albert", - "surname": "Gobat", - "born": "1843-05-21", - "died": "1914-03-16", - "bornCountry": "Switzerland", - "bornCountryCode": "CH", - "bornCity": "Tramelan", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Bern", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1902", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "466", - "firstname": "William Randal", - "surname": "Cremer", - "born": "1828-03-18", - "died": "1908-07-22", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Fareham", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "London", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1903", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "467", - "firstname": "Institut de droit international (Institute of International Law)", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "org", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1904", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "468", - "firstname": "Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita", - "surname": "von Suttner, née Countess Kinsky von Chinic und Tettau", - "born": "1843-06-09", - "died": "1914-06-21", - "bornCountry": "Austrian Empire (now Czech Republic)", - "bornCountryCode": "CZ", - "bornCity": "Prague", - "diedCountry": "Austria", - "diedCountryCode": "AT", - "diedCity": "Vienna", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1905", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "470", - "firstname": "Theodore", - "surname": "Roosevelt", - "born": "1858-10-27", - "died": "1919-01-06", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Oyster Bay, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1906", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "471", - "firstname": "Ernesto Teodoro", - "surname": "Moneta", - "born": "1833-09-20", - "died": "1918-02-10", - "bornCountry": "Austrian Empire (now Italy)", - "bornCountryCode": "IT", - "bornCity": "Milan", - "diedCountry": "Italy", - "diedCountryCode": "IT", - "diedCity": "Milan", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1907", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "472", - "firstname": "Louis", - "surname": "Renault", - "born": "1843-05-21", - "died": "1918-02-08", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Autun", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Barbizon", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1907", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Sorbonne University", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "473", - "firstname": "Klas Pontus", - "surname": "Arnoldson", - "born": "1844-10-27", - "died": "1916-02-20", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Gothenburg", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Stockholm", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1908", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "474", - "firstname": "Fredrik", - "surname": "Bajer", - "born": "1837-04-21", - "died": "1922-01-22", - "bornCountry": "Denmark", - "bornCountryCode": "DK", - "bornCity": "Næstved", - "diedCountry": "Denmark", - "diedCountryCode": "DK", - "diedCity": "Copenhagen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1908", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "475", - "firstname": "Auguste Marie François", - "surname": "Beernaert", - "born": "1829-07-26", - "died": "1912-10-06", - "bornCountry": "Belgium", - "bornCountryCode": "BE", - "bornCity": "Ostend", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Lucerne", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1909", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "476", - "firstname": "Paul Henri Benjamin Balluet", - "surname": "d'Estournelles de Constant, Baron de Constant de Rebecque", - "born": "1852-11-22", - "died": "1924-05-15", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "La Flèche", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1909", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "477", - "firstname": "Bureau international permanent de la Paix (Permanent International Peace Bureau)", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "org", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1910", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "478", - "firstname": "Tobias Michael Carel", - "surname": "Asser", - "born": "1838-04-28", - "died": "1913-07-29", - "bornCountry": "the Netherlands", - "bornCountryCode": "NL", - "bornCity": "Amsterdam", - "diedCountry": "the Netherlands", - "diedCountryCode": "NL", - "diedCity": "the Hague", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1911", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "479", - "firstname": "Alfred Hermann", - "surname": "Fried", - "born": "1864-11-11", - "died": "1921-05-05", - "bornCountry": "Austria", - "bornCountryCode": "AT", - "bornCity": "Vienna", - "diedCountry": "Austria", - "diedCountryCode": "AT", - "diedCity": "Vienna", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1911", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "480", - "firstname": "Elihu", - "surname": "Root", - "born": "1845-02-15", - "died": "1937-02-07", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Clinton, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1912", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "481", - "firstname": "Henri", - "surname": "La Fontaine", - "born": "1854-04-22", - "died": "1943-05-14", - "bornCountry": "Belgium", - "bornCountryCode": "BE", - "bornCity": "Brussels", - "diedCountry": "Belgium", - "diedCountryCode": "BE", - "diedCity": "Brussels", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1913", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "482", - "firstname": "Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross)", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "org", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1917", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - }, - { - "year": "1944", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - }, - { - "year": "1963", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "483", - "firstname": "Thomas Woodrow", - "surname": "Wilson", - "born": "1856-12-28", - "died": "1924-02-03", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Staunton, VA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Washington, DC", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1919", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "484", - "firstname": "Léon Victor Auguste", - "surname": "Bourgeois", - "born": "1851-05-21", - "died": "1925-09-29", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Paris", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Épernay", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1920", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "485", - "firstname": "Karl Hjalmar", - "surname": "Branting", - "born": "1860-11-23", - "died": "1925-02-24", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Stockholm", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Stockholm", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1921", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "486", - "firstname": "Christian Lous", - "surname": "Lange", - "born": "1869-09-17", - "died": "1938-12-11", - "bornCountry": "Norway", - "bornCountryCode": "NO", - "bornCity": "Stavanger", - "diedCountry": "Norway", - "diedCountryCode": "NO", - "diedCity": "Oslo", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1921", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "487", - "firstname": "Fridtjof", - "surname": "Nansen", - "born": "1861-10-10", - "died": "1930-05-13", - "bornCountry": "Norway", - "bornCountryCode": "NO", - "bornCity": "Kristiania (now Oslo)", - "diedCountry": "Norway", - "diedCountryCode": "NO", - "diedCity": "Oslo", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1922", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "488", - "firstname": "Sir Austen", - "surname": "Chamberlain", - "born": "1863-10-16", - "died": "1937-03-16", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Birmingham", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "London", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1925", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "489", - "firstname": "Charles Gates", - "surname": "Dawes", - "born": "1865-08-27", - "died": "1951-04-23", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Marietta, OH", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Evanston, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1925", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "490", - "firstname": "Aristide", - "surname": "Briand", - "born": "1862-03-28", - "died": "1932-03-07", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Nantes", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1926", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "491", - "firstname": "Gustav", - "surname": "Stresemann", - "born": "1878-05-10", - "died": "1929-10-03", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Berlin", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Berlin", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1926", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "492", - "firstname": "Ferdinand", - "surname": "Buisson", - "born": "1841-12-20", - "died": "1932-02-16", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Paris", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Thieuloy-Saint-Antoine", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1927", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "493", - "firstname": "Ludwig", - "surname": "Quidde", - "born": "1858-03-23", - "died": "1941-03-04", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Bremen", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Geneva", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1927", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "494", - "firstname": "Frank Billings", - "surname": "Kellogg", - "born": "1856-12-22", - "died": "1937-12-21", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Potsdam, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "St. Paul, MN", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1929", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "495", - "firstname": "Lars Olof Jonathan (Nathan)", - "surname": "Söderblom", - "born": "1866-01-15", - "died": "1931-07-12", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Trönö", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Uppsala", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1930", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "496", - "firstname": "Jane", - "surname": "Addams", - "born": "1860-09-06", - "died": "1935-05-21", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Cedarville, IL", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Chicago, IL", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1931", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "497", - "firstname": "Nicholas Murray", - "surname": "Butler", - "born": "1862-04-02", - "died": "1947-12-07", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Elizabeth, NJ", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1931", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Columbia University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "498", - "firstname": "Sir Norman", - "surname": "Angell (Ralph Lane)", - "born": "1872-12-26", - "died": "1967-10-07", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Holbeach", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Croydon", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1933", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "499", - "firstname": "Arthur", - "surname": "Henderson", - "born": "1863-09-13", - "died": "1935-10-20", - "bornCountry": "Scotland", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Glasgow", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "London", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1934", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "500", - "firstname": "Carl", - "surname": "von Ossietzky", - "born": "1889-10-03", - "died": "1938-05-04", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Hamburg", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Berlin", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1935", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "501", - "firstname": "Carlos", - "surname": "Saavedra Lamas", - "born": "1878-11-01", - "died": "1959-05-05", - "bornCountry": "Argentina", - "bornCountryCode": "AR", - "bornCity": "Buenos Aires", - "diedCountry": "Argentina", - "diedCountryCode": "AR", - "diedCity": "Buenos Aires", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1936", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "502", - "firstname": "Cecil of Chelwood, Viscount", - "surname": "(Lord Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne Cecil)", - "born": "1864-09-14", - "died": "1958-11-24", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "London", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Tunbridge Wells", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1937", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "503", - "firstname": "Office international Nansen pour les Réfugiés (Nansen International Office for Refugees)", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "org", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1938", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "505", - "firstname": "Cordell", - "surname": "Hull", - "born": "1871-10-02", - "died": "1955-07-23", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Olympus, TN", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Bethesda, MD", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1945", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "506", - "firstname": "Emily Greene", - "surname": "Balch", - "born": "1867-01-08", - "died": "1961-01-09", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Jamaica Plain, MA (now Boston)", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Cambridge, MA", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1946", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "507", - "firstname": "John Raleigh", - "surname": "Mott", - "born": "1865-05-25", - "died": "1955-01-31", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Livingston Manor, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1946", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "508", - "firstname": "Friends Service Council (The Quakers)", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "org", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1947", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "509", - "firstname": "American Friends Service Committee (The Quakers)", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "org", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1947", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "510", - "firstname": "Lord (John)", - "surname": "Boyd Orr of Brechin", - "born": "1880-09-23", - "died": "1971-06-25", - "bornCountry": "Scotland", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Kilmaurs", - "diedCountry": "Scotland", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Edzell", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1949", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "511", - "firstname": "Ralph", - "surname": "Bunche", - "born": "1904-08-07", - "died": "1971-12-09", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Detroit, MI", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1950", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "512", - "firstname": "Léon", - "surname": "Jouhaux", - "born": "1879-07-01", - "died": "1954-04-28", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Paris", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1951", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "513", - "firstname": "Albert", - "surname": "Schweitzer", - "born": "1875-01-14", - "died": "1965-09-04", - "bornCountry": "Germany (now France)", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Kaysersberg", - "diedCountry": "Gabon", - "diedCountryCode": "GA", - "diedCity": "Lambaréné", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1952", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "514", - "firstname": "George Catlett", - "surname": "Marshall", - "born": "1880-12-31", - "died": "1959-10-16", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Uniontown, PA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Washington, DC", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1953", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "515", - "firstname": "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "org", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1954", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - }, - { - "year": "1981", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "516", - "firstname": "Lester Bowles", - "surname": "Pearson", - "born": "1897-04-23", - "died": "1972-12-27", - "bornCountry": "Canada", - "bornCountryCode": "CA", - "bornCity": "Toronto", - "diedCountry": "Canada", - "diedCountryCode": "CA", - "diedCity": "Ottawa", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1957", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "517", - "firstname": "Georges", - "surname": "Pire", - "born": "1910-02-10", - "died": "1969-01-30", - "bornCountry": "Belgium", - "bornCountryCode": "BE", - "bornCity": "Dinant", - "diedCountry": "Belgium", - "diedCountryCode": "BE", - "diedCity": "Leuven", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1958", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "518", - "firstname": "Philip J.", - "surname": "Noel-Baker", - "born": "1889-11-01", - "died": "1982-10-08", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "London", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "London", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1959", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "519", - "firstname": "Albert John", - "surname": "Lutuli", - "born": "1898-00-00", - "died": "1967-07-21", - "bornCountry": "Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe)", - "bornCountryCode": "ZW", - "bornCity": "Bulawayo", - "diedCountry": "South Africa", - "diedCountryCode": "ZA", - "diedCity": "Stanger", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1960", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "520", - "firstname": "Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl", - "surname": "Hammarskjöld", - "born": "1905-07-29", - "died": "1961-09-18", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Jönköping", - "diedCountry": "Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia)", - "diedCountryCode": "ZM", - "diedCity": "Ndola", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1961", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "523", - "firstname": "Ligue des Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge (League of Red Cross Societies)", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "org", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1963", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "524", - "firstname": "Martin Luther", - "surname": "King Jr.", - "born": "1929-01-15", - "died": "1968-04-04", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Atlanta, GA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Memphis, TN", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1964", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "525", - "firstname": "United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "org", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1965", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "526", - "firstname": "René", - "surname": "Cassin", - "born": "1887-10-05", - "died": "1976-02-20", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Bayonne", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1968", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "527", - "firstname": "International Labour Organization (I.L.O.)", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "org", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1969", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "528", - "firstname": "Norman E.", - "surname": "Borlaug", - "born": "1914-03-25", - "died": "2009-09-12", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Cresco, IA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Dallas, TX", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1970", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "529", - "firstname": "Willy", - "surname": "Brandt", - "born": "1913-12-18", - "died": "1992-10-08", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Lübeck", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Unkel", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1971", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "530", - "firstname": "Henry A.", - "surname": "Kissinger", - "born": "1923-05-27", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Fürth", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1973", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "531", - "firstname": "Le Duc Tho", - "born": "1911-10-14", - "died": "1990-10-13", - "bornCountry": "Vietnam", - "bornCountryCode": "VN", - "bornCity": "Nam Ha province", - "diedCountry": "Vietnam", - "diedCountryCode": "VN", - "diedCity": "Hanoi", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1973", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "532", - "firstname": "Seán", - "surname": "MacBride", - "born": "1904-01-26", - "died": "1988-01-15", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Paris", - "diedCountry": "Ireland", - "diedCountryCode": "IE", - "diedCity": "Dublin", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1974", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "533", - "firstname": "Eisaku", - "surname": "Sato", - "born": "1901-03-27", - "died": "1975-06-03", - "bornCountry": "Japan", - "bornCountryCode": "JP", - "bornCity": "Tabuse", - "diedCountry": "Japan", - "diedCountryCode": "JP", - "diedCity": "Tokyo", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1974", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "534", - "firstname": "Andrei Dmitrievich", - "surname": "Sakharov", - "born": "1921-05-21", - "died": "1989-12-14", - "bornCountry": "Russia", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "Moscow", - "diedCountry": "USSR (now Russia)", - "diedCountryCode": "RU", - "diedCity": "Moscow", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1975", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "535", - "firstname": "Betty", - "surname": "Williams", - "born": "1943-05-22", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Northern Ireland", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Belfast", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1976", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "536", - "firstname": "Mairead", - "surname": "Corrigan", - "born": "1944-01-27", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Northern Ireland", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Belfast", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1976", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "537", - "firstname": "Amnesty International", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "org", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1977", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "538", - "firstname": "Mohamed Anwar", - "surname": "al-Sadat", - "born": "1918-12-25", - "died": "1981-10-06", - "bornCountry": "Egypt", - "bornCountryCode": "EG", - "bornCity": "Mit Abu al-Kawm", - "diedCountry": "Egypt", - "diedCountryCode": "EG", - "diedCity": "Cairo", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1978", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "539", - "firstname": "Menachem", - "surname": "Begin", - "born": "1913-08-16", - "died": "1992-03-09", - "bornCountry": "Russian Empire (now Belarus)", - "bornCountryCode": "BY", - "bornCity": "Brest Litovsk", - "diedCountry": "Israel", - "diedCountryCode": "IL", - "diedCity": "Tel Aviv", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1978", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "540", - "firstname": "Mother Teresa", - "born": "1910-08-26", - "died": "1997-09-05", - "bornCountry": "Ottoman Empire (now Republic of Macedonia)", - "bornCountryCode": "MK", - "bornCity": "Uskup (now Skopje)", - "diedCountry": "India", - "diedCountryCode": "IN", - "diedCity": "Calcutta", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1979", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "541", - "firstname": "Adolfo", - "surname": "Pérez Esquivel", - "born": "1931-11-26", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Argentina", - "bornCountryCode": "AR", - "bornCity": "Buenos Aires", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1980", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "543", - "firstname": "Alva", - "surname": "Myrdal", - "born": "1902-01-31", - "died": "1986-02-01", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Uppsala", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Stockholm", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1982", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "544", - "firstname": "Alfonso", - "surname": "García Robles", - "born": "1911-03-20", - "died": "1991-09-02", - "bornCountry": "Mexico", - "bornCountryCode": "MX", - "bornCity": "Zamora", - "diedCountry": "Mexico", - "diedCountryCode": "MX", - "diedCity": "Mexico City", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1982", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "545", - "firstname": "Lech", - "surname": "Walesa", - "born": "1943-09-29", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Poland", - "bornCountryCode": "PL", - "bornCity": "Popowo", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1983", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "546", - "firstname": "Desmond Mpilo", - "surname": "Tutu", - "born": "1931-10-07", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "South Africa", - "bornCountryCode": "ZA", - "bornCity": "Klerksdorp", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1984", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "547", - "firstname": "International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "org", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1985", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "548", - "firstname": "Elie", - "surname": "Wiesel", - "born": "1928-09-30", - "died": "2016-07-02", - "bornCountry": "Romania", - "bornCountryCode": "RO", - "bornCity": "Sighet", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1986", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "549", - "firstname": "Oscar", - "surname": "Arias Sánchez", - "born": "1941-09-13", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Costa Rica", - "bornCountryCode": "CR", - "bornCity": "Heredia", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1987", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "550", - "firstname": "United Nations Peacekeeping Forces", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "org", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1988", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "551", - "firstname": "The 14th Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso)", - "born": "1935-07-06", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Tibet (now People's Republic of China)", - "bornCountryCode": "CN", - "bornCity": "Taktser", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1989", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "552", - "firstname": "Mikhail Sergeyevich", - "surname": "Gorbachev", - "born": "1931-03-02", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USSR (now Russia)", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "Privolnoye", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1990", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "553", - "firstname": "Aung San Suu Kyi", - "born": "1945-06-19", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Burma (now Myanmar)", - "bornCountryCode": "MM", - "bornCity": "Rangoon (now Yangon)", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1991", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "554", - "firstname": "Rigoberta", - "surname": "Menchú Tum", - "born": "1959-01-09", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Guatemala", - "bornCountryCode": "GT", - "bornCity": "Aldea Chimel", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1992", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "555", - "firstname": "Nelson", - "surname": "Mandela", - "born": "1918-07-18", - "died": "2013-12-05", - "bornCountry": "South Africa", - "bornCountryCode": "ZA", - "bornCity": "Qunu", - "diedCountry": "South Africa", - "diedCountryCode": "ZA", - "diedCity": "Johannesburg", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1993", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "556", - "firstname": "Frederik Willem", - "surname": "de Klerk", - "born": "1936-03-18", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "South Africa", - "bornCountryCode": "ZA", - "bornCity": "Johannesburg", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1993", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "557", - "firstname": "Yasser", - "surname": "Arafat", - "born": "1929-08-24", - "died": "2004-11-11", - "bornCountry": "Egypt", - "bornCountryCode": "EG", - "bornCity": "Cairo", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1994", - "category": "peace", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "558", - "firstname": "Shimon", - "surname": "Peres", - "born": "1923-08-16", - "died": "2016-09-28", - "bornCountry": "Poland (now Belarus)", - "bornCountryCode": "BY", - "bornCity": "Vishneva", - "diedCountry": "Israel", - "diedCountryCode": "IL", - "diedCity": "Tel Aviv", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1994", - "category": "peace", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "559", - "firstname": "Yitzhak", - "surname": "Rabin", - "born": "1922-03-01", - "died": "1995-11-04", - "bornCountry": "British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel)", - "bornCountryCode": "IL", - "bornCity": "Jerusalem", - "diedCountry": "Israel", - "diedCountryCode": "IL", - "diedCity": "Tel Aviv", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1994", - "category": "peace", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "560", - "firstname": "Joseph", - "surname": "Rotblat", - "born": "1908-11-04", - "died": "2005-08-31", - "bornCountry": "Russian Empire (now Poland)", - "bornCountryCode": "PL", - "bornCity": "Warsaw", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "London", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1995", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "561", - "firstname": "Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "org", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1995", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "562", - "firstname": "Carlos Filipe Ximenes", - "surname": "Belo", - "born": "1948-02-03", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "East Timor", - "bornCountryCode": "TL", - "bornCity": "Wailacama", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1996", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "563", - "firstname": "José", - "surname": "Ramos-Horta", - "born": "1949-12-26", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "East Timor", - "bornCountryCode": "TL", - "bornCity": "Dili", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1996", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "564", - "firstname": "International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL)", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "org", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1997", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "565", - "firstname": "Jody", - "surname": "Williams", - "born": "1950-10-09", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Putney, VT", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1997", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "566", - "firstname": "John", - "surname": "Hume", - "born": "1937-01-18", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Northern Ireland", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Londonderry", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1998", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "567", - "firstname": "David", - "surname": "Trimble", - "born": "1944-10-15", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Northern Ireland", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Belfast", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1998", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "568", - "firstname": "Médecins Sans Frontières", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "org", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1999", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "569", - "firstname": "Sully", - "surname": "Prudhomme", - "born": "1839-03-16", - "died": "1907-09-07", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Paris", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Châtenay", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1901", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "571", - "firstname": "Christian Matthias Theodor", - "surname": "Mommsen", - "born": "1817-11-30", - "died": "1903-11-01", - "bornCountry": "Schleswig (now Germany)", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Garding", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Charlottenburg", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1902", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "572", - "firstname": "Bjørnstjerne Martinus", - "surname": "Bjørnson", - "born": "1832-12-08", - "died": "1910-04-26", - "bornCountry": "Norway", - "bornCountryCode": "NO", - "bornCity": "Kvikne", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1903", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "573", - "firstname": "Frédéric", - "surname": "Mistral", - "born": "1830-09-08", - "died": "1914-03-25", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Maillane", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Maillane", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1904", - "category": "literature", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "574", - "firstname": "José", - "surname": "Echegaray y Eizaguirre", - "born": "1832-04-19", - "died": "1916-09-04", - "bornCountry": "Spain", - "bornCountryCode": "ES", - "bornCity": "Madrid", - "diedCountry": "Spain", - "diedCountryCode": "ES", - "diedCity": "Madrid", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1904", - "category": "literature", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "575", - "firstname": "Henryk", - "surname": "Sienkiewicz", - "born": "1846-05-05", - "died": "1916-11-15", - "bornCountry": "Poland", - "bornCountryCode": "PL", - "bornCity": "Wola Okrzejska", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Vevey", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1905", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "576", - "firstname": "Giosuè", - "surname": "Carducci", - "born": "1835-07-27", - "died": "1907-02-16", - "bornCountry": "Tuscany (now Italy)", - "bornCountryCode": "IT", - "bornCity": "Val di Castello", - "diedCountry": "Italy", - "diedCountryCode": "IT", - "diedCity": "Bologna", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1906", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "577", - "firstname": "Rudyard", - "surname": "Kipling", - "born": "1865-12-30", - "died": "1936-01-18", - "bornCountry": "British India (now India)", - "bornCountryCode": "IN", - "bornCity": "Bombay", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "London", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1907", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "578", - "firstname": "Rudolf Christoph", - "surname": "Eucken", - "born": "1846-01-05", - "died": "1926-09-14", - "bornCountry": "East Friesland (now Germany)", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Aurich", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Jena", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1908", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "579", - "firstname": "Selma Ottilia Lovisa", - "surname": "Lagerlöf", - "born": "1858-11-20", - "died": "1940-03-16", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Mårbacka", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Mårbacka", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1909", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "580", - "firstname": "Paul Johann Ludwig", - "surname": "Heyse", - "born": "1830-03-15", - "died": "1914-04-02", - "bornCountry": "Prussia (now Germany)", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Berlin", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Munich", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1910", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "581", - "firstname": "Count Maurice (Mooris) Polidore Marie Bernhard", - "surname": "Maeterlinck", - "born": "1862-08-29", - "died": "1949-05-06", - "bornCountry": "Belgium", - "bornCountryCode": "BE", - "bornCity": "Ghent", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Nice", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1911", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "582", - "firstname": "Gerhart Johann Robert", - "surname": "Hauptmann", - "born": "1862-11-15", - "died": "1946-06-06", - "bornCountry": "Prussia (now Germany)", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Bad Salzbrunn", - "diedCountry": "Germany (now Poland)", - "diedCountryCode": "PL", - "diedCity": "Agnetendorf (now Jagniatków)", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1912", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "583", - "firstname": "Rabindranath", - "surname": "Tagore", - "born": "1861-05-07", - "died": "1941-08-07", - "bornCountry": "India", - "bornCountryCode": "IN", - "bornCity": "Calcutta", - "diedCountry": "India", - "diedCountryCode": "IN", - "diedCity": "Calcutta", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1913", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "584", - "firstname": "Romain", - "surname": "Rolland", - "born": "1866-01-29", - "died": "1944-12-30", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Clamecy", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Vézelay", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1915", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "585", - "firstname": "Carl Gustaf Verner", - "surname": "von Heidenstam", - "born": "1859-07-06", - "died": "1940-05-20", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Olshammar", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Övralid", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1916", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "586", - "firstname": "Karl Adolph", - "surname": "Gjellerup", - "born": "1857-06-02", - "died": "1919-10-11", - "bornCountry": "Denmark", - "bornCountryCode": "DK", - "bornCity": "Roholte", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Klotzsche", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1917", - "category": "literature", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "587", - "firstname": "Henrik", - "surname": "Pontoppidan", - "born": "1857-07-24", - "died": "1943-08-21", - "bornCountry": "Denmark", - "bornCountryCode": "DK", - "bornCity": "Fredericia", - "diedCountry": "Denmark", - "diedCountryCode": "DK", - "diedCity": "Ordrup", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1917", - "category": "literature", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "588", - "firstname": "Carl Friedrich Georg", - "surname": "Spitteler", - "born": "1845-04-24", - "died": "1924-12-29", - "bornCountry": "Switzerland", - "bornCountryCode": "CH", - "bornCity": "Liestal", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Lucerne", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1919", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "589", - "firstname": "Knut Pedersen", - "surname": "Hamsun", - "born": "1859-08-04", - "died": "1952-02-19", - "bornCountry": "Norway", - "bornCountryCode": "NO", - "bornCity": "Lom", - "diedCountry": "Norway", - "diedCountryCode": "NO", - "diedCity": "Grimstad", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1920", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "590", - "firstname": "Anatole", - "surname": "France", - "born": "1844-04-16", - "died": "1924-10-12", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Paris", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Saint-Cyr-sur-Loire", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1921", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "592", - "firstname": "Jacinto", - "surname": "Benavente", - "born": "1866-08-12", - "died": "1954-07-14", - "bornCountry": "Spain", - "bornCountryCode": "ES", - "bornCity": "Madrid", - "diedCountry": "Spain", - "diedCountryCode": "ES", - "diedCity": "Madrid", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1922", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "593", - "firstname": "William Butler", - "surname": "Yeats", - "born": "1865-06-13", - "died": "1939-01-28", - "bornCountry": "Ireland", - "bornCountryCode": "IE", - "bornCity": "Dublin", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Roquebrune-Cap-Martin", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1923", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "594", - "firstname": "Wladyslaw Stanislaw", - "surname": "Reymont", - "born": "1867-05-07", - "died": "1925-12-05", - "bornCountry": "Russian Empire (now Poland)", - "bornCountryCode": "PL", - "bornCity": "Kobiele Wielkie", - "diedCountry": "Poland", - "diedCountryCode": "PL", - "diedCity": "Warsaw", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1924", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his great national epic, The Peasants\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "596", - "firstname": "George Bernard", - "surname": "Shaw", - "born": "1856-07-26", - "died": "1950-11-02", - "bornCountry": "Ireland", - "bornCountryCode": "IE", - "bornCity": "Dublin", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Ayot St. Lawrence", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1925", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "597", - "firstname": "Grazia", - "surname": "Deledda", - "born": "1871-09-27", - "died": "1936-08-15", - "bornCountry": "Italy", - "bornCountryCode": "IT", - "bornCity": "Nuoro, Sardinia", - "diedCountry": "Italy", - "diedCountryCode": "IT", - "diedCity": "Rome", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1926", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "600", - "firstname": "Henri", - "surname": "Bergson", - "born": "1859-10-18", - "died": "1941-01-04", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Paris", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1927", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "601", - "firstname": "Sigrid", - "surname": "Undset", - "born": "1882-05-20", - "died": "1949-06-10", - "bornCountry": "Denmark", - "bornCountryCode": "DK", - "bornCity": "Kalundborg", - "diedCountry": "Norway", - "diedCountryCode": "NO", - "diedCity": "Lillehammer", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1928", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "602", - "firstname": "Thomas", - "surname": "Mann", - "born": "1875-06-06", - "died": "1955-08-12", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Lübeck", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Zurich", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1929", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "603", - "firstname": "Sinclair", - "surname": "Lewis", - "born": "1885-02-07", - "died": "1951-01-10", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Sauk Centre, MN", - "diedCountry": "Italy", - "diedCountryCode": "IT", - "diedCity": "Rome", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1930", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "604", - "firstname": "Erik Axel", - "surname": "Karlfeldt", - "born": "1864-07-20", - "died": "1931-04-08", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Karlbo", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Stockholm", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1931", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "605", - "firstname": "John", - "surname": "Galsworthy", - "born": "1867-08-14", - "died": "1933-01-31", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Kingston Hill", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "London", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1932", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "606", - "firstname": "Ivan Alekseyevich", - "surname": "Bunin", - "born": "1870-10-22", - "died": "1953-11-08", - "bornCountry": "Russia", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "Voronezh", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1933", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "607", - "firstname": "Luigi", - "surname": "Pirandello", - "born": "1867-06-28", - "died": "1936-12-10", - "bornCountry": "Italy", - "bornCountryCode": "IT", - "bornCity": "Agrigento, Sicily", - "diedCountry": "Italy", - "diedCountryCode": "IT", - "diedCity": "Rome", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1934", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "608", - "firstname": "Eugene Gladstone", - "surname": "O'Neill", - "born": "1888-10-16", - "died": "1953-11-27", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Boston, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1936", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "609", - "firstname": "Roger", - "surname": "Martin du Gard", - "born": "1881-03-23", - "died": "1958-08-22", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Neuilly-sur-Seine", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Bellême", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1937", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "610", - "firstname": "Pearl", - "surname": "Buck", - "born": "1892-06-26", - "died": "1973-03-06", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Hillsboro, WV", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Danby, VT", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1938", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "613", - "firstname": "Frans Eemil", - "surname": "Sillanpää", - "born": "1888-09-16", - "died": "1964-06-03", - "bornCountry": "Russian Empire (now Finland)", - "bornCountryCode": "FI", - "bornCity": "Hämeenkyrö", - "diedCountry": "Finland", - "diedCountryCode": "FI", - "diedCity": "Helsinki", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1939", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "614", - "firstname": "Johannes Vilhelm", - "surname": "Jensen", - "born": "1873-01-20", - "died": "1950-11-25", - "bornCountry": "Denmark", - "bornCountryCode": "DK", - "bornCity": "Farsø", - "diedCountry": "Denmark", - "diedCountryCode": "DK", - "diedCity": "Copenhagen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1944", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "615", - "firstname": "Gabriela", - "surname": "Mistral", - "born": "1889-04-07", - "died": "1957-01-10", - "bornCountry": "Chile", - "bornCountryCode": "CL", - "bornCity": "Vicuña", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Hempstead, NY", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1945", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "617", - "firstname": "Hermann", - "surname": "Hesse", - "born": "1877-07-02", - "died": "1962-08-09", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Calw", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Montagnola", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1946", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "618", - "firstname": "André Paul Guillaume", - "surname": "Gide", - "born": "1869-11-22", - "died": "1951-02-19", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Paris", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1947", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "619", - "firstname": "Thomas Stearns", - "surname": "Eliot", - "born": "1888-09-26", - "died": "1965-01-04", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "St. Louis, MO", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "London", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1948", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "620", - "firstname": "William", - "surname": "Faulkner", - "born": "1897-09-25", - "died": "1962-07-06", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New Albany, MS", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Byhalia, MS", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1949", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "621", - "firstname": "Earl (Bertrand Arthur William)", - "surname": "Russell", - "born": "1872-05-18", - "died": "1970-02-02", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Trelleck", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Penrhyndeudraeth", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1950", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "622", - "firstname": "Pär Fabian", - "surname": "Lagerkvist", - "born": "1891-05-23", - "died": "1974-07-11", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Växjö", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Stockholm", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1951", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "623", - "firstname": "François", - "surname": "Mauriac", - "born": "1885-10-11", - "died": "1970-09-01", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Bordeaux", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1952", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "624", - "firstname": "Sir Winston Leonard Spencer", - "surname": "Churchill", - "born": "1874-11-30", - "died": "1965-01-24", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Woodstock", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "London", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1953", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "625", - "firstname": "Ernest Miller", - "surname": "Hemingway", - "born": "1899-07-21", - "died": "1961-07-02", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Oak Park, IL", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Ketchum, ID", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1954", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "626", - "firstname": "Halldór Kiljan", - "surname": "Laxness", - "born": "1902-04-23", - "died": "1998-02-08", - "bornCountry": "Iceland", - "bornCountryCode": "IS", - "bornCity": "Reykjavik", - "diedCountry": "Iceland", - "diedCountryCode": "IS", - "diedCity": "Reykjavik", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1955", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "627", - "firstname": "Juan Ramón", - "surname": "Jiménez", - "born": "1881-12-24", - "died": "1958-05-29", - "bornCountry": "Spain", - "bornCountryCode": "ES", - "bornCity": "Moguer", - "diedCountry": "Puerto Rico", - "diedCountryCode": "PR", - "diedCity": "San Juan", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1956", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "628", - "firstname": "Albert", - "surname": "Camus", - "born": "1913-11-07", - "died": "1960-01-04", - "bornCountry": "French Algeria (now Algeria)", - "bornCountryCode": "DZ", - "bornCity": "Mondovi", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Sens", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1957", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "629", - "firstname": "Boris Leonidovich", - "surname": "Pasternak", - "born": "1890-02-10", - "died": "1960-05-30", - "bornCountry": "Russia", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "Moscow", - "diedCountry": "Russia", - "diedCountryCode": "RU", - "diedCity": "Peredelkino", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1958", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "630", - "firstname": "Salvatore", - "surname": "Quasimodo", - "born": "1901-08-20", - "died": "1968-06-14", - "bornCountry": "Italy", - "bornCountryCode": "IT", - "bornCity": "Modica", - "diedCountry": "Italy", - "diedCountryCode": "IT", - "diedCity": "Naples", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1959", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "631", - "firstname": "Saint-John", - "surname": "Perse", - "born": "1887-05-31", - "died": "1975-09-20", - "bornCountry": "Guadeloupe Island", - "bornCountryCode": "GP", - "bornCity": "Pointe-à-Pitre", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Presqu'île-de-Giens", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1960", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "633", - "firstname": "Ivo", - "surname": "Andric", - "born": "1892-10-10", - "died": "1975-03-13", - "bornCountry": "Bosnia (now Bosnia and Herzegovina)", - "bornCountryCode": "BA", - "bornCity": "Dolac", - "diedCountry": "Yugoslavia (now Serbia)", - "diedCountryCode": "RS", - "diedCity": "Belgrade", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1961", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "634", - "firstname": "John", - "surname": "Steinbeck", - "born": "1902-02-27", - "died": "1968-12-20", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Salinas, CA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1962", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "635", - "firstname": "Giorgos", - "surname": "Seferis", - "born": "1900-03-13", - "died": "1971-09-20", - "bornCountry": "Ottoman Empire (now Turkey)", - "bornCountryCode": "TR", - "bornCity": "Smyrna (now Izmir)", - "diedCountry": "Greece", - "diedCountryCode": "GR", - "diedCity": "Athens", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1963", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "637", - "firstname": "Jean-Paul", - "surname": "Sartre", - "born": "1905-06-21", - "died": "1980-04-15", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Paris", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1964", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "638", - "firstname": "Mikhail Aleksandrovich", - "surname": "Sholokhov", - "born": "1905-05-24", - "died": "1984-02-21", - "bornCountry": "Russia", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "Veshenskaya", - "diedCountry": "USSR", - "diedCountryCode": "RU", - "diedCity": "Veshenskaya", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1965", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "639", - "firstname": "Shmuel Yosef", - "surname": "Agnon", - "born": "1888-07-17", - "died": "1970-02-17", - "bornCountry": "Austria-Hungary (now Ukraine)", - "bornCountryCode": "UA", - "bornCity": "Buczacz (now Buchach)", - "diedCountry": "Israel", - "diedCountryCode": "IL", - "diedCity": "Rehovot", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1966", - "category": "literature", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "640", - "firstname": "Nelly", - "surname": "Sachs", - "born": "1891-12-10", - "died": "1970-05-12", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Berlin", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Stockholm", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1966", - "category": "literature", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength\" ", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "641", - "firstname": "Miguel Angel", - "surname": "Asturias", - "born": "1899-10-19", - "died": "1974-06-09", - "bornCountry": "Guatemala", - "bornCountryCode": "GT", - "bornCity": "Guatemala City", - "diedCountry": "Spain", - "diedCountryCode": "ES", - "diedCity": "Madrid", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1967", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "642", - "firstname": "Yasunari", - "surname": "Kawabata", - "born": "1899-06-11", - "died": "1972-04-16", - "bornCountry": "Japan", - "bornCountryCode": "JP", - "bornCity": "Osaka", - "diedCountry": "Japan", - "diedCountryCode": "JP", - "diedCity": "Zushi", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1968", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "643", - "firstname": "Samuel", - "surname": "Beckett", - "born": "1906-04-13", - "died": "1989-12-22", - "bornCountry": "Ireland", - "bornCountryCode": "IE", - "bornCity": "Dublin", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1969", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "644", - "firstname": "Aleksandr Isayevich", - "surname": "Solzhenitsyn", - "born": "1918-12-11", - "died": "2008-08-03", - "bornCountry": "Russia", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "Kislovodsk", - "diedCountry": "Russia", - "diedCountryCode": "RU", - "diedCity": "Troitse-Lykovo", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1970", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "645", - "firstname": "Pablo", - "surname": "Neruda", - "born": "1904-07-12", - "died": "1973-09-23", - "bornCountry": "Chile", - "bornCountryCode": "CL", - "bornCity": "Parral", - "diedCountry": "Chile", - "diedCountryCode": "CL", - "diedCity": "Santiago", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1971", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "647", - "firstname": "Heinrich", - "surname": "Böll", - "born": "1917-12-21", - "died": "1985-07-16", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Cologne", - "diedCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Bornheim-Merten", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1972", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "648", - "firstname": "Patrick", - "surname": "White", - "born": "1912-05-28", - "died": "1990-09-30", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "London", - "diedCountry": "Australia", - "diedCountryCode": "AU", - "diedCity": "Sydney", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1973", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "649", - "firstname": "Eyvind", - "surname": "Johnson", - "born": "1900-07-29", - "died": "1976-08-25", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Svartbjörnsbyn", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Stockholm", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1974", - "category": "literature", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "650", - "firstname": "Harry", - "surname": "Martinson", - "born": "1904-05-06", - "died": "1978-02-11", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Jämshög", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Stockholm", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1974", - "category": "literature", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "651", - "firstname": "Eugenio", - "surname": "Montale", - "born": "1896-10-12", - "died": "1981-09-12", - "bornCountry": "Italy", - "bornCountryCode": "IT", - "bornCity": "Genoa", - "diedCountry": "Italy", - "diedCountryCode": "IT", - "diedCity": "Milan", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1975", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "652", - "firstname": "Saul", - "surname": "Bellow", - "born": "1915-06-10", - "died": "2005-04-05", - "bornCountry": "Canada", - "bornCountryCode": "CA", - "bornCity": "Montreal", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Brookline, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1976", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "653", - "firstname": "Vicente", - "surname": "Aleixandre", - "born": "1898-04-26", - "died": "1984-12-14", - "bornCountry": "Spain", - "bornCountryCode": "ES", - "bornCity": "Sevilla", - "diedCountry": "Spain", - "diedCountryCode": "ES", - "diedCity": "Madrid", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1977", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "654", - "firstname": "Isaac Bashevis", - "surname": "Singer", - "born": "1904-07-14", - "died": "1991-07-24", - "bornCountry": "Russian Empire (now Poland)", - "bornCountryCode": "PL", - "bornCity": "Leoncin", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Surfside, FL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1978", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "655", - "firstname": "Odysseus", - "surname": "Elytis", - "born": "1911-11-02", - "died": "1996-03-18", - "bornCountry": "Crete (now Greece)", - "bornCountryCode": "GR", - "bornCity": "Iráklion", - "diedCountry": "Greece", - "diedCountryCode": "GR", - "diedCity": "Athens", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1979", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "657", - "firstname": "Czeslaw", - "surname": "Milosz", - "born": "1911-06-30", - "died": "2004-08-14", - "bornCountry": "Russian Empire (now Lithuania)", - "bornCountryCode": "LT", - "bornCity": "Śeteniai", - "diedCountry": "Poland", - "diedCountryCode": "PL", - "diedCity": "Kraków", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1980", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "658", - "firstname": "Elias", - "surname": "Canetti", - "born": "1905-07-25", - "died": "1994-08-14", - "bornCountry": "Bulgaria", - "bornCountryCode": "BG", - "bornCity": "Ruse", - "diedCountry": "Switzerland", - "diedCountryCode": "CH", - "diedCity": "Zurich", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1981", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "659", - "firstname": "Gabriel", - "surname": "García Márquez", - "born": "1927-03-06", - "died": "2014-04-17", - "bornCountry": "Colombia", - "bornCountryCode": "CO", - "bornCity": "Aracataca", - "diedCountry": "Mexico", - "diedCountryCode": "MX", - "diedCity": "Mexico City", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1982", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "660", - "firstname": "William", - "surname": "Golding", - "born": "1911-09-19", - "died": "1993-06-19", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "St. Columb Minor", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Perranarworthal", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1983", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "661", - "firstname": "Jaroslav", - "surname": "Seifert", - "born": "1901-09-23", - "died": "1986-01-10", - "bornCountry": "Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic)", - "bornCountryCode": "CZ", - "bornCity": "Prague", - "diedCountry": "Czechoslovakia", - "diedCountryCode": "CZ", - "diedCity": "Prague", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1984", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "662", - "firstname": "Claude", - "surname": "Simon", - "born": "1913-10-10", - "died": "2005-07-06", - "bornCountry": "Madagascar", - "bornCountryCode": "MG", - "bornCity": "Tananarive (now Antananarivo)", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1985", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "663", - "firstname": "Wole", - "surname": "Soyinka", - "born": "1934-07-13", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Nigeria", - "bornCountryCode": "NG", - "bornCity": "Abeokuta", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1986", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "664", - "firstname": "Joseph", - "surname": "Brodsky", - "born": "1940-05-24", - "died": "1996-01-28", - "bornCountry": "USSR (now Russia)", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg)", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1987", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "665", - "firstname": "Naguib", - "surname": "Mahfouz", - "born": "1911-12-11", - "died": "2006-08-30", - "bornCountry": "Egypt", - "bornCountryCode": "EG", - "bornCity": "Cairo", - "diedCountry": "Egypt", - "diedCountryCode": "EG", - "diedCity": "Cairo", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1988", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "666", - "firstname": "Camilo José", - "surname": "Cela", - "born": "1916-05-11", - "died": "2002-01-17", - "bornCountry": "Spain", - "bornCountryCode": "ES", - "bornCity": "Iria Flavia", - "diedCountry": "Spain", - "diedCountryCode": "ES", - "diedCity": "Madrid", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1989", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "667", - "firstname": "Octavio", - "surname": "Paz", - "born": "1914-03-31", - "died": "1998-04-19", - "bornCountry": "Mexico", - "bornCountryCode": "MX", - "bornCity": "Mexico City", - "diedCountry": "Mexico", - "diedCountryCode": "MX", - "diedCity": "Mexico City", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1990", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "668", - "firstname": "Nadine", - "surname": "Gordimer", - "born": "1923-11-20", - "died": "2014-07-13", - "bornCountry": "South Africa", - "bornCountryCode": "ZA", - "bornCity": "Springs", - "diedCountry": "South Africa", - "diedCountryCode": "ZA", - "diedCity": "Johannesburg", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1991", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "669", - "firstname": "Derek", - "surname": "Walcott", - "born": "1930-01-23", - "died": "2017-03-17", - "bornCountry": "Saint Lucia", - "bornCountryCode": "LC", - "bornCity": "Castries", - "diedCountry": "Saint Lucia", - "diedCountryCode": "LC", - "diedCity": "Gros-Islet", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1992", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "670", - "firstname": "Toni", - "surname": "Morrison", - "born": "1931-02-18", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Lorain, OH", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1993", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "671", - "firstname": "Kenzaburo", - "surname": "Oe", - "born": "1935-01-31", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Japan", - "bornCountryCode": "JP", - "bornCity": "Uchiko", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1994", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "672", - "firstname": "Seamus", - "surname": "Heaney", - "born": "1939-04-13", - "died": "2013-08-30", - "bornCountry": "Northern Ireland", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Casteldàwson", - "diedCountry": "Ireland", - "diedCountryCode": "IE", - "diedCity": "Dublin", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1995", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "673", - "firstname": "Wislawa", - "surname": "Szymborska", - "born": "1923-07-02", - "died": "2012-02-01", - "bornCountry": "Poland", - "bornCountryCode": "PL", - "bornCity": "Bnin (now Kórnik)", - "diedCountry": "Poland", - "diedCountryCode": "PL", - "diedCity": "Kraków", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1996", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "674", - "firstname": "Dario", - "surname": "Fo", - "born": "1926-03-24", - "died": "2016-10-13", - "bornCountry": "Italy", - "bornCountryCode": "IT", - "bornCity": "Leggiuno-Sangiano", - "diedCountry": "Italy", - "diedCountryCode": "IT", - "diedCity": "Milano", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1997", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "675", - "firstname": "José", - "surname": "Saramago", - "born": "1922-11-16", - "died": "2010-06-18", - "bornCountry": "Portugal", - "bornCountryCode": "PT", - "bornCity": "Azinhaga", - "diedCountry": "Spain", - "diedCountryCode": "ES", - "diedCity": "Lanzarote", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1998", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "676", - "firstname": "Günter", - "surname": "Grass", - "born": "1927-10-16", - "died": "2015-04-13", - "bornCountry": "Free City of Danzig (now Poland)", - "bornCountryCode": "PL", - "bornCity": "Danzig (now Gdansk)", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Lübeck", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1999", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "677", - "firstname": "Ragnar", - "surname": "Frisch", - "born": "1895-03-03", - "died": "1973-01-31", - "bornCountry": "Norway", - "bornCountryCode": "NO", - "bornCity": "Oslo", - "diedCountry": "Norway", - "diedCountryCode": "NO", - "diedCity": "Oslo", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1969", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Oslo", - "city": "Oslo", - "country": "Norway" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "678", - "firstname": "Jan", - "surname": "Tinbergen", - "born": "1903-04-12", - "died": "1994-06-09", - "bornCountry": "the Netherlands", - "bornCountryCode": "NL", - "bornCity": "the Hague", - "diedCountry": "the Netherlands", - "diedCountryCode": "NL", - "diedCity": "the Hague", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1969", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "The Netherlands School of Economics", - "city": "Rotterdam", - "country": "the Netherlands" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "679", - "firstname": "Paul A.", - "surname": "Samuelson", - "born": "1915-05-15", - "died": "2009-12-13", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Gary, IN", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Belmont, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1970", - "category": "economics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "680", - "firstname": "Simon", - "surname": "Kuznets", - "born": "1901-04-30", - "died": "1985-07-08", - "bornCountry": "Russian Empire (now Belarus)", - "bornCountryCode": "BY", - "bornCity": "Pinsk", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Cambridge, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1971", - "category": "economics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "681", - "firstname": "John R.", - "surname": "Hicks", - "born": "1904-04-08", - "died": "1989-05-20", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Warwick", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Blockley", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1972", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "All Souls College", - "city": "Oxford", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "682", - "firstname": "Kenneth J.", - "surname": "Arrow", - "born": "1921-08-23", - "died": "2017-02-21", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Palo Alto, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1972", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "683", - "firstname": "Wassily", - "surname": "Leontief", - "born": "1906-08-05", - "died": "1999-02-05", - "bornCountry": "Russia", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "St. Petersburg", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1973", - "category": "economics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "684", - "firstname": "Gunnar", - "surname": "Myrdal", - "born": "1898-12-06", - "died": "1987-05-17", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Skattungbyn", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Stockholm", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1974", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "685", - "firstname": "Friedrich August", - "surname": "von Hayek", - "born": "1899-05-08", - "died": "1992-03-23", - "bornCountry": "Austria", - "bornCountryCode": "AT", - "bornCity": "Vienna", - "diedCountry": "Germany", - "diedCountryCode": "DE", - "diedCity": "Freiburg", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1974", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "686", - "firstname": "Leonid Vitaliyevich", - "surname": "Kantorovich", - "born": "1912-01-19", - "died": "1986-04-07", - "bornCountry": "Russian Empire (now Russia)", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "St. Petersburg", - "diedCountry": "USSR (now Russia)", - "diedCountryCode": "RU", - "diedCity": "Moscow", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1975", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Academy of Sciences", - "city": "Moscow", - "country": "USSR" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "687", - "firstname": "Tjalling C.", - "surname": "Koopmans", - "born": "1910-08-28", - "died": "1985-02-26", - "bornCountry": "the Netherlands", - "bornCountryCode": "NL", - "bornCity": "'s Graveland", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "New Haven, CT", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1975", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Yale University", - "city": "New Haven, CT", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "688", - "firstname": "Milton", - "surname": "Friedman", - "born": "1912-07-31", - "died": "2006-11-16", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Brooklyn, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "San Francisco, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1976", - "category": "economics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Chicago", - "city": "Chicago, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "689", - "firstname": "Bertil", - "surname": "Ohlin", - "born": "1899-04-23", - "died": "1979-08-03", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Klippan", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Vålådalen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1977", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stockholm School of Economics", - "city": "Stockholm", - "country": "Sweden" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "690", - "firstname": "James E.", - "surname": "Meade", - "born": "1907-06-23", - "died": "1995-12-22", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Swanage", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Cambridge", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1977", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Cambridge", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "691", - "firstname": "Herbert A.", - "surname": "Simon", - "born": "1916-06-15", - "died": "2001-02-09", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Milwaukee, WI", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Pittsburgh, PA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1978", - "category": "economics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Carnegie Mellon University", - "city": "Pittsburgh, PA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "692", - "firstname": "Theodore W.", - "surname": "Schultz", - "born": "1902-04-30", - "died": "1998-02-26", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Arlington, SD", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Evanston, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1979", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Chicago", - "city": "Chicago, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "693", - "firstname": "Sir Arthur", - "surname": "Lewis", - "born": "1915-01-23", - "died": "1991-06-15", - "bornCountry": "British West Indies (now Saint Lucia)", - "bornCountryCode": "LC", - "bornCity": "Castries", - "diedCountry": "Barbados", - "diedCountryCode": "BB", - "diedCity": "Bridgetown", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1979", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Princeton University", - "city": "Princeton, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "694", - "firstname": "Lawrence R.", - "surname": "Klein", - "born": "1920-09-14", - "died": "2013-10-20", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Omaha, NE", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Gladwyne, PA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1980", - "category": "economics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Pennsylvania", - "city": "Philadelphia, PA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "695", - "firstname": "James", - "surname": "Tobin", - "born": "1918-03-05", - "died": "2002-03-11", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Champaign, IL", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "New Haven, CT", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1981", - "category": "economics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Yale University", - "city": "New Haven, CT", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "696", - "firstname": "George J.", - "surname": "Stigler", - "born": "1911-01-17", - "died": "1991-12-01", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Renton, WA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Chicago, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1982", - "category": "economics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Chicago", - "city": "Chicago, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "697", - "firstname": "Gerard", - "surname": "Debreu", - "born": "1921-07-04", - "died": "2004-12-31", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Calais", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1983", - "category": "economics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Berkeley, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "698", - "firstname": "Richard", - "surname": "Stone", - "born": "1913-08-30", - "died": "1991-12-06", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "London", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Cambridge", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1984", - "category": "economics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Cambridge", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "699", - "firstname": "Franco", - "surname": "Modigliani", - "born": "1918-06-18", - "died": "2003-09-25", - "bornCountry": "Italy", - "bornCountryCode": "IT", - "bornCity": "Rome", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Cambridge, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1985", - "category": "economics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "700", - "firstname": "James M.", - "surname": "Buchanan Jr.", - "born": "1919-10-03", - "died": "2013-01-09", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Murfreesboro, TN", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Blacksburg, VA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1986", - "category": "economics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Center for Study of Public Choice", - "city": "Fairfax, VA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "701", - "firstname": "Robert M.", - "surname": "Solow", - "born": "1924-08-23", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Brooklyn, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1987", - "category": "economics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions to the theory of economic growth\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "702", - "firstname": "Maurice", - "surname": "Allais", - "born": "1911-05-31", - "died": "2010-10-09", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Paris", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1988", - "category": "economics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "École Nationale Supérieur des Mines de Paris", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "703", - "firstname": "Trygve", - "surname": "Haavelmo", - "born": "1911-12-13", - "died": "1999-07-26", - "bornCountry": "Norway", - "bornCountryCode": "NO", - "bornCity": "Skedsmo", - "diedCountry": "Norway", - "diedCountryCode": "NO", - "diedCity": "Oslo", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1989", - "category": "economics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Oslo", - "city": "Oslo", - "country": "Norway" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "704", - "firstname": "Harry M.", - "surname": "Markowitz", - "born": "1927-08-24", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Chicago, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1990", - "category": "economics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "City University of New York", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "705", - "firstname": "Merton H.", - "surname": "Miller", - "born": "1923-05-16", - "died": "2000-06-03", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Boston, MA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Chicago, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1990", - "category": "economics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Chicago", - "city": "Chicago, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "706", - "firstname": "William F.", - "surname": "Sharpe", - "born": "1934-06-16", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Boston, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1990", - "category": "economics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stanford University", - "city": "Stanford, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "707", - "firstname": "Ronald H.", - "surname": "Coase", - "born": "1910-12-29", - "died": "2013-09-02", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Willesden", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Chicago, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1991", - "category": "economics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Chicago", - "city": "Chicago, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "708", - "firstname": "Gary S.", - "surname": "Becker", - "born": "1930-12-02", - "died": "2014-05-03", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Pottsville, PA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Chicago, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1992", - "category": "economics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Chicago", - "city": "Chicago, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "709", - "firstname": "Robert W.", - "surname": "Fogel", - "born": "1927-07-01", - "died": "2013-06-11", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Oak Lawn, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1993", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Chicago", - "city": "Chicago, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "710", - "firstname": "Douglass C.", - "surname": "North", - "born": "1920-11-05", - "died": "2015-11-23", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Cambridge, MA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Benzonia, MI", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1993", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Washington University", - "city": "St. Louis, MO", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "711", - "firstname": "John C.", - "surname": "Harsanyi", - "born": "1920-05-29", - "died": "2000-08-09", - "bornCountry": "Hungary", - "bornCountryCode": "HU", - "bornCity": "Budapest", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Berkeley, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1994", - "category": "economics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Berkeley, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "712", - "firstname": "John F.", - "surname": "Nash Jr.", - "born": "1928-06-13", - "died": "2015-05-23", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Bluefield, WV", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "New Jersey, NJ", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1994", - "category": "economics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Princeton University", - "city": "Princeton, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "713", - "firstname": "Reinhard", - "surname": "Selten", - "born": "1930-10-05", - "died": "2016-08-23", - "bornCountry": "Germany (now Poland)", - "bornCountryCode": "PL", - "bornCity": "Breslau (now Wroclaw)", - "diedCountry": "Poland", - "diedCountryCode": "PL", - "diedCity": "Poznan", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1994", - "category": "economics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität", - "city": "Bonn", - "country": "Federal Republic of Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "714", - "firstname": "Robert E.", - "surname": "Lucas Jr.", - "born": "1937-09-15", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Yakima, WA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1995", - "category": "economics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Chicago", - "city": "Chicago, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "715", - "firstname": "James A.", - "surname": "Mirrlees", - "born": "1936-07-05", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Scotland", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Minnigaff", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1996", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Cambridge", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "716", - "firstname": "William", - "surname": "Vickrey", - "born": "1914-06-21", - "died": "1996-10-11", - "bornCountry": "Canada", - "bornCountryCode": "CA", - "bornCity": "Victoria, BC", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Harrison, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1996", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Columbia University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "717", - "firstname": "Robert C.", - "surname": "Merton", - "born": "1944-07-31", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1997", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for a new method to determine the value of derivatives\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "718", - "firstname": "Myron S.", - "surname": "Scholes", - "born": "1941-07-01", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Canada", - "bornCountryCode": "CA", - "bornCity": "Timmins, ON", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1997", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for a new method to determine the value of derivatives\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Long Term Capital Management", - "city": "Greenwich, CT", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "719", - "firstname": "Amartya", - "surname": "Sen", - "born": "1933-11-03", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "India", - "bornCountryCode": "IN", - "bornCity": "Santiniketan", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1998", - "category": "economics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions to welfare economics\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Trinity College", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "720", - "firstname": "Robert A.", - "surname": "Mundell", - "born": "1932-10-24", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Canada", - "bornCountryCode": "CA", - "bornCity": "Kingston, ON", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1999", - "category": "economics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Columbia University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "721", - "firstname": "Il´ja Mikhailovich", - "surname": "Frank", - "born": "1908-10-23", - "died": "1990-06-22", - "bornCountry": "Russia", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg)", - "diedCountry": "USSR (now Russia)", - "diedCountryCode": "RU", - "diedCity": "Moscow", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "1958", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Moscow", - "city": "Moscow", - "country": "USSR" - }, - { - "name": "P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute", - "city": "Moscow", - "country": "USSR" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "722", - "firstname": "Arvid", - "surname": "Carlsson", - "born": "1923-01-25", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Uppsala", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2000", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Göteborg University", - "city": "Gothenburg", - "country": "Sweden" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "723", - "firstname": "Paul", - "surname": "Greengard", - "born": "1925-12-11", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2000", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Rockefeller University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "724", - "firstname": "Eric R.", - "surname": "Kandel", - "born": "1929-11-07", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Austria", - "bornCountryCode": "AT", - "bornCity": "Vienna", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2000", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Columbia University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "725", - "firstname": "Kim", - "surname": "Dae-jung", - "born": "1925-12-03", - "died": "2009-08-18", - "bornCountry": "Korea (now South Korea)", - "bornCountryCode": "KR", - "bornCity": "Mokpo", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2000", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "726", - "firstname": "Zhores I.", - "surname": "Alferov", - "born": "1930-03-15", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USSR (now Belarus)", - "bornCountryCode": "BY", - "bornCity": "Vitebsk, Belorussia", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2000", - "category": "physics", - "overallMotivation": "\"for basic work on information and communication technology\"", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute", - "city": "St. Petersburg", - "country": "Russia" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "727", - "firstname": "Herbert", - "surname": "Kroemer", - "born": "1928-08-25", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Weimar", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2000", - "category": "physics", - "overallMotivation": "\"for basic work on information and communication technology\"", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Santa Barbara, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "728", - "firstname": "Jack S.", - "surname": "Kilby", - "born": "1923-11-08", - "died": "2005-06-20", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Jefferson City, MO", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Dallas, TX", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2000", - "category": "physics", - "overallMotivation": "\"for basic work on information and communication technology\"", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Texas Instruments", - "city": "Dallas, TX", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "729", - "firstname": "Alan J.", - "surname": "Heeger", - "born": "1936-01-22", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Sioux City, IA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2000", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Santa Barbara, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "730", - "firstname": "Alan G.", - "surname": "MacDiarmid", - "born": "1927-04-14", - "died": "2007-02-07", - "bornCountry": "New Zealand", - "bornCountryCode": "NZ", - "bornCity": "Masterton", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Drexel Hill, PA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2000", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Pennsylvania", - "city": "Philadelphia, PA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "731", - "firstname": "Hideki", - "surname": "Shirakawa", - "born": "1936-08-20", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Japan", - "bornCountryCode": "JP", - "bornCity": "Tokyo", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2000", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Tsukuba", - "city": "Tokyo", - "country": "Japan" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "732", - "firstname": "James J.", - "surname": "Heckman", - "born": "1944-04-19", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Chicago, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2000", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Chicago", - "city": "Chicago, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "733", - "firstname": "Daniel L.", - "surname": "McFadden", - "born": "1937-07-29", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Raleigh, NC", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2000", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Berkeley, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "734", - "firstname": "Gao", - "surname": "Xingjian", - "born": "1940-01-04", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "China", - "bornCountryCode": "CN", - "bornCity": "Ganzhou", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2000", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for an æuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "735", - "firstname": "Leland H.", - "surname": "Hartwell", - "born": "1939-10-30", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Los Angeles, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2001", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center", - "city": "Seattle, WA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "736", - "firstname": "Tim", - "surname": "Hunt", - "born": "1943-02-19", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Neston", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2001", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Imperial Cancer Research Fund", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "737", - "firstname": "Sir Paul M.", - "surname": "Nurse", - "born": "1949-01-25", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Norwich", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2001", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Imperial Cancer Research Fund", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "738", - "firstname": "Eric A.", - "surname": "Cornell", - "born": "1961-12-19", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Palo Alto, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2001", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Colorado, JILA", - "city": "Boulder, CO", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "739", - "firstname": "Wolfgang", - "surname": "Ketterle", - "born": "1957-10-21", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "West Germany (now Germany)", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Heidelberg", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2001", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "740", - "firstname": "Carl E.", - "surname": "Wieman", - "born": "1951-03-26", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Corvallis, OR", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2001", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Colorado, JILA", - "city": "Boulder, CO", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "741", - "firstname": "William S.", - "surname": "Knowles", - "born": "1917-06-01", - "died": "2012-06-13", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Taunton, MA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Chesterfield, MO", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2001", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "city": "St. Louis, MO", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "742", - "firstname": "Ryoji", - "surname": "Noyori", - "born": "1938-09-03", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Japan", - "bornCountryCode": "JP", - "bornCity": "Kobe", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2001", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Nagoya University", - "city": "Nagoya", - "country": "Japan" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "743", - "firstname": "K. Barry", - "surname": "Sharpless", - "born": "1941-04-28", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Philadelphia, PA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2001", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "The Scripps Research Institute", - "city": "La Jolla, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "744", - "firstname": "George A.", - "surname": "Akerlof", - "born": "1940-06-17", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New Haven, CT", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2001", - "category": "economics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Berkeley, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "745", - "firstname": "A. Michael", - "surname": "Spence", - "born": "1943-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Montclair, NJ", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2001", - "category": "economics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stanford University", - "city": "Stanford, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "746", - "firstname": "Joseph E.", - "surname": "Stiglitz", - "born": "1943-02-09", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Gary, IN", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2001", - "category": "economics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Columbia University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "747", - "firstname": "Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad", - "surname": "Naipaul", - "born": "1932-08-17", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Trinidad", - "bornCountryCode": "TT", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2001", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "748", - "firstname": "United Nations (U.N.)", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "org", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2001", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "749", - "firstname": "Kofi", - "surname": "Annan", - "born": "1938-04-08", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Gold Coast (now Ghana)", - "bornCountryCode": "GH", - "bornCity": "Kumasi", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2001", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "750", - "firstname": "Sydney", - "surname": "Brenner", - "born": "1927-01-13", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "South Africa", - "bornCountryCode": "ZA", - "bornCity": "Germiston", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2002", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "The Molecular Sciences Institute", - "city": "Berkeley, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "751", - "firstname": "H. Robert", - "surname": "Horvitz", - "born": "1947-05-08", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Chicago, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2002", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "752", - "firstname": "John E.", - "surname": "Sulston", - "born": "1942-03-27", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Cambridge", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2002", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "753", - "firstname": "Raymond", - "surname": "Davis Jr.", - "born": "1914-10-14", - "died": "2006-05-31", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Washington, DC", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Blue Point, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2002", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Pennsylvania", - "city": "Philadelphia, PA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "754", - "firstname": "Masatoshi", - "surname": "Koshiba", - "born": "1926-09-19", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Japan", - "bornCountryCode": "JP", - "bornCity": "Toyohashi", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2002", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Tokyo", - "city": "Tokyo", - "country": "Japan" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "755", - "firstname": "Riccardo", - "surname": "Giacconi", - "born": "1931-10-06", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Italy", - "bornCountryCode": "IT", - "bornCity": "Genoa", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2002", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Associated Universities Inc.", - "city": "Washington, DC", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "756", - "firstname": "John B.", - "surname": "Fenn", - "born": "1917-06-15", - "died": "2010-12-10", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Richmond, VA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2002", - "category": "chemistry", - "overallMotivation": "\"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules\"", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Virginia Commonwealth University", - "city": "Richmond, VA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "757", - "firstname": "Koichi", - "surname": "Tanaka", - "born": "1959-08-03", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Japan", - "bornCountryCode": "JP", - "bornCity": "Toyama City", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2002", - "category": "chemistry", - "overallMotivation": "\"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules\"", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Shimadzu Corp.", - "city": "Kyoto", - "country": "Japan" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "758", - "firstname": "Kurt", - "surname": "Wüthrich", - "born": "1938-10-04", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Switzerland", - "bornCountryCode": "CH", - "bornCity": "Aarberg", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2002", - "category": "chemistry", - "overallMotivation": "\"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules\"", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)", - "city": "Zurich", - "country": "Switzerland" - }, - { - "name": "The Scripps Research Institute", - "city": "La Jolla, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "759", - "firstname": "Daniel", - "surname": "Kahneman", - "born": "1934-03-05", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel)", - "bornCountryCode": "IL", - "bornCity": "Tel Aviv", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2002", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Princeton University", - "city": "Princeton, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "760", - "firstname": "Vernon L.", - "surname": "Smith", - "born": "1927-01-01", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Wichita, KS", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2002", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "George Mason University", - "city": "Fairfax, VA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "761", - "firstname": "Imre", - "surname": "Kertész", - "born": "1929-11-09", - "died": "2016-03-31", - "bornCountry": "Hungary", - "bornCountryCode": "HU", - "bornCity": "Budapest", - "diedCountry": "Hungary", - "diedCountryCode": "HU", - "diedCity": "Budapest", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2002", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "762", - "firstname": "Jimmy", - "surname": "Carter", - "born": "1924-10-01", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Plains, GA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2002", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "763", - "firstname": "John M.", - "surname": "Coetzee", - "born": "1940-02-09", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "South Africa", - "bornCountryCode": "ZA", - "bornCity": "Cape Town", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2003", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "764", - "firstname": "Paul C.", - "surname": "Lauterbur", - "born": "1929-05-06", - "died": "2007-03-27", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Sidney, OH", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Urbana, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2003", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Illinois", - "city": "Urbana, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "765", - "firstname": "Sir Peter", - "surname": "Mansfield", - "born": "1933-10-09", - "died": "2017-02-08", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "London", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2003", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Nottingham, School of Physics and Astronomy", - "city": "Nottingham", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "766", - "firstname": "Alexei A.", - "surname": "Abrikosov", - "born": "1928-06-25", - "died": "2017-03-29", - "bornCountry": "USSR (now Russia)", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "Moscow", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2003", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Argonne National Laboratory", - "city": "Argonne, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "767", - "firstname": "Vitaly L.", - "surname": "Ginzburg", - "born": "1916-10-04", - "died": "2009-11-08", - "bornCountry": "Russia", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "Moscow", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2003", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute", - "city": "Moscow", - "country": "Russia" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "768", - "firstname": "Anthony J.", - "surname": "Leggett", - "born": "1938-03-26", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "London", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2003", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Illinois", - "city": "Urbana, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "769", - "firstname": "Peter", - "surname": "Agre", - "born": "1949-01-30", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Northfield, MN", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2003", - "category": "chemistry", - "overallMotivation": "\"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes\"", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of water channels\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine", - "city": "Baltimore, MD", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "770", - "firstname": "Roderick", - "surname": "MacKinnon", - "born": "1956-02-19", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Burlington, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2003", - "category": "chemistry", - "overallMotivation": "\"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes\"", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Rockefeller University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "Howard Hughes Medical Institute" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "771", - "firstname": "Robert F.", - "surname": "Engle III", - "born": "1942-11-10", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Syracuse, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2003", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "New York University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "772", - "firstname": "Clive W.J.", - "surname": "Granger", - "born": "1934-09-04", - "died": "2009-05-27", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Swansea", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "San Diego, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2003", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (cointegration)\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "San Diego, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "773", - "firstname": "Shirin", - "surname": "Ebadi", - "born": "1947-06-21", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Iran", - "bornCountryCode": "IR", - "bornCity": "Hamadan", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2003", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "774", - "firstname": "Richard", - "surname": "Axel", - "born": "1946-07-02", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2004", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Columbia University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "775", - "firstname": "Linda B.", - "surname": "Buck", - "born": "1947-01-29", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Seattle, WA", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2004", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center", - "city": "Seattle, WA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "776", - "firstname": "David J.", - "surname": "Gross", - "born": "1941-02-19", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Washington, DC", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2004", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California, Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics", - "city": "Santa Barbara, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "777", - "firstname": "H. David", - "surname": "Politzer", - "born": "1949-08-31", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2004", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "California Institute of Technology (Caltech)", - "city": "Pasadena, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "778", - "firstname": "Frank", - "surname": "Wilczek", - "born": "1951-05-15", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2004", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "779", - "firstname": "Aaron", - "surname": "Ciechanover", - "born": "1947-10-01", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "British Protectorate of Palestine (now Israel)", - "bornCountryCode": "IL", - "bornCity": "Haifa", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2004", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Technion - Israel Institute of Technology", - "city": "Haifa", - "country": "Israel" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "780", - "firstname": "Avram", - "surname": "Hershko", - "born": "1937-12-31", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Hungary", - "bornCountryCode": "HU", - "bornCity": "Karcag", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2004", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Technion - Israel Institute of Technology", - "city": "Haifa", - "country": "Israel" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "781", - "firstname": "Irwin", - "surname": "Rose", - "born": "1926-07-16", - "died": "2015-06-03", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Brooklyn, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Deerfield, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2004", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Irvine, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "782", - "firstname": "Elfriede", - "surname": "Jelinek", - "born": "1946-10-20", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Austria", - "bornCountryCode": "AT", - "bornCity": "Mürzzuschlag", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2004", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "783", - "firstname": "Wangari Muta", - "surname": "Maathai", - "born": "1940-04-01", - "died": "2011-09-25", - "bornCountry": "Kenya", - "bornCountryCode": "KE", - "bornCity": "Nyeri", - "diedCountry": "Kenya", - "diedCountryCode": "KE", - "diedCity": "Nairobi", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2004", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "786", - "firstname": "Finn E.", - "surname": "Kydland", - "born": "1943-12-01", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Norway", - "bornCountryCode": "NO", - "bornCity": "Gjesdal", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2004", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Carnegie Mellon University", - "city": "Pittsburgh, PA", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Santa Barbara, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "787", - "firstname": "Edward C.", - "surname": "Prescott", - "born": "1940-12-26", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Glens Falls, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2004", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Arizona State University", - "city": "Tempe, AZ", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis", - "city": "Minneapolis, MN", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "789", - "firstname": "Barry J.", - "surname": "Marshall", - "born": "1951-09-30", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Australia", - "bornCountryCode": "AU", - "bornCity": "Kalgoorlie", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2005", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "NHMRC Helicobacter pylori Research Laboratory, QEII Medical Centre", - "city": "Nedlands", - "country": "Australia" - }, - { - "name": "University of Western Australia", - "city": "Perth", - "country": "Australia" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "790", - "firstname": "J. Robin", - "surname": "Warren", - "born": "1937-06-11", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Australia", - "bornCountryCode": "AU", - "bornCity": "Adelaide", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2005", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "city": "Perth", - "country": "Australia" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "791", - "firstname": "Roy J.", - "surname": "Glauber", - "born": "1925-09-01", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2005", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "792", - "firstname": "John L.", - "surname": "Hall", - "born": "1934-08-21", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Denver, CO", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2005", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Colorado, JILA", - "city": "Boulder, CO", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", - "city": "Boulder, CO", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "793", - "firstname": "Theodor W.", - "surname": "Hänsch", - "born": "1941-10-30", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Heidelberg", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2005", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik", - "city": "Garching", - "country": "Germany" - }, - { - "name": "Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität", - "city": "Munich", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "794", - "firstname": "Yves", - "surname": "Chauvin", - "born": "1930-10-10", - "died": "2015-01-27", - "bornCountry": "Belgium", - "bornCountryCode": "BE", - "bornCity": "Menin", - "diedCountry": "France", - "diedCountryCode": "FR", - "diedCity": "Tours", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2005", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Institut Français du Pétrole", - "city": "Rueil-Malmaison", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "795", - "firstname": "Robert H.", - "surname": "Grubbs", - "born": "1942-02-27", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Possum Trot, KY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2005", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "California Institute of Technology (Caltech)", - "city": "Pasadena, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "796", - "firstname": "Richard R.", - "surname": "Schrock", - "born": "1945-01-04", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Berne, IN", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2005", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "797", - "firstname": "International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "org", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2005", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "798", - "firstname": "Mohamed", - "surname": "ElBaradei", - "born": "1942-06-17", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Egypt", - "bornCountryCode": "EG", - "bornCity": "Cairo", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2005", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "799", - "firstname": "Robert J.", - "surname": "Aumann", - "born": "1930-06-08", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Frankfurt-on-the-Main", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2005", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Jerusalem, Center for RationalityHebrew", - "city": "Jerusalem", - "country": "Israel" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "800", - "firstname": "Thomas C.", - "surname": "Schelling", - "born": "1921-04-14", - "died": "2016-12-13", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Oakland, CA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Bethesda, MD", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2005", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Maryland, Department of Economics and School of Public Policy", - "city": "College Park, MD", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "801", - "firstname": "Harold", - "surname": "Pinter", - "born": "1930-10-10", - "died": "2008-12-24", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "London", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "London", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2005", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "802", - "firstname": "Andrew Z.", - "surname": "Fire", - "born": "1959-04-27", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Stanford, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2006", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stanford University School of Medicine", - "city": "Stanford, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "803", - "firstname": "Craig C.", - "surname": "Mello", - "born": "1960-10-19", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New Haven, CT", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2006", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Massachusetts Medical School", - "city": "Worcester, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "804", - "firstname": "John C.", - "surname": "Mather", - "born": "1946-08-07", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Roanoke, VA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2006", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "NASA Goddard Space Flight Center", - "city": "Greenbelt, MD", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "805", - "firstname": "George F.", - "surname": "Smoot", - "born": "1945-02-20", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Yukon, FL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2006", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Berkeley, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "806", - "firstname": "Roger D.", - "surname": "Kornberg", - "born": "1947-04-24", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "St. Louis, MO", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2006", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stanford University", - "city": "Stanford, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "807", - "firstname": "Edmund S.", - "surname": "Phelps", - "born": "1933-07-26", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Evanston, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2006", - "category": "economics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Columbia University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "808", - "firstname": "Orhan", - "surname": "Pamuk", - "born": "1952-06-07", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Turkey", - "bornCountryCode": "TR", - "bornCity": "Istanbul", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2006", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "809", - "firstname": "Muhammad", - "surname": "Yunus", - "born": "1940-06-28", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "British India (now Bangladesh)", - "bornCountryCode": "BD", - "bornCity": "Chittagong", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2006", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to create economic and social development from below\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "810", - "firstname": "Grameen Bank", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "org", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2006", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to create economic and social development from below\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "811", - "firstname": "Mario R.", - "surname": "Capecchi", - "born": "1937-10-06", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Italy", - "bornCountryCode": "IT", - "bornCity": "Verona", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2007", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Utah", - "city": "Salt Lake City, UT", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "Howard Hughes Medical Institute" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "812", - "firstname": "Sir Martin J.", - "surname": "Evans", - "born": "1941-01-01", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Stroud", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2007", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Cardiff University", - "city": "Cardiff", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "813", - "firstname": "Oliver", - "surname": "Smithies", - "born": "1925-06-23", - "died": "2017-01-10", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Halifax", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Chapel Hill, NC", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2007", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of North Carolina", - "city": "Chapel Hill, NC", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "814", - "firstname": "Albert", - "surname": "Fert", - "born": "1938-03-07", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Carcassonne", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2007", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Université Paris-Sud", - "city": "Orsay", - "country": "France" - }, - { - "name": "Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/THALES", - "city": "Orsay", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "815", - "firstname": "Peter", - "surname": "Grünberg", - "born": "1939-05-18", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic)", - "bornCountryCode": "CZ", - "bornCity": "Plzen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2007", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Forschungszentrum Jülich", - "city": "Jülich", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "816", - "firstname": "Gerhard", - "surname": "Ertl", - "born": "1936-10-10", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Bad Cannstatt", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2007", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft", - "city": "Berlin", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "817", - "firstname": "Doris", - "surname": "Lessing", - "born": "1919-10-22", - "died": "2013-11-17", - "bornCountry": "Persia (now Iran)", - "bornCountryCode": "IR", - "bornCity": "Kermanshah", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "London", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2007", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "818", - "firstname": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "org", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2007", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "819", - "firstname": "Albert Arnold (Al)", - "surname": "Gore Jr.", - "born": "1948-03-31", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Washington, DC", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2007", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "820", - "firstname": "Leonid", - "surname": "Hurwicz", - "born": "1917-08-21", - "died": "2008-06-24", - "bornCountry": "Russia", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "Moscow", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Minneapolis, MN", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2007", - "category": "economics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Minnesota", - "city": "Minneapolis, MN", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "821", - "firstname": "Eric S.", - "surname": "Maskin", - "born": "1950-12-12", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2007", - "category": "economics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Institute for Advanced Study", - "city": "Princeton, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "822", - "firstname": "Roger B.", - "surname": "Myerson", - "born": "1951-03-29", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Boston, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2007", - "category": "economics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Chicago", - "city": "Chicago, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "823", - "firstname": "Harald", - "surname": "zur Hausen", - "born": "1936-03-11", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Gelsenkirchen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2008", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "German Cancer Research Center", - "city": "Heidelberg", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "824", - "firstname": "Françoise", - "surname": "Barré-Sinoussi", - "born": "1947-07-30", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Paris", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2008", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Regulation of Retroviral Infections Unit, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "825", - "firstname": "Luc", - "surname": "Montagnier", - "born": "1932-08-18", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Chabris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2008", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "World Foundation for AIDS Research and Prevention", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "826", - "firstname": "Yoichiro", - "surname": "Nambu", - "born": "1921-01-18", - "died": "2015-07-05", - "bornCountry": "Japan", - "bornCountryCode": "JP", - "bornCity": "Tokyo", - "diedCountry": "Japan", - "diedCountryCode": "JP", - "diedCity": "Osaka", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2008", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago", - "city": "Chicago, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "827", - "firstname": "Makoto", - "surname": "Kobayashi", - "born": "1944-04-07", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Japan", - "bornCountryCode": "JP", - "bornCity": "Nagoya", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2008", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)", - "city": "Tsukuba", - "country": "Japan" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "828", - "firstname": "Toshihide", - "surname": "Maskawa", - "born": "1940-02-07", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Japan", - "bornCountryCode": "JP", - "bornCity": "Nagoya", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2008", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Kyoto Sangyo University", - "city": "Kyoto", - "country": "Japan" - }, - { - "name": "Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP), Kyoto University", - "city": "Kyoto", - "country": "Japan" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "829", - "firstname": "Osamu", - "surname": "Shimomura", - "born": "1928-08-27", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Japan", - "bornCountryCode": "JP", - "bornCity": "Kyoto", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2008", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL)", - "city": "Woods Hole, MA", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "Boston University Medical School", - "city": "Massachusetts, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "830", - "firstname": "Martin", - "surname": "Chalfie", - "born": "1947-01-15", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Chicago, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2008", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Columbia University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "831", - "firstname": "Roger Y.", - "surname": "Tsien", - "born": "1952-02-01", - "died": "2016-08-24", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Eugene, OR", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2008", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "San Diego, CA", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "Howard Hughes Medical Institute" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "832", - "firstname": "Jean-Marie Gustave", - "surname": "Le Clézio", - "born": "1940-04-13", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Nice", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2008", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "833", - "firstname": "Martti", - "surname": "Ahtisaari", - "born": "1937-06-23", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Finland", - "bornCountryCode": "FI", - "bornCity": "Viipuri (now Vyborg)", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2008", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "834", - "firstname": "Paul", - "surname": "Krugman", - "born": "1953-02-28", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2008", - "category": "economics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Princeton University", - "city": "Princeton, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "835", - "firstname": "Elizabeth H.", - "surname": "Blackburn", - "born": "1948-11-26", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Australia", - "bornCountryCode": "AU", - "bornCity": "Hobart, Tasmania", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2009", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "San Francisco, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "836", - "firstname": "Carol W.", - "surname": "Greider", - "born": "1961-04-15", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "San Diego, CA", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2009", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine", - "city": "Baltimore, MD", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "837", - "firstname": "Jack W.", - "surname": "Szostak", - "born": "1952-11-09", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "London", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2009", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard Medical School", - "city": "Boston, MA", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "Massachusetts General Hospital", - "city": "Boston, MA", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "Howard Hughes Medical Institute" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "838", - "firstname": "Charles Kuen", - "surname": "Kao", - "born": "1933-11-04", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "China", - "bornCountryCode": "CN", - "bornCity": "Shanghai", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2009", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Standard Telecommunication Laboratories", - "city": "Harlow", - "country": "United Kingdom" - }, - { - "name": "Chinese University of Hong Kong", - "city": "Hong Kong", - "country": "China" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "839", - "firstname": "Willard S.", - "surname": "Boyle", - "born": "1924-08-19", - "died": "2011-05-07", - "bornCountry": "Canada", - "bornCountryCode": "CA", - "bornCity": "Amherst, NS", - "diedCountry": "Canada", - "diedCountryCode": "CA", - "diedCity": "Truro, NS", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2009", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit - the CCD sensor\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Bell Laboratories", - "city": "Murray Hill, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "840", - "firstname": "George E.", - "surname": "Smith", - "born": "1930-05-10", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "White Plains, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2009", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit - the CCD sensor\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Bell Laboratories", - "city": "Murray Hill, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "841", - "firstname": "Venkatraman", - "surname": "Ramakrishnan", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "India", - "bornCountryCode": "IN", - "bornCity": "Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2009", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "842", - "firstname": "Thomas A.", - "surname": "Steitz", - "born": "1940-08-23", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Milwaukee, WI", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2009", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Yale University", - "city": "New Haven, CT", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "Howard Hughes Medical Institute" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "843", - "firstname": "Ada E.", - "surname": "Yonath", - "born": "1939-06-22", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel)", - "bornCountryCode": "IL", - "bornCity": "Jerusalem", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2009", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Weizmann Institute of Science", - "city": "Rehovot", - "country": "Israel" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "844", - "firstname": "Herta", - "surname": "Müller", - "born": "1953-08-17", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Romania", - "bornCountryCode": "RO", - "bornCity": "Nitzkydorf, Banat", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2009", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "845", - "firstname": "Barack H.", - "surname": "Obama", - "born": "1961-08-04", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Honolulu, HI", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2009", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "846", - "firstname": "Elinor", - "surname": "Ostrom", - "born": "1933-08-07", - "died": "2012-06-12", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Los Angeles, CA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Bloomington, IN", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2009", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Indiana University", - "city": "Bloomington, IN", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "Arizona State University", - "city": "Tempe, AZ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "847", - "firstname": "Oliver E.", - "surname": "Williamson", - "born": "1932-09-27", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Superior, WI", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2009", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Berkeley, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "848", - "firstname": "Robert G.", - "surname": "Edwards", - "born": "1925-09-27", - "died": "2013-04-10", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Batley", - "diedCountry": "United Kingdom", - "diedCountryCode": "GB", - "diedCity": "Cambridge", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2010", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the development of in vitro fertilization\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Cambridge", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "849", - "firstname": "Andre", - "surname": "Geim", - "born": "1958-10-21", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Russia", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "Sochi", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2010", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Manchester", - "city": "Manchester", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "850", - "firstname": "Konstantin", - "surname": "Novoselov", - "born": "1974-08-23", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Russia", - "bornCountryCode": "RU", - "bornCity": "Nizhny Tagil", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2010", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Manchester", - "city": "Manchester", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "851", - "firstname": "Richard F.", - "surname": "Heck", - "born": "1931-08-15", - "died": "2015-10-09", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Springfield, MA", - "diedCountry": "Philippines", - "diedCity": "Manila", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2010", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Delaware", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "852", - "firstname": "Ei-ichi", - "surname": "Negishi", - "born": "1935-07-14", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "China", - "bornCountryCode": "CN", - "bornCity": "Changchun", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2010", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Purdue University", - "city": "West Lafayette, IN", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "853", - "firstname": "Akira", - "surname": "Suzuki", - "born": "1930-09-12", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Japan", - "bornCountryCode": "JP", - "bornCity": "Mukawa", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2010", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Hokkaido University", - "city": "Sapporo", - "country": "Japan" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "854", - "firstname": "Mario", - "surname": "Vargas Llosa", - "born": "1936-03-28", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Peru", - "bornCountryCode": "PE", - "bornCity": "Arequipa", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2010", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "855", - "firstname": "Liu", - "surname": "Xiaobo", - "born": "1955-12-28", - "died": "2017-07-13", - "bornCountry": "China", - "bornCountryCode": "CN", - "bornCity": "Changchun", - "diedCountry": "China", - "diedCountryCode": "CN", - "diedCity": "Shenyang", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2010", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "856", - "firstname": "Peter A.", - "surname": "Diamond", - "born": "1940-04-29", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2010", - "category": "economics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their analysis of markets with search frictions\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "857", - "firstname": "Dale T.", - "surname": "Mortensen", - "born": "1939-02-02", - "died": "2014-01-09", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Enterprise, OR", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Wilmette, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2010", - "category": "economics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their analysis of markets with search frictions\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Northwestern University", - "city": "Evanston, IL", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "Aarhus University", - "city": "Aarhus", - "country": "Denmark" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "858", - "firstname": "Christopher A.", - "surname": "Pissarides", - "born": "1948-02-20", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Cyprus", - "bornCountryCode": "CY", - "bornCity": "Nicosia", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2010", - "category": "economics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their analysis of markets with search frictions\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "London School of Economics and Political Science", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "861", - "firstname": "Bruce A.", - "surname": "Beutler", - "born": "1957-12-29", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Chicago, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2011", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas", - "city": "Dallas, TX", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "The Scripps Research Institute", - "city": "La Jolla, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "862", - "firstname": "Jules A.", - "surname": "Hoffmann", - "born": "1941-08-02", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Luxembourg", - "bornCountryCode": "LU", - "bornCity": "Echternach", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2011", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Strasbourg", - "city": "Strasbourg", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "863", - "firstname": "Ralph M.", - "surname": "Steinman", - "born": "1943-01-14", - "died": "2011-09-30", - "bornCountry": "Canada", - "bornCountryCode": "CA", - "bornCity": "Montreal", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2011", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Rockefeller University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "864", - "firstname": "Saul", - "surname": "Perlmutter", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Champaign-Urbana, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2011", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory", - "city": "Berkeley, CA", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Berkeley, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "865", - "firstname": "Brian P.", - "surname": "Schmidt", - "born": "1967-02-24", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Missoula, MT", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2011", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Australian National University", - "city": "Weston Creek", - "country": "Australia" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "866", - "firstname": "Adam G.", - "surname": "Riess", - "born": "1969-12-16", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Washington, DC", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2011", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Johns Hopkins University", - "city": "Baltimore, MD", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "Space Telescope Science Institute", - "city": "Baltimore, MD", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "867", - "firstname": "Dan", - "surname": "Shechtman", - "born": "1941-01-24", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel)", - "bornCountryCode": "IL", - "bornCity": "Tel Aviv", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2011", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of quasicrystals\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Technion - Israel Institute of Technology", - "city": "Haifa", - "country": "Israel" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "868", - "firstname": "Tomas", - "surname": "Tranströmer", - "born": "1931-04-15", - "died": "2015-03-26", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Stockholm", - "diedCountry": "Sweden", - "diedCountryCode": "SE", - "diedCity": "Stockholm", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2011", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "869", - "firstname": "Ellen", - "surname": "Johnson Sirleaf", - "born": "1938-10-29", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Liberia", - "bornCountryCode": "LR", - "bornCity": "Monrovia", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2011", - "category": "peace", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "870", - "firstname": "Leymah", - "surname": "Gbowee", - "born": "1972-02-01", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Liberia", - "bornCountryCode": "LR", - "bornCity": "Monrovia", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2011", - "category": "peace", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "871", - "firstname": "Tawakkol", - "surname": "Karman", - "born": "1979-02-07", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Yemen", - "bornCountryCode": "YE", - "bornCity": "Ta'izz", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2011", - "category": "peace", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "872", - "firstname": "Thomas J.", - "surname": "Sargent", - "born": "1943-07-19", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Pasadena, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2011", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "New York University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "873", - "firstname": "Christopher A.", - "surname": "Sims", - "born": "1942-10-21", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Washington, DC", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2011", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Princeton University", - "city": "Princeton, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "874", - "firstname": "Sir John B.", - "surname": "Gurdon", - "born": "1933-10-02", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Dippenhall", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2012", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Gurdon Institute", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "875", - "firstname": "Shinya", - "surname": "Yamanaka", - "born": "1962-09-04", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Japan", - "bornCountryCode": "JP", - "bornCity": "Osaka", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2012", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Kyoto University", - "city": "Kyoto", - "country": "Japan" - }, - { - "name": "Gladstone Institutes", - "city": "San Francisco, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "876", - "firstname": "Serge", - "surname": "Haroche", - "born": "1944-09-11", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Morocco", - "bornCountryCode": "MA", - "bornCity": "Casablanca", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2012", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Collège de France", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - }, - { - "name": "École Normale Supérieure", - "city": "Paris", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "877", - "firstname": "David J.", - "surname": "Wineland", - "born": "1944-02-24", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Milwaukee, WI", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2012", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", - "city": "Boulder, CO", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "University of Colorado", - "city": "Boulder, CO", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "878", - "firstname": "Robert J.", - "surname": "Lefkowitz", - "born": "1943-04-15", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2012", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Howard Hughes Medical Institute" - }, - { - "name": "Duke University Medical Center", - "city": "Durham, NC", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "879", - "firstname": "Brian K.", - "surname": "Kobilka", - "born": "1955-05-30", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Little Falls, MN", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2012", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stanford University School of Medicine", - "city": "Stanford, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "880", - "firstname": "Mo", - "surname": "Yan", - "born": "1955-02-02", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "China", - "bornCountryCode": "CN", - "bornCity": "Gaomi", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2012", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "881", - "firstname": "European Union (EU)", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "org", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2012", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "882", - "firstname": "Alvin E.", - "surname": "Roth", - "born": "1951-12-18", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2012", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "Harvard Business School", - "city": "Boston, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "883", - "firstname": "Lloyd S.", - "surname": "Shapley", - "born": "1923-06-02", - "died": "2016-03-12", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Cambridge, MA", - "diedCountry": "USA", - "diedCountryCode": "US", - "diedCity": "Tucson, AZ", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2012", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Los Angeles, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "884", - "firstname": "James E.", - "surname": "Rothman", - "born": "1950-11-03", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Haverhill, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2013", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Yale University", - "city": "New Haven, CT", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "885", - "firstname": "Randy W.", - "surname": "Schekman", - "born": "1948-12-30", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "St. Paul, MN", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2013", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Berkeley, CA", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "Howard Hughes Medical Institute" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "886", - "firstname": "Thomas C.", - "surname": "Südhof", - "born": "1955-12-22", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Göttingen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2013", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stanford University", - "city": "Stanford, CA", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "Howard Hughes Medical Institute" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "887", - "firstname": "François", - "surname": "Englert", - "born": "1932-11-06", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Belgium", - "bornCountryCode": "BE", - "bornCity": "Etterbeek", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2013", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Université Libre de Bruxelles", - "city": "Brussels", - "country": "Belgium" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "888", - "firstname": "Peter W.", - "surname": "Higgs", - "born": "1929-05-29", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Newcastle upon Tyne", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2013", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Edinburgh", - "city": "Edinburgh", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "889", - "firstname": "Martin", - "surname": "Karplus", - "born": "1930-03-15", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Austria", - "bornCountryCode": "AT", - "bornCity": "Vienna", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2013", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Université de Strasbourg", - "city": "Strasbourg", - "country": "France" - }, - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "890", - "firstname": "Michael", - "surname": "Levitt", - "born": "1947-05-09", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "South Africa", - "bornCountryCode": "ZA", - "bornCity": "Pretoria", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2013", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stanford University School of Medicine", - "city": "Stanford, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "891", - "firstname": "Arieh", - "surname": "Warshel", - "born": "1940-11-20", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel)", - "bornCountryCode": "IL", - "bornCity": "Kibbutz Sde-Nahum", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2013", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Southern California", - "city": "Los Angeles, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "892", - "firstname": "Alice", - "surname": "Munro", - "born": "1931-07-10", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Canada", - "bornCountryCode": "CA", - "bornCity": "Wingham", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2013", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"master of the contemporary short story\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "893", - "firstname": "Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "org", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2013", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "894", - "firstname": "Eugene F.", - "surname": "Fama", - "born": "1939-02-14", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Boston, MA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2013", - "category": "economics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their empirical analysis of asset prices\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Chicago", - "city": "Chicago, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "895", - "firstname": "Lars Peter", - "surname": "Hansen", - "born": "1952-10-26", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Urbana, IL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2013", - "category": "economics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their empirical analysis of asset prices\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Chicago", - "city": "Chicago, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "896", - "firstname": "Robert J.", - "surname": "Shiller", - "born": "1946-03-29", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Detroit, MI", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2013", - "category": "economics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their empirical analysis of asset prices\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Yale University", - "city": "New Haven, CT", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "897", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "898", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "899", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "900", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "901", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "902", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "903", - "firstname": "John", - "surname": "O'Keefe", - "born": "1939-11-18", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2014", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University College", - "city": "London", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "904", - "firstname": "May-Britt", - "surname": "Moser", - "born": "1963-01-04", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Norway", - "bornCountryCode": "NO", - "bornCity": "Fosnavåg", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2014", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)", - "city": "Trondheim", - "country": "Norway" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "905", - "firstname": "Edvard I.", - "surname": "Moser", - "born": "1962-04-27", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Norway", - "bornCountryCode": "NO", - "bornCity": "Ålesund", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2014", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)", - "city": "Trondheim", - "country": "Norway" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "906", - "firstname": "Isamu", - "surname": "Akasaki", - "born": "1929-01-30", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Japan", - "bornCountryCode": "JP", - "bornCity": "Chiran", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2014", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Meijo University", - "city": "Nagoya", - "country": "Japan" - }, - { - "name": "Nagoya University", - "city": "Nagoya", - "country": "Japan" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "907", - "firstname": "Hiroshi", - "surname": "Amano", - "born": "1960-09-11", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Japan", - "bornCountryCode": "JP", - "bornCity": "Hamamatsu", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2014", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Nagoya University", - "city": "Nagoya", - "country": "Japan" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "908", - "firstname": "Shuji", - "surname": "Nakamura", - "born": "1954-05-22", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Japan", - "bornCountryCode": "JP", - "bornCity": "Ikata", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2014", - "category": "physics", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of California", - "city": "Santa Barbara, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "909", - "firstname": "Eric", - "surname": "Betzig", - "born": "1960-01-13", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Ann Arbor, MI", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2014", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute", - "city": "Ashburn, VA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "910", - "firstname": "Stefan W.", - "surname": "Hell", - "born": "1962-12-23", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Romania", - "bornCountryCode": "RO", - "bornCity": "Arad", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2014", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry", - "city": "Göttingen", - "country": "Germany" - }, - { - "name": "German Cancer Research Center", - "city": "Heidelberg", - "country": "Germany" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "911", - "firstname": "William E.", - "surname": "Moerner", - "born": "1953-06-24", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Pleasanton, CA", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2014", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Stanford University", - "city": "Stanford, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "912", - "firstname": "Patrick", - "surname": "Modiano", - "born": "1945-07-30", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2014", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and\r\nuncovered the life-world of the occupation\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "913", - "firstname": "Kailash", - "surname": "Satyarthi", - "born": "1954-01-11", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "India", - "bornCountryCode": "IN", - "bornCity": "Vidisha", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2014", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "914", - "firstname": "Malala", - "surname": "Yousafzai", - "born": "1997-07-12", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Pakistan", - "bornCountryCode": "PK", - "bornCity": "Mingora", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2014", - "category": "peace", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "915", - "firstname": "Jean", - "surname": "Tirole", - "born": "1953-08-09", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Troyes", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2014", - "category": "economics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his analysis of market power and regulation\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Toulouse School of Economics (TSE)", - "city": "Toulouse", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "916", - "firstname": "William C.", - "surname": "Campbell", - "born": "1930-06-28", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Ireland", - "bornCountryCode": "IE", - "bornCity": "Ramelton", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2015", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Drew University", - "city": "Madison, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "917", - "firstname": "Satoshi", - "surname": "Ōmura", - "born": "1935-07-12", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Japan", - "bornCountryCode": "JP", - "bornCity": "Yamanashi Prefecture", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2015", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Kitasato University", - "city": "Tokyo", - "country": "Japan" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "918", - "firstname": "Youyou", - "surname": "Tu", - "born": "1930-12-30", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "China", - "bornCountryCode": "CN", - "bornCity": "Zhejiang Ningbo", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2015", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine", - "city": "Beijing", - "country": "China" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "919", - "firstname": "Takaaki", - "surname": "Kajita", - "born": "1959-03-09", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Japan", - "bornCountryCode": "JP", - "bornCity": "Higashimatsuyama", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2015", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Tokyo", - "city": "Kashiwa", - "country": "Japan" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "920", - "firstname": "Arthur B.", - "surname": "McDonald", - "born": "1943-08-29", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Canada", - "bornCountryCode": "CA", - "bornCity": "Sydney", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2015", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Queen's University", - "city": "Kingston", - "country": "Canada" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "921", - "firstname": "Tomas", - "surname": "Lindahl", - "born": "1938-01-28", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Sweden", - "bornCountryCode": "SE", - "bornCity": "Stockholm", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2015", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Francis Crick Institute", - "city": "Hertfordshire", - "country": "United Kingdom" - }, - { - "name": "Clare Hall Laboratory", - "city": "Hertfordshire", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "922", - "firstname": "Paul", - "surname": "Modrich", - "born": "1946-06-13", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Raton, NM", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2015", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Howard Hughes Medical Institute", - "city": "Durham, NC", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "Duke University School of Medicine", - "city": "Durham, NC", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "923", - "firstname": "Aziz", - "surname": "Sancar", - "born": "1946-09-08", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Turkey", - "bornCountryCode": "TR", - "bornCity": "Savur", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2015", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of North Carolina", - "city": "Chapel Hill, NC", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "924", - "firstname": "Svetlana", - "surname": "Alexievich", - "born": "1948-05-31", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Ukraine", - "bornCountryCode": "UA", - "bornCity": "Ivano-Frankivsk", - "gender": "female", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2015", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "925", - "firstname": "National Dialogue Quartet", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "org", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2015", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "926", - "firstname": "Angus", - "surname": "Deaton", - "born": "1945-10-19", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Scotland", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Edinburgh", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2015", - "category": "economics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Princeton University", - "city": "Princeton, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "927", - "firstname": "Yoshinori", - "surname": "Ohsumi", - "born": "1945-02-09", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Japan", - "bornCountryCode": "JP", - "bornCity": "Fukuoka", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2016", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Tokyo Institute of Technology", - "city": "Tokyo", - "country": "Japan" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "928", - "firstname": "David J.", - "surname": "Thouless", - "born": "1934-09-21", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Bearsden", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2016", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Washington", - "city": "Seattle, WA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "929", - "firstname": "F. Duncan M.", - "surname": "Haldane", - "born": "1951-09-14", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "London", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2016", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Princeton University", - "city": "Princeton, NJ", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "930", - "firstname": "J. Michael", - "surname": "Kosterlitz", - "born": "1943-06-22", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Aberdeen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2016", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Brown University", - "city": "Providence, RI", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "931", - "firstname": "Jean-Pierre", - "surname": "Sauvage", - "born": "1944-10-21", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "France", - "bornCountryCode": "FR", - "bornCity": "Paris", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2016", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the design and synthesis of molecular machines\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Strasbourg", - "city": "Strasbourg", - "country": "France" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "932", - "firstname": "Sir J. Fraser", - "surname": "Stoddart", - "born": "1942-05-24", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Edinburgh", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2016", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the design and synthesis of molecular machines\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Northwestern University", - "city": "Evanston, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "933", - "firstname": "Bernard L.", - "surname": "Feringa", - "born": "1951-05-18", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "the Netherlands", - "bornCountryCode": "NL", - "bornCity": "Barger-Compascuum", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2016", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for the design and synthesis of molecular machines\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Groningen", - "city": "Groningen", - "country": "the Netherlands" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "934", - "firstname": "Juan Manuel", - "surname": "Santos", - "born": "1951-08-10", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Colombia", - "bornCountryCode": "CO", - "bornCity": "Bogotá", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2016", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "935", - "firstname": "Oliver", - "surname": "Hart", - "born": "1948-10-09", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "United Kingdom", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "London", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2016", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to contract theory\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Harvard University", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "936", - "firstname": "Bengt", - "surname": "Holmström", - "born": "1949-04-18", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Finland", - "bornCountryCode": "FI", - "bornCity": "Helsinki", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2016", - "category": "economics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to contract theory\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "937", - "firstname": "Bob", - "surname": "Dylan", - "born": "1941-05-24", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Duluth, MN", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2016", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "938", - "firstname": "Jeffrey C.", - "surname": "Hall", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "New York, NY", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2017", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Maine", - "city": "Maine, ME", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "939", - "firstname": "Michael", - "surname": "Rosbash", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Kansas City, MO", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2017", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Brandeis University", - "city": "Waltham, MA", - "country": "USA" - }, - { - "name": "Howard Hughes Medical Institute" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "940", - "firstname": "Michael W.", - "surname": "Young", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Miami, FL", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2017", - "category": "medicine", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Rockefeller University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "941", - "firstname": "Rainer", - "surname": "Weiss", - "born": "1932-09-29", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Berlin", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2017", - "category": "physics", - "share": "2", - "motivation": "\"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "LIGO/VIRGO Collaboration" - }, - { - "name": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)", - "city": "Cambridge, MA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "942", - "firstname": "Barry C.", - "surname": "Barish", - "born": "1936-01-27", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Omaha, NE", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2017", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "LIGO/VIRGO Collaboration" - }, - { - "name": "California Institute of Technology (Caltech)", - "city": "Pasadena, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "943", - "firstname": "Kip S.", - "surname": "Thorne", - "born": "1940-06-01", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "Logan, UT", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2017", - "category": "physics", - "share": "4", - "motivation": "\"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "LIGO/VIRGO Collaboration" - }, - { - "name": "California Institute of Technology (Caltech)", - "city": "Pasadena, CA", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "944", - "firstname": "Jacques", - "surname": "Dubochet", - "born": "1942-06-08", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Switzerland", - "bornCountryCode": "CH", - "bornCity": "Aigle", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2017", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Lausanne", - "city": "Lausanne", - "country": "Switzerland" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "945", - "firstname": "Joachim", - "surname": "Frank", - "born": "1940-09-12", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Germany", - "bornCountryCode": "DE", - "bornCity": "Siegen", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2017", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "Columbia University", - "city": "New York, NY", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "946", - "firstname": "Richard", - "surname": "Henderson", - "born": "1945-07-19", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Scotland", - "bornCountryCode": "GB", - "bornCity": "Edinburgh", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2017", - "category": "chemistry", - "share": "3", - "motivation": "\"for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology", - "city": "Cambridge", - "country": "United Kingdom" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "947", - "firstname": "Kazuo", - "surname": "Ishiguro", - "born": "1954-11-08", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "Japan", - "bornCountryCode": "JP", - "bornCity": "Nagasaki", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2017", - "category": "literature", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "948", - "firstname": "International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN)", - "born": "0000-00-00", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "gender": "org", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2017", - "category": "peace", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons\"", - "affiliations": [ - [] - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "id": "949", - "firstname": "Richard H.", - "surname": "Thaler", - "born": "1945-09-12", - "died": "0000-00-00", - "bornCountry": "USA", - "bornCountryCode": "US", - "bornCity": "East Orange, NJ", - "gender": "male", - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2017", - "category": "economics", - "share": "1", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions to behavioural economics\"", - "affiliations": [ - { - "name": "University of Chicago", - "city": "Chicago, IL", - "country": "USA" - } - ] - } - ] - } - ], - "prizes": [ - { - "year": "2017", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "941", - "firstname": "Rainer", - "surname": "Weiss", - "motivation": "\"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "942", - "firstname": "Barry C.", - "surname": "Barish", - "motivation": "\"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "943", - "firstname": "Kip S.", - "surname": "Thorne", - "motivation": "\"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves\"", - "share": "4" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2017", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "944", - "firstname": "Jacques", - "surname": "Dubochet", - "motivation": "\"for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "945", - "firstname": "Joachim", - "surname": "Frank", - "motivation": "\"for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "946", - "firstname": "Richard", - "surname": "Henderson", - "motivation": "\"for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2017", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "938", - "firstname": "Jeffrey C.", - "surname": "Hall", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "939", - "firstname": "Michael", - "surname": "Rosbash", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "940", - "firstname": "Michael W.", - "surname": "Young", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2017", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "947", - "firstname": "Kazuo", - "surname": "Ishiguro", - "motivation": "\"who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2017", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "948", - "firstname": "International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN)", - "motivation": "\"for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons\"", - "share": "1", - "surname": "" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2017", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "949", - "firstname": "Richard H.", - "surname": "Thaler", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions to behavioural economics\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2016", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "928", - "firstname": "David J.", - "surname": "Thouless", - "motivation": "\"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "929", - "firstname": "F. Duncan M.", - "surname": "Haldane", - "motivation": "\"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "930", - "firstname": "J. Michael", - "surname": "Kosterlitz", - "motivation": "\"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter\"", - "share": "4" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2016", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "931", - "firstname": "Jean-Pierre", - "surname": "Sauvage", - "motivation": "\"for the design and synthesis of molecular machines\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "932", - "firstname": "Sir J. Fraser", - "surname": "Stoddart", - "motivation": "\"for the design and synthesis of molecular machines\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "933", - "firstname": "Bernard L.", - "surname": "Feringa", - "motivation": "\"for the design and synthesis of molecular machines\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2016", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "927", - "firstname": "Yoshinori", - "surname": "Ohsumi", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2016", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "937", - "firstname": "Bob", - "surname": "Dylan", - "motivation": "\"for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2016", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "934", - "firstname": "Juan Manuel", - "surname": "Santos", - "motivation": "\"for his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2016", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "935", - "firstname": "Oliver", - "surname": "Hart", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to contract theory\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "936", - "firstname": "Bengt", - "surname": "Holmström", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to contract theory\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2015", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "919", - "firstname": "Takaaki", - "surname": "Kajita", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "920", - "firstname": "Arthur B.", - "surname": "McDonald", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2015", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "921", - "firstname": "Tomas", - "surname": "Lindahl", - "motivation": "\"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "922", - "firstname": "Paul", - "surname": "Modrich", - "motivation": "\"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "923", - "firstname": "Aziz", - "surname": "Sancar", - "motivation": "\"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2015", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "916", - "firstname": "William C.", - "surname": "Campbell", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "917", - "firstname": "Satoshi", - "surname": "Ōmura", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "918", - "firstname": "Youyou", - "surname": "Tu", - "motivation": "\"for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2015", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "924", - "firstname": "Svetlana", - "surname": "Alexievich", - "motivation": "\"for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2015", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "925", - "firstname": "National Dialogue Quartet", - "motivation": "\"for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011\"", - "share": "1", - "surname": "" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2015", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "926", - "firstname": "Angus", - "surname": "Deaton", - "motivation": "\"for his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2014", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "906", - "firstname": "Isamu", - "surname": "Akasaki", - "motivation": "\"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "907", - "firstname": "Hiroshi", - "surname": "Amano", - "motivation": "\"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "908", - "firstname": "Shuji", - "surname": "Nakamura", - "motivation": "\"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2014", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "909", - "firstname": "Eric", - "surname": "Betzig", - "motivation": "\"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "910", - "firstname": "Stefan W.", - "surname": "Hell", - "motivation": "\"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "911", - "firstname": "William E.", - "surname": "Moerner", - "motivation": "\"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2014", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "903", - "firstname": "John", - "surname": "O'Keefe", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "904", - "firstname": "May-Britt", - "surname": "Moser", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "905", - "firstname": "Edvard I.", - "surname": "Moser", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain\"", - "share": "4" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2014", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "912", - "firstname": "Patrick", - "surname": "Modiano", - "motivation": "\"for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and\r\nuncovered the life-world of the occupation\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2014", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "913", - "firstname": "Kailash", - "surname": "Satyarthi", - "motivation": "\"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "914", - "firstname": "Malala", - "surname": "Yousafzai", - "motivation": "\"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2014", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "915", - "firstname": "Jean", - "surname": "Tirole", - "motivation": "\"for his analysis of market power and regulation\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2013", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "887", - "firstname": "François", - "surname": "Englert", - "motivation": "\"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "888", - "firstname": "Peter W.", - "surname": "Higgs", - "motivation": "\"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2013", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "889", - "firstname": "Martin", - "surname": "Karplus", - "motivation": "\"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "890", - "firstname": "Michael", - "surname": "Levitt", - "motivation": "\"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "891", - "firstname": "Arieh", - "surname": "Warshel", - "motivation": "\"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2013", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "884", - "firstname": "James E.", - "surname": "Rothman", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "885", - "firstname": "Randy W.", - "surname": "Schekman", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "886", - "firstname": "Thomas C.", - "surname": "Südhof", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2013", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "892", - "firstname": "Alice", - "surname": "Munro", - "motivation": "\"master of the contemporary short story\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2013", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "893", - "firstname": "Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)", - "motivation": "\"for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons\"", - "share": "1", - "surname": "" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2013", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "894", - "firstname": "Eugene F.", - "surname": "Fama", - "motivation": "\"for their empirical analysis of asset prices\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "895", - "firstname": "Lars Peter", - "surname": "Hansen", - "motivation": "\"for their empirical analysis of asset prices\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "896", - "firstname": "Robert J.", - "surname": "Shiller", - "motivation": "\"for their empirical analysis of asset prices\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2012", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "876", - "firstname": "Serge", - "surname": "Haroche", - "motivation": "\"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "877", - "firstname": "David J.", - "surname": "Wineland", - "motivation": "\"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2012", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "878", - "firstname": "Robert J.", - "surname": "Lefkowitz", - "motivation": "\"for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "879", - "firstname": "Brian K.", - "surname": "Kobilka", - "motivation": "\"for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2012", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "874", - "firstname": "Sir John B.", - "surname": "Gurdon", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "875", - "firstname": "Shinya", - "surname": "Yamanaka", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2012", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "880", - "firstname": "Mo", - "surname": "Yan", - "motivation": "\"who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2012", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "881", - "firstname": "European Union (EU)", - "motivation": "\"for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe\"", - "share": "1", - "surname": "" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2012", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "882", - "firstname": "Alvin E.", - "surname": "Roth", - "motivation": "\"for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "883", - "firstname": "Lloyd S.", - "surname": "Shapley", - "motivation": "\"for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2011", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "864", - "firstname": "Saul", - "surname": "Perlmutter", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "865", - "firstname": "Brian P.", - "surname": "Schmidt", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "866", - "firstname": "Adam G.", - "surname": "Riess", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae\"", - "share": "4" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2011", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "867", - "firstname": "Dan", - "surname": "Shechtman", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of quasicrystals\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2011", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "861", - "firstname": "Bruce A.", - "surname": "Beutler", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "862", - "firstname": "Jules A.", - "surname": "Hoffmann", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "863", - "firstname": "Ralph M.", - "surname": "Steinman", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2011", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "868", - "firstname": "Tomas", - "surname": "Tranströmer", - "motivation": "\"because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2011", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "869", - "firstname": "Ellen", - "surname": "Johnson Sirleaf", - "motivation": "\"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "870", - "firstname": "Leymah", - "surname": "Gbowee", - "motivation": "\"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "871", - "firstname": "Tawakkol", - "surname": "Karman", - "motivation": "\"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2011", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "872", - "firstname": "Thomas J.", - "surname": "Sargent", - "motivation": "\"for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "873", - "firstname": "Christopher A.", - "surname": "Sims", - "motivation": "\"for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2010", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "849", - "firstname": "Andre", - "surname": "Geim", - "motivation": "\"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "850", - "firstname": "Konstantin", - "surname": "Novoselov", - "motivation": "\"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2010", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "851", - "firstname": "Richard F.", - "surname": "Heck", - "motivation": "\"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "852", - "firstname": "Ei-ichi", - "surname": "Negishi", - "motivation": "\"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "853", - "firstname": "Akira", - "surname": "Suzuki", - "motivation": "\"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2010", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "848", - "firstname": "Robert G.", - "surname": "Edwards", - "motivation": "\"for the development of in vitro fertilization\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2010", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "854", - "firstname": "Mario", - "surname": "Vargas Llosa", - "motivation": "\"for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2010", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "855", - "firstname": "Liu", - "surname": "Xiaobo", - "motivation": "\"for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2010", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "856", - "firstname": "Peter A.", - "surname": "Diamond", - "motivation": "\"for their analysis of markets with search frictions\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "857", - "firstname": "Dale T.", - "surname": "Mortensen", - "motivation": "\"for their analysis of markets with search frictions\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "858", - "firstname": "Christopher A.", - "surname": "Pissarides", - "motivation": "\"for their analysis of markets with search frictions\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2009", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "838", - "firstname": "Charles Kuen", - "surname": "Kao", - "motivation": "\"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "839", - "firstname": "Willard S.", - "surname": "Boyle", - "motivation": "\"for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit - the CCD sensor\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "840", - "firstname": "George E.", - "surname": "Smith", - "motivation": "\"for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit - the CCD sensor\"", - "share": "4" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2009", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "841", - "firstname": "Venkatraman", - "surname": "Ramakrishnan", - "motivation": "\"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "842", - "firstname": "Thomas A.", - "surname": "Steitz", - "motivation": "\"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "843", - "firstname": "Ada E.", - "surname": "Yonath", - "motivation": "\"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2009", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "835", - "firstname": "Elizabeth H.", - "surname": "Blackburn", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "836", - "firstname": "Carol W.", - "surname": "Greider", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "837", - "firstname": "Jack W.", - "surname": "Szostak", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2009", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "844", - "firstname": "Herta", - "surname": "Müller", - "motivation": "\"who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2009", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "845", - "firstname": "Barack H.", - "surname": "Obama", - "motivation": "\"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2009", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "846", - "firstname": "Elinor", - "surname": "Ostrom", - "motivation": "\"for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "847", - "firstname": "Oliver E.", - "surname": "Williamson", - "motivation": "\"for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2008", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "826", - "firstname": "Yoichiro", - "surname": "Nambu", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "827", - "firstname": "Makoto", - "surname": "Kobayashi", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "828", - "firstname": "Toshihide", - "surname": "Maskawa", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature\"", - "share": "4" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2008", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "829", - "firstname": "Osamu", - "surname": "Shimomura", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "830", - "firstname": "Martin", - "surname": "Chalfie", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "831", - "firstname": "Roger Y.", - "surname": "Tsien", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2008", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "823", - "firstname": "Harald", - "surname": "zur Hausen", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "824", - "firstname": "Françoise", - "surname": "Barré-Sinoussi", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "825", - "firstname": "Luc", - "surname": "Montagnier", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus\"", - "share": "4" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2008", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "832", - "firstname": "Jean-Marie Gustave", - "surname": "Le Clézio", - "motivation": "\"author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2008", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "833", - "firstname": "Martti", - "surname": "Ahtisaari", - "motivation": "\"for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2008", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "834", - "firstname": "Paul", - "surname": "Krugman", - "motivation": "\"for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2007", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "814", - "firstname": "Albert", - "surname": "Fert", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "815", - "firstname": "Peter", - "surname": "Grünberg", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2007", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "816", - "firstname": "Gerhard", - "surname": "Ertl", - "motivation": "\"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2007", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "811", - "firstname": "Mario R.", - "surname": "Capecchi", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "812", - "firstname": "Sir Martin J.", - "surname": "Evans", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "813", - "firstname": "Oliver", - "surname": "Smithies", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2007", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "817", - "firstname": "Doris", - "surname": "Lessing", - "motivation": "\"that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2007", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "818", - "firstname": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change\"", - "share": "2", - "surname": "" - }, - { - "id": "819", - "firstname": "Albert Arnold (Al)", - "surname": "Gore Jr.", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2007", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "820", - "firstname": "Leonid", - "surname": "Hurwicz", - "motivation": "\"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "821", - "firstname": "Eric S.", - "surname": "Maskin", - "motivation": "\"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "822", - "firstname": "Roger B.", - "surname": "Myerson", - "motivation": "\"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2006", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "804", - "firstname": "John C.", - "surname": "Mather", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "805", - "firstname": "George F.", - "surname": "Smoot", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2006", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "806", - "firstname": "Roger D.", - "surname": "Kornberg", - "motivation": "\"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2006", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "802", - "firstname": "Andrew Z.", - "surname": "Fire", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "803", - "firstname": "Craig C.", - "surname": "Mello", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2006", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "808", - "firstname": "Orhan", - "surname": "Pamuk", - "motivation": "\"who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2006", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "809", - "firstname": "Muhammad", - "surname": "Yunus", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to create economic and social development from below\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "810", - "firstname": "Grameen Bank", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to create economic and social development from below\"", - "share": "2", - "surname": "" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2006", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "807", - "firstname": "Edmund S.", - "surname": "Phelps", - "motivation": "\"for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2005", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "791", - "firstname": "Roy J.", - "surname": "Glauber", - "motivation": "\"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "792", - "firstname": "John L.", - "surname": "Hall", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "793", - "firstname": "Theodor W.", - "surname": "Hänsch", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique\"", - "share": "4" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2005", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "794", - "firstname": "Yves", - "surname": "Chauvin", - "motivation": "\"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "795", - "firstname": "Robert H.", - "surname": "Grubbs", - "motivation": "\"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "796", - "firstname": "Richard R.", - "surname": "Schrock", - "motivation": "\"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2005", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "789", - "firstname": "Barry J.", - "surname": "Marshall", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "790", - "firstname": "J. Robin", - "surname": "Warren", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2005", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "801", - "firstname": "Harold", - "surname": "Pinter", - "motivation": "\"who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2005", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "797", - "firstname": "International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way\"", - "share": "2", - "surname": "" - }, - { - "id": "798", - "firstname": "Mohamed", - "surname": "ElBaradei", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2005", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "799", - "firstname": "Robert J.", - "surname": "Aumann", - "motivation": "\"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "800", - "firstname": "Thomas C.", - "surname": "Schelling", - "motivation": "\"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2004", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "776", - "firstname": "David J.", - "surname": "Gross", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "777", - "firstname": "H. David", - "surname": "Politzer", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "778", - "firstname": "Frank", - "surname": "Wilczek", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2004", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "779", - "firstname": "Aaron", - "surname": "Ciechanover", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "780", - "firstname": "Avram", - "surname": "Hershko", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "781", - "firstname": "Irwin", - "surname": "Rose", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2004", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "774", - "firstname": "Richard", - "surname": "Axel", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "775", - "firstname": "Linda B.", - "surname": "Buck", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2004", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "782", - "firstname": "Elfriede", - "surname": "Jelinek", - "motivation": "\"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2004", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "783", - "firstname": "Wangari Muta", - "surname": "Maathai", - "motivation": "\"for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2004", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "786", - "firstname": "Finn E.", - "surname": "Kydland", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "787", - "firstname": "Edward C.", - "surname": "Prescott", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2003", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "766", - "firstname": "Alexei A.", - "surname": "Abrikosov", - "motivation": "\"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "767", - "firstname": "Vitaly L.", - "surname": "Ginzburg", - "motivation": "\"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "768", - "firstname": "Anthony J.", - "surname": "Leggett", - "motivation": "\"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2003", - "category": "chemistry", - "overallMotivation": "\"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes\"", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "769", - "firstname": "Peter", - "surname": "Agre", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of water channels\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "770", - "firstname": "Roderick", - "surname": "MacKinnon", - "motivation": "\"for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2003", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "764", - "firstname": "Paul C.", - "surname": "Lauterbur", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "765", - "firstname": "Sir Peter", - "surname": "Mansfield", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2003", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "763", - "firstname": "John M.", - "surname": "Coetzee", - "motivation": "\"who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2003", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "773", - "firstname": "Shirin", - "surname": "Ebadi", - "motivation": "\"for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2003", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "771", - "firstname": "Robert F.", - "surname": "Engle III", - "motivation": "\"for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "772", - "firstname": "Clive W.J.", - "surname": "Granger", - "motivation": "\"for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (cointegration)\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2002", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "753", - "firstname": "Raymond", - "surname": "Davis Jr.", - "motivation": "\"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "754", - "firstname": "Masatoshi", - "surname": "Koshiba", - "motivation": "\"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "755", - "firstname": "Riccardo", - "surname": "Giacconi", - "motivation": "\"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2002", - "category": "chemistry", - "overallMotivation": "\"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules\"", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "756", - "firstname": "John B.", - "surname": "Fenn", - "motivation": "\"for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "757", - "firstname": "Koichi", - "surname": "Tanaka", - "motivation": "\"for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "758", - "firstname": "Kurt", - "surname": "Wüthrich", - "motivation": "\"for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2002", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "750", - "firstname": "Sydney", - "surname": "Brenner", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "751", - "firstname": "H. Robert", - "surname": "Horvitz", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "752", - "firstname": "John E.", - "surname": "Sulston", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2002", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "761", - "firstname": "Imre", - "surname": "Kertész", - "motivation": "\"for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2002", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "762", - "firstname": "Jimmy", - "surname": "Carter", - "motivation": "\"for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2002", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "759", - "firstname": "Daniel", - "surname": "Kahneman", - "motivation": "\"for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "760", - "firstname": "Vernon L.", - "surname": "Smith", - "motivation": "\"for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2001", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "738", - "firstname": "Eric A.", - "surname": "Cornell", - "motivation": "\"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "739", - "firstname": "Wolfgang", - "surname": "Ketterle", - "motivation": "\"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "740", - "firstname": "Carl E.", - "surname": "Wieman", - "motivation": "\"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2001", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "741", - "firstname": "William S.", - "surname": "Knowles", - "motivation": "\"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "742", - "firstname": "Ryoji", - "surname": "Noyori", - "motivation": "\"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "743", - "firstname": "K. Barry", - "surname": "Sharpless", - "motivation": "\"for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2001", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "735", - "firstname": "Leland H.", - "surname": "Hartwell", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "736", - "firstname": "Tim", - "surname": "Hunt", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "737", - "firstname": "Sir Paul M.", - "surname": "Nurse", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2001", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "747", - "firstname": "Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad", - "surname": "Naipaul", - "motivation": "\"for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2001", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "748", - "firstname": "United Nations (U.N.)", - "motivation": "\"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world\"", - "share": "2", - "surname": "" - }, - { - "id": "749", - "firstname": "Kofi", - "surname": "Annan", - "motivation": "\"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2001", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "744", - "firstname": "George A.", - "surname": "Akerlof", - "motivation": "\"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "745", - "firstname": "A. Michael", - "surname": "Spence", - "motivation": "\"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "746", - "firstname": "Joseph E.", - "surname": "Stiglitz", - "motivation": "\"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2000", - "category": "physics", - "overallMotivation": "\"for basic work on information and communication technology\"", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "726", - "firstname": "Zhores I.", - "surname": "Alferov", - "motivation": "\"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "727", - "firstname": "Herbert", - "surname": "Kroemer", - "motivation": "\"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "728", - "firstname": "Jack S.", - "surname": "Kilby", - "motivation": "\"for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2000", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "729", - "firstname": "Alan J.", - "surname": "Heeger", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "730", - "firstname": "Alan G.", - "surname": "MacDiarmid", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "731", - "firstname": "Hideki", - "surname": "Shirakawa", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2000", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "722", - "firstname": "Arvid", - "surname": "Carlsson", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "723", - "firstname": "Paul", - "surname": "Greengard", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "724", - "firstname": "Eric R.", - "surname": "Kandel", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2000", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "734", - "firstname": "Gao", - "surname": "Xingjian", - "motivation": "\"for an æuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2000", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "725", - "firstname": "Kim", - "surname": "Dae-jung", - "motivation": "\"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "2000", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "732", - "firstname": "James J.", - "surname": "Heckman", - "motivation": "\"for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "733", - "firstname": "Daniel L.", - "surname": "McFadden", - "motivation": "\"for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1999", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "158", - "firstname": "Gerardus", - "surname": "'t Hooft", - "motivation": "\"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "159", - "firstname": "Martinus J.G.", - "surname": "Veltman", - "motivation": "\"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1999", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "292", - "firstname": "Ahmed H.", - "surname": "Zewail", - "motivation": "\"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1999", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "461", - "firstname": "Günter", - "surname": "Blobel", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1999", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "676", - "firstname": "Günter", - "surname": "Grass", - "motivation": "\"whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1999", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "568", - "firstname": "Médecins Sans Frontières", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents\"", - "share": "1", - "surname": "" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1999", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "720", - "firstname": "Robert A.", - "surname": "Mundell", - "motivation": "\"for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1998", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "155", - "firstname": "Robert B.", - "surname": "Laughlin", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "156", - "firstname": "Horst L.", - "surname": "Störmer", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "157", - "firstname": "Daniel C.", - "surname": "Tsui", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1998", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "290", - "firstname": "Walter", - "surname": "Kohn", - "motivation": "\"for his development of the density-functional theory\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "291", - "firstname": "John A.", - "surname": "Pople", - "motivation": "\"for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1998", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "458", - "firstname": "Robert F.", - "surname": "Furchgott", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "459", - "firstname": "Louis J.", - "surname": "Ignarro", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "460", - "firstname": "Ferid", - "surname": "Murad", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1998", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "675", - "firstname": "José", - "surname": "Saramago", - "motivation": "\"who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1998", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "566", - "firstname": "John", - "surname": "Hume", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "567", - "firstname": "David", - "surname": "Trimble", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1998", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "719", - "firstname": "Amartya", - "surname": "Sen", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions to welfare economics\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1997", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "152", - "firstname": "Steven", - "surname": "Chu", - "motivation": "\"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "153", - "firstname": "Claude", - "surname": "Cohen-Tannoudji", - "motivation": "\"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "154", - "firstname": "William D.", - "surname": "Phillips", - "motivation": "\"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1997", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "287", - "firstname": "Paul D.", - "surname": "Boyer", - "motivation": "\"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "288", - "firstname": "John E.", - "surname": "Walker", - "motivation": "\"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "289", - "firstname": "Jens C.", - "surname": "Skou", - "motivation": "\"for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1997", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "457", - "firstname": "Stanley B.", - "surname": "Prusiner", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1997", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "674", - "firstname": "Dario", - "surname": "Fo", - "motivation": "\"who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1997", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "564", - "firstname": "International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL)", - "motivation": "\"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines\"", - "share": "2", - "surname": "" - }, - { - "id": "565", - "firstname": "Jody", - "surname": "Williams", - "motivation": "\"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1997", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "717", - "firstname": "Robert C.", - "surname": "Merton", - "motivation": "\"for a new method to determine the value of derivatives\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "718", - "firstname": "Myron S.", - "surname": "Scholes", - "motivation": "\"for a new method to determine the value of derivatives\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1996", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "149", - "firstname": "David M.", - "surname": "Lee", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "150", - "firstname": "Douglas D.", - "surname": "Osheroff", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "151", - "firstname": "Robert C.", - "surname": "Richardson", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1996", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "284", - "firstname": "Robert F.", - "surname": "Curl Jr.", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of fullerenes\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "285", - "firstname": "Sir Harold W.", - "surname": "Kroto", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of fullerenes\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "286", - "firstname": "Richard E.", - "surname": "Smalley", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of fullerenes\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1996", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "455", - "firstname": "Peter C.", - "surname": "Doherty", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "456", - "firstname": "Rolf M.", - "surname": "Zinkernagel", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1996", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "673", - "firstname": "Wislawa", - "surname": "Szymborska", - "motivation": "\"for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1996", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "562", - "firstname": "Carlos Filipe Ximenes", - "surname": "Belo", - "motivation": "\"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "563", - "firstname": "José", - "surname": "Ramos-Horta", - "motivation": "\"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1996", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "715", - "firstname": "James A.", - "surname": "Mirrlees", - "motivation": "\"for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "716", - "firstname": "William", - "surname": "Vickrey", - "motivation": "\"for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1995", - "category": "physics", - "overallMotivation": "\"for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics\"", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "147", - "firstname": "Martin L.", - "surname": "Perl", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the tau lepton\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "148", - "firstname": "Frederick", - "surname": "Reines", - "motivation": "\"for the detection of the neutrino\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1995", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "281", - "firstname": "Paul J.", - "surname": "Crutzen", - "motivation": "\"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "282", - "firstname": "Mario J.", - "surname": "Molina", - "motivation": "\"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "283", - "firstname": "F. Sherwood", - "surname": "Rowland", - "motivation": "\"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1995", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "452", - "firstname": "Edward B.", - "surname": "Lewis", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "453", - "firstname": "Christiane", - "surname": "Nüsslein-Volhard", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "454", - "firstname": "Eric F.", - "surname": "Wieschaus", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1995", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "672", - "firstname": "Seamus", - "surname": "Heaney", - "motivation": "\"for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1995", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "560", - "firstname": "Joseph", - "surname": "Rotblat", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "561", - "firstname": "Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms\"", - "share": "2", - "surname": "" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1995", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "714", - "firstname": "Robert E.", - "surname": "Lucas Jr.", - "motivation": "\"for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1994", - "category": "physics", - "overallMotivation": "\"for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter\"", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "145", - "firstname": "Bertram N.", - "surname": "Brockhouse", - "motivation": "\"for the development of neutron spectroscopy\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "146", - "firstname": "Clifford G.", - "surname": "Shull", - "motivation": "\"for the development of the neutron diffraction technique\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1994", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "280", - "firstname": "George A.", - "surname": "Olah", - "motivation": "\"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1994", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "450", - "firstname": "Alfred G.", - "surname": "Gilman", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "451", - "firstname": "Martin", - "surname": "Rodbell", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1994", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "671", - "firstname": "Kenzaburo", - "surname": "Oe", - "motivation": "\"who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1994", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "557", - "firstname": "Yasser", - "surname": "Arafat", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "558", - "firstname": "Shimon", - "surname": "Peres", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "559", - "firstname": "Yitzhak", - "surname": "Rabin", - "motivation": "\"for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1994", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "711", - "firstname": "John C.", - "surname": "Harsanyi", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "712", - "firstname": "John F.", - "surname": "Nash Jr.", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "713", - "firstname": "Reinhard", - "surname": "Selten", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1993", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "143", - "firstname": "Russell A.", - "surname": "Hulse", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "144", - "firstname": "Joseph H.", - "surname": "Taylor Jr.", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1993", - "category": "chemistry", - "overallMotivation": "\"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry\"", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "278", - "firstname": "Kary B.", - "surname": "Mullis", - "motivation": "\"for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "279", - "firstname": "Michael", - "surname": "Smith", - "motivation": "\"for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1993", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "448", - "firstname": "Richard J.", - "surname": "Roberts", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of split genes\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "449", - "firstname": "Phillip A.", - "surname": "Sharp", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of split genes\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1993", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "670", - "firstname": "Toni", - "surname": "Morrison", - "motivation": "\"who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1993", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "555", - "firstname": "Nelson", - "surname": "Mandela", - "motivation": "\"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "556", - "firstname": "Frederik Willem", - "surname": "de Klerk", - "motivation": "\"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1993", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "709", - "firstname": "Robert W.", - "surname": "Fogel", - "motivation": "\"for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "710", - "firstname": "Douglass C.", - "surname": "North", - "motivation": "\"for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1992", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "142", - "firstname": "Georges", - "surname": "Charpak", - "motivation": "\"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1992", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "277", - "firstname": "Rudolph A.", - "surname": "Marcus", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1992", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "446", - "firstname": "Edmond H.", - "surname": "Fischer", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "447", - "firstname": "Edwin G.", - "surname": "Krebs", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1992", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "669", - "firstname": "Derek", - "surname": "Walcott", - "motivation": "\"for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1992", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "554", - "firstname": "Rigoberta", - "surname": "Menchú Tum", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1992", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "708", - "firstname": "Gary S.", - "surname": "Becker", - "motivation": "\"for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1991", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "141", - "firstname": "Pierre-Gilles", - "surname": "de Gennes", - "motivation": "\"for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1991", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "276", - "firstname": "Richard R.", - "surname": "Ernst", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1991", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "444", - "firstname": "Erwin", - "surname": "Neher", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "445", - "firstname": "Bert", - "surname": "Sakmann", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1991", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "668", - "firstname": "Nadine", - "surname": "Gordimer", - "motivation": "\"who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1991", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "553", - "firstname": "Aung San Suu Kyi", - "motivation": "\"for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights\"", - "share": "1", - "surname": "" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1991", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "707", - "firstname": "Ronald H.", - "surname": "Coase", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1990", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "138", - "firstname": "Jerome I.", - "surname": "Friedman", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "139", - "firstname": "Henry W.", - "surname": "Kendall", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "140", - "firstname": "Richard E.", - "surname": "Taylor", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1990", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "275", - "firstname": "Elias James", - "surname": "Corey", - "motivation": "\"for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1990", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "442", - "firstname": "Joseph E.", - "surname": "Murray", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "443", - "firstname": "E. Donnall", - "surname": "Thomas", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1990", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "667", - "firstname": "Octavio", - "surname": "Paz", - "motivation": "\"for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1990", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "552", - "firstname": "Mikhail Sergeyevich", - "surname": "Gorbachev", - "motivation": "\"for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1990", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "704", - "firstname": "Harry M.", - "surname": "Markowitz", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "705", - "firstname": "Merton H.", - "surname": "Miller", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "706", - "firstname": "William F.", - "surname": "Sharpe", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1989", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "135", - "firstname": "Norman F.", - "surname": "Ramsey", - "motivation": "\"for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "136", - "firstname": "Hans G.", - "surname": "Dehmelt", - "motivation": "\"for the development of the ion trap technique\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "137", - "firstname": "Wolfgang", - "surname": "Paul", - "motivation": "\"for the development of the ion trap technique\"", - "share": "4" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1989", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "273", - "firstname": "Sidney", - "surname": "Altman", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "274", - "firstname": "Thomas R.", - "surname": "Cech", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1989", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "440", - "firstname": "J. Michael", - "surname": "Bishop", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "441", - "firstname": "Harold E.", - "surname": "Varmus", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1989", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "666", - "firstname": "Camilo José", - "surname": "Cela", - "motivation": "\"for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1989", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "551", - "firstname": "The 14th Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso)", - "share": "1", - "surname": "" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1989", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "703", - "firstname": "Trygve", - "surname": "Haavelmo", - "motivation": "\"for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1988", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "132", - "firstname": "Leon M.", - "surname": "Lederman", - "motivation": "\"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "133", - "firstname": "Melvin", - "surname": "Schwartz", - "motivation": "\"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "134", - "firstname": "Jack", - "surname": "Steinberger", - "motivation": "\"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1988", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "270", - "firstname": "Johann", - "surname": "Deisenhofer", - "motivation": "\"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "271", - "firstname": "Robert", - "surname": "Huber", - "motivation": "\"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "272", - "firstname": "Hartmut", - "surname": "Michel", - "motivation": "\"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1988", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "437", - "firstname": "Sir James W.", - "surname": "Black", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "438", - "firstname": "Gertrude B.", - "surname": "Elion", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "439", - "firstname": "George H.", - "surname": "Hitchings", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1988", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "665", - "firstname": "Naguib", - "surname": "Mahfouz", - "motivation": "\"who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1988", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "550", - "firstname": "United Nations Peacekeeping Forces", - "share": "1", - "surname": "" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1988", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "702", - "firstname": "Maurice", - "surname": "Allais", - "motivation": "\"for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1987", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "130", - "firstname": "J. Georg", - "surname": "Bednorz", - "motivation": "\"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "131", - "firstname": "K. Alexander", - "surname": "Müller", - "motivation": "\"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1987", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "267", - "firstname": "Donald J.", - "surname": "Cram", - "motivation": "\"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "268", - "firstname": "Jean-Marie", - "surname": "Lehn", - "motivation": "\"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "269", - "firstname": "Charles J.", - "surname": "Pedersen", - "motivation": "\"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1987", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "436", - "firstname": "Susumu", - "surname": "Tonegawa", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1987", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "664", - "firstname": "Joseph", - "surname": "Brodsky", - "motivation": "\"for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1987", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "549", - "firstname": "Oscar", - "surname": "Arias Sánchez", - "motivation": "\"for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1987", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "701", - "firstname": "Robert M.", - "surname": "Solow", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions to the theory of economic growth\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1986", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "127", - "firstname": "Ernst", - "surname": "Ruska", - "motivation": "\"for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "128", - "firstname": "Gerd", - "surname": "Binnig", - "motivation": "\"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "129", - "firstname": "Heinrich", - "surname": "Rohrer", - "motivation": "\"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope\"", - "share": "4" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1986", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "264", - "firstname": "Dudley R.", - "surname": "Herschbach", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "265", - "firstname": "Yuan T.", - "surname": "Lee", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "266", - "firstname": "John C.", - "surname": "Polanyi", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1986", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "434", - "firstname": "Stanley", - "surname": "Cohen", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of growth factors\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "435", - "firstname": "Rita", - "surname": "Levi-Montalcini", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of growth factors\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1986", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "663", - "firstname": "Wole", - "surname": "Soyinka", - "motivation": "\"who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1986", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "548", - "firstname": "Elie", - "surname": "Wiesel", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1986", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "700", - "firstname": "James M.", - "surname": "Buchanan Jr.", - "motivation": "\"for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1985", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "126", - "firstname": "Klaus", - "surname": "von Klitzing", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1985", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "262", - "firstname": "Herbert A.", - "surname": "Hauptman", - "motivation": "\"for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "263", - "firstname": "Jerome", - "surname": "Karle", - "motivation": "\"for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1985", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "432", - "firstname": "Michael S.", - "surname": "Brown", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "433", - "firstname": "Joseph L.", - "surname": "Goldstein", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1985", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "662", - "firstname": "Claude", - "surname": "Simon", - "motivation": "\"who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1985", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "547", - "firstname": "International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War", - "share": "1", - "surname": "" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1985", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "699", - "firstname": "Franco", - "surname": "Modigliani", - "motivation": "\"for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1984", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "124", - "firstname": "Carlo", - "surname": "Rubbia", - "motivation": "\"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "125", - "firstname": "Simon", - "surname": "van der Meer", - "motivation": "\"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1984", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "261", - "firstname": "Robert Bruce", - "surname": "Merrifield", - "motivation": "\"for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1984", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "429", - "firstname": "Niels K.", - "surname": "Jerne", - "motivation": "\"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "430", - "firstname": "Georges J.F.", - "surname": "Köhler", - "motivation": "\"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "431", - "firstname": "César", - "surname": "Milstein", - "motivation": "\"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1984", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "661", - "firstname": "Jaroslav", - "surname": "Seifert", - "motivation": "\"for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1984", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "546", - "firstname": "Desmond Mpilo", - "surname": "Tutu", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1984", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "698", - "firstname": "Richard", - "surname": "Stone", - "motivation": "\"for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1983", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "122", - "firstname": "Subramanyan", - "surname": "Chandrasekhar", - "motivation": "\"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "123", - "firstname": "William Alfred", - "surname": "Fowler", - "motivation": "\"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1983", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "260", - "firstname": "Henry", - "surname": "Taube", - "motivation": "\"for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1983", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "428", - "firstname": "Barbara", - "surname": "McClintock", - "motivation": "\"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1983", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "660", - "firstname": "William", - "surname": "Golding", - "motivation": "\"for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1983", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "545", - "firstname": "Lech", - "surname": "Walesa", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1983", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "697", - "firstname": "Gerard", - "surname": "Debreu", - "motivation": "\"for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1982", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "121", - "firstname": "Kenneth G.", - "surname": "Wilson", - "motivation": "\"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1982", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "259", - "firstname": "Aaron", - "surname": "Klug", - "motivation": "\"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1982", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "425", - "firstname": "Sune K.", - "surname": "Bergström", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "426", - "firstname": "Bengt I.", - "surname": "Samuelsson", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "427", - "firstname": "John R.", - "surname": "Vane", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1982", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "659", - "firstname": "Gabriel", - "surname": "García Márquez", - "motivation": "\"for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1982", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "543", - "firstname": "Alva", - "surname": "Myrdal", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "544", - "firstname": "Alfonso", - "surname": "García Robles", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1982", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "696", - "firstname": "George J.", - "surname": "Stigler", - "motivation": "\"for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1981", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "118", - "firstname": "Nicolaas", - "surname": "Bloembergen", - "motivation": "\"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "119", - "firstname": "Arthur Leonard", - "surname": "Schawlow", - "motivation": "\"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "120", - "firstname": "Kai M.", - "surname": "Siegbahn", - "motivation": "\"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1981", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "257", - "firstname": "Kenichi", - "surname": "Fukui", - "motivation": "\"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "258", - "firstname": "Roald", - "surname": "Hoffmann", - "motivation": "\"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1981", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "422", - "firstname": "Roger W.", - "surname": "Sperry", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "423", - "firstname": "David H.", - "surname": "Hubel", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "424", - "firstname": "Torsten N.", - "surname": "Wiesel", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system\"", - "share": "4" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1981", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "658", - "firstname": "Elias", - "surname": "Canetti", - "motivation": "\"for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1981", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "515", - "firstname": "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)", - "share": "1", - "surname": "" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1981", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "695", - "firstname": "James", - "surname": "Tobin", - "motivation": "\"for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1980", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "116", - "firstname": "James Watson", - "surname": "Cronin", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "117", - "firstname": "Val Logsdon", - "surname": "Fitch", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1980", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "254", - "firstname": "Paul", - "surname": "Berg", - "motivation": "\"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "255", - "firstname": "Walter", - "surname": "Gilbert", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "222", - "firstname": "Frederick", - "surname": "Sanger", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids\"", - "share": "4" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1980", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "419", - "firstname": "Baruj", - "surname": "Benacerraf", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "420", - "firstname": "Jean", - "surname": "Dausset", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "421", - "firstname": "George D.", - "surname": "Snell", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1980", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "657", - "firstname": "Czeslaw", - "surname": "Milosz", - "motivation": "\"who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1980", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "541", - "firstname": "Adolfo", - "surname": "Pérez Esquivel", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1980", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "694", - "firstname": "Lawrence R.", - "surname": "Klein", - "motivation": "\"for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1979", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "113", - "firstname": "Sheldon Lee", - "surname": "Glashow", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "114", - "firstname": "Abdus", - "surname": "Salam", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "115", - "firstname": "Steven", - "surname": "Weinberg", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1979", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "252", - "firstname": "Herbert C.", - "surname": "Brown", - "motivation": "\"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "253", - "firstname": "Georg", - "surname": "Wittig", - "motivation": "\"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1979", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "417", - "firstname": "Allan M.", - "surname": "Cormack", - "motivation": "\"for the development of computer assisted tomography\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "418", - "firstname": "Godfrey N.", - "surname": "Hounsfield", - "motivation": "\"for the development of computer assisted tomography\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1979", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "655", - "firstname": "Odysseus", - "surname": "Elytis", - "motivation": "\"for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1979", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "540", - "firstname": "Mother Teresa", - "share": "1", - "surname": "" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1979", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "692", - "firstname": "Theodore W.", - "surname": "Schultz", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "693", - "firstname": "Sir Arthur", - "surname": "Lewis", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1978", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "110", - "firstname": "Pyotr Leonidovich", - "surname": "Kapitsa", - "motivation": "\"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "111", - "firstname": "Arno Allan", - "surname": "Penzias", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "112", - "firstname": "Robert Woodrow", - "surname": "Wilson", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation\"", - "share": "4" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1978", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "251", - "firstname": "Peter D.", - "surname": "Mitchell", - "motivation": "\"for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1978", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "414", - "firstname": "Werner", - "surname": "Arber", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "415", - "firstname": "Daniel", - "surname": "Nathans", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "416", - "firstname": "Hamilton O.", - "surname": "Smith", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1978", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "654", - "firstname": "Isaac Bashevis", - "surname": "Singer", - "motivation": "\"for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1978", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "538", - "firstname": "Mohamed Anwar", - "surname": "al-Sadat", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "539", - "firstname": "Menachem", - "surname": "Begin", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1978", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "691", - "firstname": "Herbert A.", - "surname": "Simon", - "motivation": "\"for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1977", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "107", - "firstname": "Philip Warren", - "surname": "Anderson", - "motivation": "\"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "108", - "firstname": "Sir Nevill Francis", - "surname": "Mott", - "motivation": "\"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "109", - "firstname": "John Hasbrouck", - "surname": "van Vleck", - "motivation": "\"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1977", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "250", - "firstname": "Ilya", - "surname": "Prigogine", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1977", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "411", - "firstname": "Roger", - "surname": "Guillemin", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "412", - "firstname": "Andrew V.", - "surname": "Schally", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "413", - "firstname": "Rosalyn", - "surname": "Yalow", - "motivation": "\"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1977", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "653", - "firstname": "Vicente", - "surname": "Aleixandre", - "motivation": "\"for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1977", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "537", - "firstname": "Amnesty International", - "share": "1", - "surname": "" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1977", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "689", - "firstname": "Bertil", - "surname": "Ohlin", - "motivation": "\"for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "690", - "firstname": "James E.", - "surname": "Meade", - "motivation": "\"for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1976", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "105", - "firstname": "Burton", - "surname": "Richter", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "106", - "firstname": "Samuel Chao Chung", - "surname": "Ting", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1976", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "249", - "firstname": "William N.", - "surname": "Lipscomb", - "motivation": "\"for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1976", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "409", - "firstname": "Baruch S.", - "surname": "Blumberg", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "410", - "firstname": "D. Carleton", - "surname": "Gajdusek", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1976", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "652", - "firstname": "Saul", - "surname": "Bellow", - "motivation": "\"for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1976", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "535", - "firstname": "Betty", - "surname": "Williams", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "536", - "firstname": "Mairead", - "surname": "Corrigan", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1976", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "688", - "firstname": "Milton", - "surname": "Friedman", - "motivation": "\"for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1975", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "102", - "firstname": "Aage Niels", - "surname": "Bohr", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "103", - "firstname": "Ben Roy", - "surname": "Mottelson", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "104", - "firstname": "Leo James", - "surname": "Rainwater", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1975", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "247", - "firstname": "John Warcup", - "surname": "Cornforth", - "motivation": "\"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "248", - "firstname": "Vladimir", - "surname": "Prelog", - "motivation": "\"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1975", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "406", - "firstname": "David", - "surname": "Baltimore", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "407", - "firstname": "Renato", - "surname": "Dulbecco", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "408", - "firstname": "Howard Martin", - "surname": "Temin", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1975", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "651", - "firstname": "Eugenio", - "surname": "Montale", - "motivation": "\"for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1975", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "534", - "firstname": "Andrei Dmitrievich", - "surname": "Sakharov", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1975", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "686", - "firstname": "Leonid Vitaliyevich", - "surname": "Kantorovich", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "687", - "firstname": "Tjalling C.", - "surname": "Koopmans", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1974", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "100", - "firstname": "Sir Martin", - "surname": "Ryle", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "101", - "firstname": "Antony", - "surname": "Hewish", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1974", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "246", - "firstname": "Paul J.", - "surname": "Flory", - "motivation": "\"for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1974", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "403", - "firstname": "Albert", - "surname": "Claude", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "404", - "firstname": "Christian", - "surname": "de Duve", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "405", - "firstname": "George E.", - "surname": "Palade", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1974", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "649", - "firstname": "Eyvind", - "surname": "Johnson", - "motivation": "\"for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "650", - "firstname": "Harry", - "surname": "Martinson", - "motivation": "\"for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1974", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "532", - "firstname": "Seán", - "surname": "MacBride", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "533", - "firstname": "Eisaku", - "surname": "Sato", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1974", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "684", - "firstname": "Gunnar", - "surname": "Myrdal", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "685", - "firstname": "Friedrich August", - "surname": "von Hayek", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1973", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "97", - "firstname": "Leo", - "surname": "Esaki", - "motivation": "\"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "98", - "firstname": "Ivar", - "surname": "Giaever", - "motivation": "\"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "99", - "firstname": "Brian David", - "surname": "Josephson", - "motivation": "\"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1973", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "244", - "firstname": "Ernst Otto", - "surname": "Fischer", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "245", - "firstname": "Geoffrey", - "surname": "Wilkinson", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1973", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "400", - "firstname": "Karl", - "surname": "von Frisch", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "401", - "firstname": "Konrad", - "surname": "Lorenz", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "402", - "firstname": "Nikolaas", - "surname": "Tinbergen", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1973", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "648", - "firstname": "Patrick", - "surname": "White", - "motivation": "\"for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1973", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "530", - "firstname": "Henry A.", - "surname": "Kissinger", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "531", - "firstname": "Le Duc Tho", - "share": "2", - "surname": "" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1973", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "683", - "firstname": "Wassily", - "surname": "Leontief", - "motivation": "\"for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1972", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "66", - "firstname": "John", - "surname": "Bardeen", - "motivation": "\"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "95", - "firstname": "Leon Neil", - "surname": "Cooper", - "motivation": "\"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "96", - "firstname": "John Robert", - "surname": "Schrieffer", - "motivation": "\"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1972", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "241", - "firstname": "Christian B.", - "surname": "Anfinsen", - "motivation": "\"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "242", - "firstname": "Stanford", - "surname": "Moore", - "motivation": "\"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "243", - "firstname": "William H.", - "surname": "Stein", - "motivation": "\"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule\"", - "share": "4" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1972", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "398", - "firstname": "Gerald M.", - "surname": "Edelman", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "399", - "firstname": "Rodney R.", - "surname": "Porter", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1972", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "647", - "firstname": "Heinrich", - "surname": "Böll", - "motivation": "\"for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1972", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "681", - "firstname": "John R.", - "surname": "Hicks", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "682", - "firstname": "Kenneth J.", - "surname": "Arrow", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1971", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "93", - "firstname": "Dennis", - "surname": "Gabor", - "motivation": "\"for his invention and development of the holographic method\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1971", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "240", - "firstname": "Gerhard", - "surname": "Herzberg", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1971", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "397", - "firstname": "Earl W.", - "surname": "Sutherland, Jr.", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1971", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "645", - "firstname": "Pablo", - "surname": "Neruda", - "motivation": "\"for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1971", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "529", - "firstname": "Willy", - "surname": "Brandt", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1971", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "680", - "firstname": "Simon", - "surname": "Kuznets", - "motivation": "\"for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1970", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "91", - "firstname": "Hannes Olof Gösta", - "surname": "Alfvén", - "motivation": "\"for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "92", - "firstname": "Louis Eugène Félix", - "surname": "Néel", - "motivation": "\"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1970", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "239", - "firstname": "Luis F.", - "surname": "Leloir", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1970", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "394", - "firstname": "Sir Bernard", - "surname": "Katz", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "395", - "firstname": "Ulf", - "surname": "von Euler", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "396", - "firstname": "Julius", - "surname": "Axelrod", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1970", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "644", - "firstname": "Aleksandr Isayevich", - "surname": "Solzhenitsyn", - "motivation": "\"for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1970", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "528", - "firstname": "Norman E.", - "surname": "Borlaug", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1970", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "679", - "firstname": "Paul A.", - "surname": "Samuelson", - "motivation": "\"for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1969", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "90", - "firstname": "Murray", - "surname": "Gell-Mann", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1969", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "237", - "firstname": "Derek H. R.", - "surname": "Barton", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "238", - "firstname": "Odd", - "surname": "Hassel", - "motivation": "\"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1969", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "391", - "firstname": "Max", - "surname": "Delbrück", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "392", - "firstname": "Alfred D.", - "surname": "Hershey", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "393", - "firstname": "Salvador E.", - "surname": "Luria", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1969", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "643", - "firstname": "Samuel", - "surname": "Beckett", - "motivation": "\"for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1969", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "527", - "firstname": "International Labour Organization (I.L.O.)", - "share": "1", - "surname": "" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1969", - "category": "economics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "677", - "firstname": "Ragnar", - "surname": "Frisch", - "motivation": "\"for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "678", - "firstname": "Jan", - "surname": "Tinbergen", - "motivation": "\"for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1968", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "89", - "firstname": "Luis Walter", - "surname": "Alvarez", - "motivation": "\"for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1968", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "236", - "firstname": "Lars", - "surname": "Onsager", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1968", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "388", - "firstname": "Robert W.", - "surname": "Holley", - "motivation": "\"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "389", - "firstname": "Har Gobind", - "surname": "Khorana", - "motivation": "\"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "390", - "firstname": "Marshall W.", - "surname": "Nirenberg", - "motivation": "\"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1968", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "642", - "firstname": "Yasunari", - "surname": "Kawabata", - "motivation": "\"for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1968", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "526", - "firstname": "René", - "surname": "Cassin", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1967", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "88", - "firstname": "Hans Albrecht", - "surname": "Bethe", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1967", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "233", - "firstname": "Manfred", - "surname": "Eigen", - "motivation": "\"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "234", - "firstname": "Ronald George Wreyford", - "surname": "Norrish", - "motivation": "\"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "235", - "firstname": "George", - "surname": "Porter", - "motivation": "\"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy\"", - "share": "4" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1967", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "385", - "firstname": "Ragnar", - "surname": "Granit", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "386", - "firstname": "Haldan Keffer", - "surname": "Hartline", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "387", - "firstname": "George", - "surname": "Wald", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1967", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "641", - "firstname": "Miguel Angel", - "surname": "Asturias", - "motivation": "\"for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1966", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "87", - "firstname": "Alfred", - "surname": "Kastler", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1966", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "232", - "firstname": "Robert S.", - "surname": "Mulliken", - "motivation": "\"for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1966", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "383", - "firstname": "Peyton", - "surname": "Rous", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "384", - "firstname": "Charles Brenton", - "surname": "Huggins", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1966", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "639", - "firstname": "Shmuel Yosef", - "surname": "Agnon", - "motivation": "\"for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "640", - "firstname": "Nelly", - "surname": "Sachs", - "motivation": "\"for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength\" ", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1965", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "84", - "firstname": "Sin-Itiro", - "surname": "Tomonaga", - "motivation": "\"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "85", - "firstname": "Julian", - "surname": "Schwinger", - "motivation": "\"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "86", - "firstname": "Richard P.", - "surname": "Feynman", - "motivation": "\"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1965", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "231", - "firstname": "Robert Burns", - "surname": "Woodward", - "motivation": "\"for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1965", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "380", - "firstname": "François", - "surname": "Jacob", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "381", - "firstname": "André", - "surname": "Lwoff", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "382", - "firstname": "Jacques", - "surname": "Monod", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1965", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "638", - "firstname": "Mikhail Aleksandrovich", - "surname": "Sholokhov", - "motivation": "\"for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1965", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "525", - "firstname": "United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)", - "share": "1", - "surname": "" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1964", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "81", - "firstname": "Charles Hard", - "surname": "Townes", - "motivation": "\"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "82", - "firstname": "Nicolay Gennadiyevich", - "surname": "Basov", - "motivation": "\"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "83", - "firstname": "Aleksandr Mikhailovich", - "surname": "Prokhorov", - "motivation": "\"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle\"", - "share": "4" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1964", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "230", - "firstname": "Dorothy Crowfoot", - "surname": "Hodgkin", - "motivation": "\"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1964", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "378", - "firstname": "Konrad", - "surname": "Bloch", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "379", - "firstname": "Feodor", - "surname": "Lynen", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1964", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "637", - "firstname": "Jean-Paul", - "surname": "Sartre", - "motivation": "\"for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1964", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "524", - "firstname": "Martin Luther", - "surname": "King Jr.", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1963", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "78", - "firstname": "Eugene Paul", - "surname": "Wigner", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "79", - "firstname": "Maria", - "surname": "Goeppert Mayer", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "80", - "firstname": "J. Hans D.", - "surname": "Jensen", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure\"", - "share": "4" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1963", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "228", - "firstname": "Karl", - "surname": "Ziegler", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "229", - "firstname": "Giulio", - "surname": "Natta", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1963", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "375", - "firstname": "Sir John Carew", - "surname": "Eccles", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "376", - "firstname": "Alan Lloyd", - "surname": "Hodgkin", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "377", - "firstname": "Andrew Fielding", - "surname": "Huxley", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1963", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "635", - "firstname": "Giorgos", - "surname": "Seferis", - "motivation": "\"for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1963", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "482", - "firstname": "Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross)", - "share": "2", - "surname": "" - }, - { - "id": "523", - "firstname": "Ligue des Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge (League of Red Cross Societies)", - "share": "2", - "surname": "" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1962", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "77", - "firstname": "Lev Davidovich", - "surname": "Landau", - "motivation": "\"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1962", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "226", - "firstname": "Max Ferdinand", - "surname": "Perutz", - "motivation": "\"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "227", - "firstname": "John Cowdery", - "surname": "Kendrew", - "motivation": "\"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1962", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "372", - "firstname": "Francis Harry Compton", - "surname": "Crick", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "373", - "firstname": "James Dewey", - "surname": "Watson", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "374", - "firstname": "Maurice Hugh Frederick", - "surname": "Wilkins", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1962", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "634", - "firstname": "John", - "surname": "Steinbeck", - "motivation": "\"for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1962", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "217", - "firstname": "Linus Carl", - "surname": "Pauling", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1961", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "75", - "firstname": "Robert", - "surname": "Hofstadter", - "motivation": "\"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "76", - "firstname": "Rudolf Ludwig", - "surname": "Mössbauer", - "motivation": "\"for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1961", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "225", - "firstname": "Melvin", - "surname": "Calvin", - "motivation": "\"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1961", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "371", - "firstname": "Georg", - "surname": "von Békésy", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1961", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "633", - "firstname": "Ivo", - "surname": "Andric", - "motivation": "\"for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1961", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "520", - "firstname": "Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl", - "surname": "Hammarskjöld", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1960", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "74", - "firstname": "Donald Arthur", - "surname": "Glaser", - "motivation": "\"for the invention of the bubble chamber\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1960", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "224", - "firstname": "Willard Frank", - "surname": "Libby", - "motivation": "\"for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1960", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "369", - "firstname": "Sir Frank Macfarlane", - "surname": "Burnet", - "motivation": "\"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "370", - "firstname": "Peter Brian", - "surname": "Medawar", - "motivation": "\"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1960", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "631", - "firstname": "Saint-John", - "surname": "Perse", - "motivation": "\"for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1960", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "519", - "firstname": "Albert John", - "surname": "Lutuli", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1959", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "72", - "firstname": "Emilio Gino", - "surname": "Segrè", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the antiproton\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "73", - "firstname": "Owen", - "surname": "Chamberlain", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the antiproton\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1959", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "223", - "firstname": "Jaroslav", - "surname": "Heyrovsky", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1959", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "367", - "firstname": "Severo", - "surname": "Ochoa", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "368", - "firstname": "Arthur", - "surname": "Kornberg", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1959", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "630", - "firstname": "Salvatore", - "surname": "Quasimodo", - "motivation": "\"for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1959", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "518", - "firstname": "Philip J.", - "surname": "Noel-Baker", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1958", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "70", - "firstname": "Pavel Alekseyevich", - "surname": "Cherenkov", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "721", - "firstname": "Il´ja Mikhailovich", - "surname": "Frank", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "71", - "firstname": "Igor Yevgenyevich", - "surname": "Tamm", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1958", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "222", - "firstname": "Frederick", - "surname": "Sanger", - "motivation": "\"for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1958", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "364", - "firstname": "George Wells", - "surname": "Beadle", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "365", - "firstname": "Edward Lawrie", - "surname": "Tatum", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "366", - "firstname": "Joshua", - "surname": "Lederberg", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1958", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "629", - "firstname": "Boris Leonidovich", - "surname": "Pasternak", - "motivation": "\"for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1958", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "517", - "firstname": "Georges", - "surname": "Pire", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1957", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "68", - "firstname": "Chen Ning", - "surname": "Yang", - "motivation": "\"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "69", - "firstname": "Tsung-Dao (T.D.)", - "surname": "Lee", - "motivation": "\"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1957", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "221", - "firstname": "Lord (Alexander R.)", - "surname": "Todd", - "motivation": "\"for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1957", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "363", - "firstname": "Daniel", - "surname": "Bovet", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1957", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "628", - "firstname": "Albert", - "surname": "Camus", - "motivation": "\"for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1957", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "516", - "firstname": "Lester Bowles", - "surname": "Pearson", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1956", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "65", - "firstname": "William Bradford", - "surname": "Shockley", - "motivation": "\"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "66", - "firstname": "John", - "surname": "Bardeen", - "motivation": "\"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "67", - "firstname": "Walter Houser", - "surname": "Brattain", - "motivation": "\"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1956", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "219", - "firstname": "Sir Cyril Norman", - "surname": "Hinshelwood", - "motivation": "\"for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "220", - "firstname": "Nikolay Nikolaevich", - "surname": "Semenov", - "motivation": "\"for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1956", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "360", - "firstname": "André Frédéric", - "surname": "Cournand", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "361", - "firstname": "Werner", - "surname": "Forssmann", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "362", - "firstname": "Dickinson W.", - "surname": "Richards", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1956", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "627", - "firstname": "Juan Ramón", - "surname": "Jiménez", - "motivation": "\"for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1955", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "63", - "firstname": "Willis Eugene", - "surname": "Lamb", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "64", - "firstname": "Polykarp", - "surname": "Kusch", - "motivation": "\"for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1955", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "218", - "firstname": "Vincent", - "surname": "du Vigneaud", - "motivation": "\"for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1955", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "359", - "firstname": "Axel Hugo Theodor", - "surname": "Theorell", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1955", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "626", - "firstname": "Halldór Kiljan", - "surname": "Laxness", - "motivation": "\"for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1954", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "61", - "firstname": "Max", - "surname": "Born", - "motivation": "\"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "62", - "firstname": "Walther", - "surname": "Bothe", - "motivation": "\"for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1954", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "217", - "firstname": "Linus Carl", - "surname": "Pauling", - "motivation": "\"for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1954", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "356", - "firstname": "John Franklin", - "surname": "Enders", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "357", - "firstname": "Thomas Huckle", - "surname": "Weller", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "358", - "firstname": "Frederick Chapman", - "surname": "Robbins", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1954", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "625", - "firstname": "Ernest Miller", - "surname": "Hemingway", - "motivation": "\"for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1954", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "515", - "firstname": "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)", - "share": "1", - "surname": "" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1953", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "60", - "firstname": "Frits", - "surname": "Zernike", - "motivation": "\"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1953", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "216", - "firstname": "Hermann", - "surname": "Staudinger", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1953", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "354", - "firstname": "Hans Adolf", - "surname": "Krebs", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "355", - "firstname": "Fritz Albert", - "surname": "Lipmann", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1953", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "624", - "firstname": "Sir Winston Leonard Spencer", - "surname": "Churchill", - "motivation": "\"for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1953", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "514", - "firstname": "George Catlett", - "surname": "Marshall", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1952", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "58", - "firstname": "Felix", - "surname": "Bloch", - "motivation": "\"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "59", - "firstname": "Edward Mills", - "surname": "Purcell", - "motivation": "\"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1952", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "214", - "firstname": "Archer John Porter", - "surname": "Martin", - "motivation": "\"for their invention of partition chromatography\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "215", - "firstname": "Richard Laurence Millington", - "surname": "Synge", - "motivation": "\"for their invention of partition chromatography\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1952", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "353", - "firstname": "Selman Abraham", - "surname": "Waksman", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1952", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "623", - "firstname": "François", - "surname": "Mauriac", - "motivation": "\"for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1952", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "513", - "firstname": "Albert", - "surname": "Schweitzer", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1951", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "56", - "firstname": "Sir John Douglas", - "surname": "Cockcroft", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "57", - "firstname": "Ernest Thomas Sinton", - "surname": "Walton", - "motivation": "\"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1951", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "212", - "firstname": "Edwin Mattison", - "surname": "McMillan", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "213", - "firstname": "Glenn Theodore", - "surname": "Seaborg", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1951", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "352", - "firstname": "Max", - "surname": "Theiler", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1951", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "622", - "firstname": "Pär Fabian", - "surname": "Lagerkvist", - "motivation": "\"for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1951", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "512", - "firstname": "Léon", - "surname": "Jouhaux", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1950", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "55", - "firstname": "Cecil Frank", - "surname": "Powell", - "motivation": "\"for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1950", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "210", - "firstname": "Otto Paul Hermann", - "surname": "Diels", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "211", - "firstname": "Kurt", - "surname": "Alder", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1950", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "349", - "firstname": "Edward Calvin", - "surname": "Kendall", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "350", - "firstname": "Tadeus", - "surname": "Reichstein", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "351", - "firstname": "Philip Showalter", - "surname": "Hench", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1950", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "621", - "firstname": "Earl (Bertrand Arthur William)", - "surname": "Russell", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1950", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "511", - "firstname": "Ralph", - "surname": "Bunche", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1949", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "54", - "firstname": "Hideki", - "surname": "Yukawa", - "motivation": "\"for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1949", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "209", - "firstname": "William Francis", - "surname": "Giauque", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1949", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "347", - "firstname": "Walter Rudolf", - "surname": "Hess", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "348", - "firstname": "Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas", - "surname": "Moniz", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1949", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "620", - "firstname": "William", - "surname": "Faulkner", - "motivation": "\"for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1949", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "510", - "firstname": "Lord (John)", - "surname": "Boyd Orr of Brechin", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1948", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "53", - "firstname": "Patrick Maynard Stuart", - "surname": "Blackett", - "motivation": "\"for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1948", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "208", - "firstname": "Arne Wilhelm Kaurin", - "surname": "Tiselius", - "motivation": "\"for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1948", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "346", - "firstname": "Paul Hermann", - "surname": "Müller", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1948", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "619", - "firstname": "Thomas Stearns", - "surname": "Eliot", - "motivation": "\"for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1947", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "52", - "firstname": "Sir Edward Victor", - "surname": "Appleton", - "motivation": "\"for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1947", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "207", - "firstname": "Sir Robert", - "surname": "Robinson", - "motivation": "\"for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1947", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "343", - "firstname": "Carl Ferdinand", - "surname": "Cori", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "344", - "firstname": "Gerty Theresa", - "surname": "Cori, née Radnitz", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "345", - "firstname": "Bernardo Alberto", - "surname": "Houssay", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1947", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "618", - "firstname": "André Paul Guillaume", - "surname": "Gide", - "motivation": "\"for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1947", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "508", - "firstname": "Friends Service Council (The Quakers)", - "share": "2", - "surname": "" - }, - { - "id": "509", - "firstname": "American Friends Service Committee (The Quakers)", - "share": "2", - "surname": "" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1946", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "51", - "firstname": "Percy Williams", - "surname": "Bridgman", - "motivation": "\"for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1946", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "204", - "firstname": "James Batcheller", - "surname": "Sumner", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "205", - "firstname": "John Howard", - "surname": "Northrop", - "motivation": "\"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "206", - "firstname": "Wendell Meredith", - "surname": "Stanley", - "motivation": "\"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form\"", - "share": "4" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1946", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "342", - "firstname": "Hermann Joseph", - "surname": "Muller", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1946", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "617", - "firstname": "Hermann", - "surname": "Hesse", - "motivation": "\"for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1946", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "506", - "firstname": "Emily Greene", - "surname": "Balch", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "507", - "firstname": "John Raleigh", - "surname": "Mott", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1945", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "50", - "firstname": "Wolfgang", - "surname": "Pauli", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1945", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "203", - "firstname": "Artturi Ilmari", - "surname": "Virtanen", - "motivation": "\"for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1945", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "339", - "firstname": "Sir Alexander", - "surname": "Fleming", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "340", - "firstname": "Ernst Boris", - "surname": "Chain", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "341", - "firstname": "Sir Howard Walter", - "surname": "Florey", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1945", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "615", - "firstname": "Gabriela", - "surname": "Mistral", - "motivation": "\"for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1945", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "505", - "firstname": "Cordell", - "surname": "Hull", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1944", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "49", - "firstname": "Isidor Isaac", - "surname": "Rabi", - "motivation": "\"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1944", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "202", - "firstname": "Otto", - "surname": "Hahn", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1944", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "337", - "firstname": "Joseph", - "surname": "Erlanger", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "338", - "firstname": "Herbert Spencer", - "surname": "Gasser", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1944", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "614", - "firstname": "Johannes Vilhelm", - "surname": "Jensen", - "motivation": "\"for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1944", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "482", - "firstname": "Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross)", - "share": "1", - "surname": "" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1943", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "48", - "firstname": "Otto", - "surname": "Stern", - "motivation": "\"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1943", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "201", - "firstname": "George", - "surname": "de Hevesy", - "motivation": "\"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1943", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "335", - "firstname": "Henrik Carl Peter", - "surname": "Dam", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of vitamin K\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "336", - "firstname": "Edward Adelbert", - "surname": "Doisy", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1939", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "47", - "firstname": "Ernest Orlando", - "surname": "Lawrence", - "motivation": "\"for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1939", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "199", - "firstname": "Adolf Friedrich Johann", - "surname": "Butenandt", - "motivation": "\"for his work on sex hormones\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "200", - "firstname": "Leopold", - "surname": "Ruzicka", - "motivation": "\"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1939", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "334", - "firstname": "Gerhard", - "surname": "Domagk", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1939", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "613", - "firstname": "Frans Eemil", - "surname": "Sillanpää", - "motivation": "\"for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1938", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "46", - "firstname": "Enrico", - "surname": "Fermi", - "motivation": "\"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1938", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "198", - "firstname": "Richard", - "surname": "Kuhn", - "motivation": "\"for his work on carotenoids and vitamins\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1938", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "333", - "firstname": "Corneille Jean François", - "surname": "Heymans", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1938", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "610", - "firstname": "Pearl", - "surname": "Buck", - "motivation": "\"for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1938", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "503", - "firstname": "Office international Nansen pour les Réfugiés (Nansen International Office for Refugees)", - "share": "1", - "surname": "" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1937", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "44", - "firstname": "Clinton Joseph", - "surname": "Davisson", - "motivation": "\"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "45", - "firstname": "George Paget", - "surname": "Thomson", - "motivation": "\"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1937", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "196", - "firstname": "Walter Norman", - "surname": "Haworth", - "motivation": "\"for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "197", - "firstname": "Paul", - "surname": "Karrer", - "motivation": "\"for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1937", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "332", - "firstname": "Albert", - "surname": "von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrápolt", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1937", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "609", - "firstname": "Roger", - "surname": "Martin du Gard", - "motivation": "\"for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1937", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "502", - "firstname": "Cecil of Chelwood, Viscount", - "surname": "(Lord Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne Cecil)", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1936", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "42", - "firstname": "Victor Franz", - "surname": "Hess", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of cosmic radiation\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "43", - "firstname": "Carl David", - "surname": "Anderson", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the positron\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1936", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "195", - "firstname": "Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus", - "surname": "Debye", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1936", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "330", - "firstname": "Sir Henry Hallett", - "surname": "Dale", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "331", - "firstname": "Otto", - "surname": "Loewi", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1936", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "608", - "firstname": "Eugene Gladstone", - "surname": "O'Neill", - "motivation": "\"for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1936", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "501", - "firstname": "Carlos", - "surname": "Saavedra Lamas", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1935", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "41", - "firstname": "James", - "surname": "Chadwick", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the neutron\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1935", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "193", - "firstname": "Frédéric", - "surname": "Joliot", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "194", - "firstname": "Irène", - "surname": "Joliot-Curie", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1935", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "329", - "firstname": "Hans", - "surname": "Spemann", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1935", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "500", - "firstname": "Carl", - "surname": "von Ossietzky", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1934", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "192", - "firstname": "Harold Clayton", - "surname": "Urey", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of heavy hydrogen\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1934", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "326", - "firstname": "George Hoyt", - "surname": "Whipple", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "327", - "firstname": "George Richards", - "surname": "Minot", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia\"", - "share": "3" - }, - { - "id": "328", - "firstname": "William Parry", - "surname": "Murphy", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia\"", - "share": "3" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1934", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "607", - "firstname": "Luigi", - "surname": "Pirandello", - "motivation": "\"for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1934", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "499", - "firstname": "Arthur", - "surname": "Henderson", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1933", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "39", - "firstname": "Erwin", - "surname": "Schrödinger", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "40", - "firstname": "Paul Adrien Maurice", - "surname": "Dirac", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1933", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "325", - "firstname": "Thomas Hunt", - "surname": "Morgan", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1933", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "606", - "firstname": "Ivan Alekseyevich", - "surname": "Bunin", - "motivation": "\"for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1933", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "498", - "firstname": "Sir Norman", - "surname": "Angell (Ralph Lane)", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1932", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "38", - "firstname": "Werner Karl", - "surname": "Heisenberg", - "motivation": "\"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1932", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "191", - "firstname": "Irving", - "surname": "Langmuir", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1932", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "323", - "firstname": "Sir Charles Scott", - "surname": "Sherrington", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "324", - "firstname": "Edgar Douglas", - "surname": "Adrian", - "motivation": "\"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1932", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "605", - "firstname": "John", - "surname": "Galsworthy", - "motivation": "\"for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1931", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "189", - "firstname": "Carl", - "surname": "Bosch", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "190", - "firstname": "Friedrich", - "surname": "Bergius", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1931", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "322", - "firstname": "Otto Heinrich", - "surname": "Warburg", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1931", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "604", - "firstname": "Erik Axel", - "surname": "Karlfeldt", - "motivation": "\"The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1931", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "496", - "firstname": "Jane", - "surname": "Addams", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "497", - "firstname": "Nicholas Murray", - "surname": "Butler", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1930", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "37", - "firstname": "Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata", - "surname": "Raman", - "motivation": "\"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1930", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "188", - "firstname": "Hans", - "surname": "Fischer", - "motivation": "\"for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1930", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "321", - "firstname": "Karl", - "surname": "Landsteiner", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of human blood groups\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1930", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "603", - "firstname": "Sinclair", - "surname": "Lewis", - "motivation": "\"for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1930", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "495", - "firstname": "Lars Olof Jonathan (Nathan)", - "surname": "Söderblom", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1929", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "36", - "firstname": "Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond", - "surname": "de Broglie", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1929", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "186", - "firstname": "Arthur", - "surname": "Harden", - "motivation": "\"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "187", - "firstname": "Hans Karl August Simon", - "surname": "von Euler-Chelpin", - "motivation": "\"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1929", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "319", - "firstname": "Christiaan", - "surname": "Eijkman", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "320", - "firstname": "Sir Frederick Gowland", - "surname": "Hopkins", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1929", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "602", - "firstname": "Thomas", - "surname": "Mann", - "motivation": "\"principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1929", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "494", - "firstname": "Frank Billings", - "surname": "Kellogg", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1928", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "35", - "firstname": "Owen Willans", - "surname": "Richardson", - "motivation": "\"for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1928", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "185", - "firstname": "Adolf Otto Reinhold", - "surname": "Windaus", - "motivation": "\"for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1928", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "318", - "firstname": "Charles Jules Henri", - "surname": "Nicolle", - "motivation": "\"for his work on typhus\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1928", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "601", - "firstname": "Sigrid", - "surname": "Undset", - "motivation": "\"principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1927", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "33", - "firstname": "Arthur Holly", - "surname": "Compton", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the effect named after him\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "34", - "firstname": "Charles Thomson Rees", - "surname": "Wilson", - "motivation": "\"for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1927", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "184", - "firstname": "Heinrich Otto", - "surname": "Wieland", - "motivation": "\"for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1927", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "317", - "firstname": "Julius", - "surname": "Wagner-Jauregg", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1927", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "600", - "firstname": "Henri", - "surname": "Bergson", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1927", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "492", - "firstname": "Ferdinand", - "surname": "Buisson", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "493", - "firstname": "Ludwig", - "surname": "Quidde", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1926", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "32", - "firstname": "Jean Baptiste", - "surname": "Perrin", - "motivation": "\"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1926", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "183", - "firstname": "The (Theodor)", - "surname": "Svedberg", - "motivation": "\"for his work on disperse systems\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1926", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "316", - "firstname": "Johannes Andreas Grib", - "surname": "Fibiger", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1926", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "597", - "firstname": "Grazia", - "surname": "Deledda", - "motivation": "\"for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1926", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "490", - "firstname": "Aristide", - "surname": "Briand", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "491", - "firstname": "Gustav", - "surname": "Stresemann", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1925", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "30", - "firstname": "James", - "surname": "Franck", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "31", - "firstname": "Gustav Ludwig", - "surname": "Hertz", - "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1925", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "182", - "firstname": "Richard Adolf", - "surname": "Zsigmondy", - "motivation": "\"for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1925", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "596", - "firstname": "George Bernard", - "surname": "Shaw", - "motivation": "\"for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1925", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "488", - "firstname": "Sir Austen", - "surname": "Chamberlain", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "489", - "firstname": "Charles Gates", - "surname": "Dawes", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1924", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "29", - "firstname": "Karl Manne Georg", - "surname": "Siegbahn", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1924", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "315", - "firstname": "Willem", - "surname": "Einthoven", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1924", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "594", - "firstname": "Wladyslaw Stanislaw", - "surname": "Reymont", - "motivation": "\"for his great national epic, The Peasants\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1923", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "28", - "firstname": "Robert Andrews", - "surname": "Millikan", - "motivation": "\"for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1923", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "181", - "firstname": "Fritz", - "surname": "Pregl", - "motivation": "\"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1923", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "313", - "firstname": "Frederick Grant", - "surname": "Banting", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of insulin\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "314", - "firstname": "John James Rickard", - "surname": "Macleod", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of insulin\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1923", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "593", - "firstname": "William Butler", - "surname": "Yeats", - "motivation": "\"for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1922", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "27", - "firstname": "Niels Henrik David", - "surname": "Bohr", - "motivation": "\"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1922", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "180", - "firstname": "Francis William", - "surname": "Aston", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1922", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "311", - "firstname": "Archibald Vivian", - "surname": "Hill", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "312", - "firstname": "Otto Fritz", - "surname": "Meyerhof", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1922", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "592", - "firstname": "Jacinto", - "surname": "Benavente", - "motivation": "\"for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1922", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "487", - "firstname": "Fridtjof", - "surname": "Nansen", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1921", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "26", - "firstname": "Albert", - "surname": "Einstein", - "motivation": "\"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1921", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "179", - "firstname": "Frederick", - "surname": "Soddy", - "motivation": "\"for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1921", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "590", - "firstname": "Anatole", - "surname": "France", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1921", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "485", - "firstname": "Karl Hjalmar", - "surname": "Branting", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "486", - "firstname": "Christian Lous", - "surname": "Lange", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1920", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "25", - "firstname": "Charles Edouard", - "surname": "Guillaume", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1920", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "178", - "firstname": "Walther Hermann", - "surname": "Nernst", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his work in thermochemistry\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1920", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "310", - "firstname": "Schack August Steenberg", - "surname": "Krogh", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1920", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "589", - "firstname": "Knut Pedersen", - "surname": "Hamsun", - "motivation": "\"for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1920", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "484", - "firstname": "Léon Victor Auguste", - "surname": "Bourgeois", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1919", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "24", - "firstname": "Johannes", - "surname": "Stark", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1919", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "309", - "firstname": "Jules", - "surname": "Bordet", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries relating to immunity\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1919", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "588", - "firstname": "Carl Friedrich Georg", - "surname": "Spitteler", - "motivation": "\"in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1919", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "483", - "firstname": "Thomas Woodrow", - "surname": "Wilson", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1918", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "23", - "firstname": "Max Karl Ernst Ludwig", - "surname": "Planck", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1918", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "177", - "firstname": "Fritz", - "surname": "Haber", - "motivation": "\"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1917", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "22", - "firstname": "Charles Glover", - "surname": "Barkla", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1917", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "586", - "firstname": "Karl Adolph", - "surname": "Gjellerup", - "motivation": "\"for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "587", - "firstname": "Henrik", - "surname": "Pontoppidan", - "motivation": "\"for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1917", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "482", - "firstname": "Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross)", - "share": "1", - "surname": "" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1916", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "585", - "firstname": "Carl Gustaf Verner", - "surname": "von Heidenstam", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1915", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "20", - "firstname": "Sir William Henry", - "surname": "Bragg", - "motivation": "\"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "21", - "firstname": "William Lawrence", - "surname": "Bragg", - "motivation": "\"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1915", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "176", - "firstname": "Richard Martin", - "surname": "Willstätter", - "motivation": "\"for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1915", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "584", - "firstname": "Romain", - "surname": "Rolland", - "motivation": "\"as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1914", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "19", - "firstname": "Max", - "surname": "von Laue", - "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1914", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "175", - "firstname": "Theodore William", - "surname": "Richards", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1914", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "308", - "firstname": "Robert", - "surname": "Bárány", - "motivation": "\"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1913", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "18", - "firstname": "Heike", - "surname": "Kamerlingh Onnes", - "motivation": "\"for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1913", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "174", - "firstname": "Alfred", - "surname": "Werner", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1913", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "307", - "firstname": "Charles Robert", - "surname": "Richet", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1913", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "583", - "firstname": "Rabindranath", - "surname": "Tagore", - "motivation": "\"because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1913", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "481", - "firstname": "Henri", - "surname": "La Fontaine", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1912", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "17", - "firstname": "Nils Gustaf", - "surname": "Dalén", - "motivation": "\"for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1912", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "172", - "firstname": "Victor", - "surname": "Grignard", - "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "173", - "firstname": "Paul", - "surname": "Sabatier", - "motivation": "\"for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1912", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "306", - "firstname": "Alexis", - "surname": "Carrel", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1912", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "582", - "firstname": "Gerhart Johann Robert", - "surname": "Hauptmann", - "motivation": "\"primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1912", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "480", - "firstname": "Elihu", - "surname": "Root", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1911", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "16", - "firstname": "Wilhelm", - "surname": "Wien", - "motivation": "\"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1911", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "6", - "firstname": "Marie", - "surname": "Curie, née Sklodowska", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1911", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "305", - "firstname": "Allvar", - "surname": "Gullstrand", - "motivation": "\"for his work on the dioptrics of the eye\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1911", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "581", - "firstname": "Count Maurice (Mooris) Polidore Marie Bernhard", - "surname": "Maeterlinck", - "motivation": "\"in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1911", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "478", - "firstname": "Tobias Michael Carel", - "surname": "Asser", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "479", - "firstname": "Alfred Hermann", - "surname": "Fried", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1910", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "15", - "firstname": "Johannes Diderik", - "surname": "van der Waals", - "motivation": "\"for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1910", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "169", - "firstname": "Otto", - "surname": "Wallach", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1910", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "304", - "firstname": "Albrecht", - "surname": "Kossel", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1910", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "580", - "firstname": "Paul Johann Ludwig", - "surname": "Heyse", - "motivation": "\"as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1910", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "477", - "firstname": "Bureau international permanent de la Paix (Permanent International Peace Bureau)", - "share": "1", - "surname": "" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1909", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "13", - "firstname": "Guglielmo", - "surname": "Marconi", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "14", - "firstname": "Karl Ferdinand", - "surname": "Braun", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1909", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "168", - "firstname": "Wilhelm", - "surname": "Ostwald", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1909", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "303", - "firstname": "Emil Theodor", - "surname": "Kocher", - "motivation": "\"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1909", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "579", - "firstname": "Selma Ottilia Lovisa", - "surname": "Lagerlöf", - "motivation": "\"in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1909", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "475", - "firstname": "Auguste Marie François", - "surname": "Beernaert", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "476", - "firstname": "Paul Henri Benjamin Balluet", - "surname": "d'Estournelles de Constant, Baron de Constant de Rebecque", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1908", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "12", - "firstname": "Gabriel", - "surname": "Lippmann", - "motivation": "\"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1908", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "167", - "firstname": "Ernest", - "surname": "Rutherford", - "motivation": "\"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1908", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "301", - "firstname": "Ilya Ilyich", - "surname": "Mechnikov", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of their work on immunity\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "302", - "firstname": "Paul", - "surname": "Ehrlich", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of their work on immunity\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1908", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "578", - "firstname": "Rudolf Christoph", - "surname": "Eucken", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1908", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "473", - "firstname": "Klas Pontus", - "surname": "Arnoldson", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "474", - "firstname": "Fredrik", - "surname": "Bajer", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1907", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "11", - "firstname": "Albert Abraham", - "surname": "Michelson", - "motivation": "\"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1907", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "166", - "firstname": "Eduard", - "surname": "Buchner", - "motivation": "\"for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1907", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "300", - "firstname": "Charles Louis Alphonse", - "surname": "Laveran", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1907", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "577", - "firstname": "Rudyard", - "surname": "Kipling", - "motivation": "\"in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1907", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "471", - "firstname": "Ernesto Teodoro", - "surname": "Moneta", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "472", - "firstname": "Louis", - "surname": "Renault", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1906", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "10", - "firstname": "Joseph John", - "surname": "Thomson", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1906", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "165", - "firstname": "Henri", - "surname": "Moissan", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1906", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "298", - "firstname": "Camillo", - "surname": "Golgi", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "299", - "firstname": "Santiago", - "surname": "Ramón y Cajal", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1906", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "576", - "firstname": "Giosuè", - "surname": "Carducci", - "motivation": "\"not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1906", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "470", - "firstname": "Theodore", - "surname": "Roosevelt", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1905", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "9", - "firstname": "Philipp Eduard Anton", - "surname": "von Lenard", - "motivation": "\"for his work on cathode rays\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1905", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "164", - "firstname": "Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf", - "surname": "von Baeyer", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1905", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "297", - "firstname": "Robert", - "surname": "Koch", - "motivation": "\"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1905", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "575", - "firstname": "Henryk", - "surname": "Sienkiewicz", - "motivation": "\"because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1905", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "468", - "firstname": "Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita", - "surname": "von Suttner, née Countess Kinsky von Chinic und Tettau", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1904", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "8", - "firstname": "Lord Rayleigh", - "surname": "(John William Strutt)", - "motivation": "\"for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1904", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "163", - "firstname": "Sir William", - "surname": "Ramsay", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1904", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "296", - "firstname": "Ivan Petrovich", - "surname": "Pavlov", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1904", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "573", - "firstname": "Frédéric", - "surname": "Mistral", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "574", - "firstname": "José", - "surname": "Echegaray y Eizaguirre", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1904", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "467", - "firstname": "Institut de droit international (Institute of International Law)", - "share": "1", - "surname": "" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1903", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "4", - "firstname": "Antoine Henri", - "surname": "Becquerel", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "5", - "firstname": "Pierre", - "surname": "Curie", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel\"", - "share": "4" - }, - { - "id": "6", - "firstname": "Marie", - "surname": "Curie, née Sklodowska", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel\"", - "share": "4" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1903", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "162", - "firstname": "Svante August", - "surname": "Arrhenius", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1903", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "295", - "firstname": "Niels Ryberg", - "surname": "Finsen", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1903", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "572", - "firstname": "Bjørnstjerne Martinus", - "surname": "Bjørnson", - "motivation": "\"as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1903", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "466", - "firstname": "William Randal", - "surname": "Cremer", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1902", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "2", - "firstname": "Hendrik Antoon", - "surname": "Lorentz", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena\"", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "3", - "firstname": "Pieter", - "surname": "Zeeman", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena\"", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1902", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "161", - "firstname": "Hermann Emil", - "surname": "Fischer", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1902", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "294", - "firstname": "Ronald", - "surname": "Ross", - "motivation": "\"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1902", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "571", - "firstname": "Christian Matthias Theodor", - "surname": "Mommsen", - "motivation": "\"the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1902", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "464", - "firstname": "Élie", - "surname": "Ducommun", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "465", - "firstname": "Charles Albert", - "surname": "Gobat", - "share": "2" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1901", - "category": "physics", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "1", - "firstname": "Wilhelm Conrad", - "surname": "Röntgen", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1901", - "category": "chemistry", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "160", - "firstname": "Jacobus Henricus", - "surname": "van 't Hoff", - "motivation": "\"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1901", - "category": "medicine", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "293", - "firstname": "Emil Adolf", - "surname": "von Behring", - "motivation": "\"for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1901", - "category": "literature", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "569", - "firstname": "Sully", - "surname": "Prudhomme", - "motivation": "\"in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect\"", - "share": "1" - } - ] - }, - { - "year": "1901", - "category": "peace", - "laureates": [ - { - "id": "462", - "firstname": "Jean Henry", - "surname": "Dunant", - "share": "2" - }, - { - "id": "463", - "firstname": "Frédéric", - "surname": "Passy", - "share": "2" - } - ] - } - ] -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Week1/lecture/server/server.js b/Week1/lecture/server/server.js deleted file mode 100644 index 0ee03cd7a..000000000 --- a/Week1/lecture/server/server.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,13 +0,0 @@ -const path = require('path'); -const jsonServer = require('json-server'); -const server = jsonServer.create(); -const router = jsonServer.router(path.join(__dirname, 'db.json')); -const middlewares = jsonServer.defaults(); - -const PORT = 3000; - -server.use(middlewares); -server.use(router); -server.listen(PORT, () => { - console.log('JSON Server is running on port', PORT); -}); From 95e2b3f2c15337cf64c2bfef667d61bcca852e44 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jim Cramer Date: Mon, 26 Mar 2018 09:28:25 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 05/13] add try...catch & async/await as Week3 topics --- README.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index d9cc83945..cf4eb9c74 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ Here you can find course content and homework for the JavaScript3 modules |Week|Topic|Read|Homework| |----|-----|----|--------| |1.|• Structure for a basic SPA (Single Page Application)
• [XMLHttpRequests](../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/XMLHttpRequest.md)
• API calls|[Reading Week 1](/Week1/README.md)|[Homework Week 1](/Week1/MAKEME.md)| -|2.|• Async vs Sync
• [Event Loop (order of execution)](../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/event_loop.md)
• [Promises](../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/promises.md)|[Reading Week 2](/Week2/README.md)|[Homework Week 2](/Week2/MAKEME.md)| -|3.|• [Object Oriented Programming and ES6 Classes](../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/oop_classes.md)
• [The `this` keyword](../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/this.md)
• call, apply, bind |[Reading Week 3](/Week3/README.md)|[Homework Week 3](/Week3/MAKEME.md)| +|2.|• [Event Loop (order of execution)](../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/event_loop.md)
• [Promises](../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/promises.md)|[Reading Week 2](/Week2/README.md)|[Homework Week 2](/Week2/MAKEME.md)| +|3.|• [try...catch](../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/try_catch.md)
• [async/await](../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/async_await.md)
• [Object Oriented Programming and ES6 Classes](../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/oop_classes.md)
• [The `this` keyword](../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/this.md)
• call, apply, bind |[Reading Week 3](/Week3/README.md)|[Homework Week 3](/Week3/MAKEME.md)| __Kind note:__ We expect you to __always__ come prepared to the class on Sunday. ### Overall -A good understanding of all the above mentioned topics. Want to check your Knowledge? Go through the [JavaScript Fundamentals README](fundamentals/README.md) and research/ ask for help (Slack!) with the concepts that are not entirely clear. +A good understanding of all the above mentioned topics. Want to check your Knowledge? Go through the [JavaScript Fundamentals README](../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/README.md) and research/ ask for help (Slack!) with the concepts that are not entirely clear. *The HackYourFuture curriculum is subject to CC BY copyright. This means you can freely use our materials, but just make sure to give us credit for it :)* From bf1b982f6a6d10560235eedc43643252d9ef570c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jim Cramer Date: Mon, 26 Mar 2018 09:29:48 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 06/13] mentioned media queries to make app responsive --- Week2/MAKEME.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/Week2/MAKEME.md b/Week2/MAKEME.md index a7f7581f9..493e41685 100644 --- a/Week2/MAKEME.md +++ b/Week2/MAKEME.md @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ The assignment for this week is: Bonus assignments: -- Make your app responsive +- Make your app responsive (using media queries) - Make your app ARIA-compliant Note: @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Note: 1. Please remove all redundant, commented-out code and console.log's from your files before pushing your homework as finished. There is no need for your mentors to review this stuff. 2. Please make sure your code is well-formatted and follows the recommended naming conventions. -## Step 5: Read before next lecture +## Step 4: Read before next lecture -Go trough the reading material in the [README.md](/Week3/README.md) to prepare for your next class. +Go through the reading material in the [README.md](../Week3/README.md) to prepare for your next class. From dda0a47ab190250f99cc7c9d2d6e4b5ec84177ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jim Cramer Date: Mon, 26 Mar 2018 09:30:08 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 07/13] added async/await to assignment --- Week3/MAKEME.md | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++---- 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/Week3/MAKEME.md b/Week3/MAKEME.md index 442f3e175..b6de4b905 100644 --- a/Week3/MAKEME.md +++ b/Week3/MAKEME.md @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Topics discussed this week: _Deadline Monday_ -Give feedback on Step 4 and 5 of last weeks homework. Please provide the feedback in an issue. +Give feedback on Step 3 of last weeks homework. Please provide the feedback in an issue. ## Step 2: Issues @@ -19,20 +19,37 @@ _Deadline Monday_ - Solve all your Git issues. DO NO CLOSE AN ISSUE WITHOUT AN EXPLANATION OR CODE COMMIT REFERENCING THAT ISSUE. - ## Step 3: Fix issues _Deadline Thursday_ - Fix the issues from the last weeks and make sure you explain how you fixed the issue in a comment (or commit message) -## Step 4: Refactor the GitHub app using OOP and ES6 classes +## Step 4: async/await + +_Deadline Wednesday_ + +Refactor your app to replace `.then()` and `.catch()` with `async`/`await` and `try...catch` + +Read: + +- [try...catch](../../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/try_catch.md) +- [async/await](../../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/async_await.md) + +## Step 5: OOP and ES6 classes - If you need to refresh your memory on es6 classes: [es6-classes-in-depth](https://ponyfoo.com/articles/es6-classes-in-depth) _Deadline Saturday_ -The assignment is to refactor your GitHub app to use OOP with ES6 classes (see skeleton code below). We will be introducing a `Repository` and a `Contributor` class that will each be responsible for rendering their own data. A third `View` class will contain all remaining code. +Refactor your GitHub app to use OOP with ES6 classes (see skeleton code below). We will be introducing a `Repository` and a `Contributor` class that will each be responsible for rendering their own data. A third `View` class will contain all remaining code. + +Read: + +- [Object Oriented Programming and ES6 Classes](../../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/oop_classes.md) +- [The `this` keyword](../../../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/this.md) + +Instructions: 1. You should refactor your code to use three classes, named `Repository`, `Contributor` and `View`. 2. Move your existing code that deals with rendering the repository information to the `render()` method of the `Repository` class. From f82ebbdb733a0e0987fd9012d51809b2ad40423a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jim Cramer Date: Mon, 26 Mar 2018 09:52:18 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 08/13] added sorting of repo names to the assignment --- Week3/MAKEME.md | 5 +++-- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/Week3/MAKEME.md b/Week3/MAKEME.md index b6de4b905..7ce4e4f8d 100644 --- a/Week3/MAKEME.md +++ b/Week3/MAKEME.md @@ -25,11 +25,12 @@ _Deadline Thursday_ - Fix the issues from the last weeks and make sure you explain how you fixed the issue in a comment (or commit message) -## Step 4: async/await +## Step 4 _Deadline Wednesday_ -Refactor your app to replace `.then()` and `.catch()` with `async`/`await` and `try...catch` +- Sort the list the repositories in the ` element @@ -115,29 +135,24 @@ Use this skeleton as overall design for your code in `app.js`: * information as HTML elements in the DOM * @param {*} repoName The name of the selected repository */ - fetchAndRender(repoName) { + async fetchAndRender(repoName) { const leftDiv = ...; const rightDiv = ...; // ... - this.fetchJSON(repoUrl + repoName) - .then(repoInfo => { - const repo = new Repository(repoInfo); - return this.fetchJSON(repoInfo.contributors_url) - .then(contributors => { - repo.render(leftDiv); - contributors - .map(contributor => new Contributor(contributor)) - .forEach(contributor => contributor.render(rightDiv)); - }); - }) - .catch(error => { - // add error handling code here - }); + try { + const contributors = await repo.fetchContributors(); + repo.render(leftDiv); + contributors + .map(contributor => new Contributor(contributor)) + .forEach(contributor => contributor.render(contributorList)); + } + catch (error) { + createAndAppend('div', container, { html: error.message, class: 'alert alert-error' }); + } } - /** * Fetch API data as JSON data in a promise * @param {string} url The URL of the API endpoint. From 97a9d724751c8cdc89216ba3b868e13875f03de8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jim Cramer Date: Mon, 26 Mar 2018 10:12:15 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 10/13] fixed broken link --- README.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index cf4eb9c74..4609b19ed 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -15,6 +15,6 @@ __Kind note:__ We expect you to __always__ come prepared to the class on Sunday. ### Overall -A good understanding of all the above mentioned topics. Want to check your Knowledge? Go through the [JavaScript Fundamentals README](../../fundamentals/blob/master/fundamentals/README.md) and research/ ask for help (Slack!) with the concepts that are not entirely clear. +A good understanding of all the above mentioned topics. Want to check your Knowledge? Go through the [JavaScript Fundamentals README](../../fundamentals/blob/master/README.md) and research/ ask for help (Slack!) with the concepts that are not entirely clear. *The HackYourFuture curriculum is subject to CC BY copyright. This means you can freely use our materials, but just make sure to give us credit for it :)* From 32a2229a09ef222484b21bb5f42500a90ed6e434 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jim Cramer Date: Mon, 26 Mar 2018 10:13:16 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 11/13] second attempt to fix link --- README.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 4609b19ed..0f0f7e9b1 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -15,6 +15,6 @@ __Kind note:__ We expect you to __always__ come prepared to the class on Sunday. ### Overall -A good understanding of all the above mentioned topics. Want to check your Knowledge? Go through the [JavaScript Fundamentals README](../../fundamentals/blob/master/README.md) and research/ ask for help (Slack!) with the concepts that are not entirely clear. +A good understanding of all the above mentioned topics. Want to check your Knowledge? Go through the [JavaScript Fundamentals README](../../../fundamentals/blob/master/README.md) and research/ ask for help (Slack!) with the concepts that are not entirely clear. *The HackYourFuture curriculum is subject to CC BY copyright. This means you can freely use our materials, but just make sure to give us credit for it :)* From 9a7c55a4319e0a8456476e8e12c477497c835731 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jim Cramer Date: Mon, 26 Mar 2018 10:23:59 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 12/13] updated homework --- Week1/MAKEME.md | 26 ++------------------------ Week3/MAKEME.md | 4 ++-- 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-) diff --git a/Week1/MAKEME.md b/Week1/MAKEME.md index c0533943b..a1c527078 100644 --- a/Week1/MAKEME.md +++ b/Week1/MAKEME.md @@ -63,39 +63,17 @@ GitHub API documentation: [List organization repositories](https://developer.git Note the query string `?per_page=100`. If you don't specify this query string you will only get the first 30 repositories (the default `per_page` is 30 and HYF has more than 30 - but less than 100). -#### Get repository information - -You can get information about a specific repository through this API endpoint: - -``` -https://api.github.com/repos/HackYourFuture/[repositoryName] -``` - -You should replace `[repositoryName]` with the actual name of the repository. - -GitHub API documentation: [Get](https://developer.github.com/v3/repos/#get) - -### Get contributor information +#### Get contributor information The response object that is returned by GitHub from the request to get repository information includes a property with the `contributors_url`. Use the value of this property to make a new request to GitHub to obtain a list of contributors. -Note that, as a result of selecting a repository from the `` by name (case-insensitive). - Refactor your app to replace `.then()` and `.catch()` with `async`/`await` and `try...catch`. From 6d95c629d00cf1a217e261c2abf6a5aaf1c82456 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jim Cramer Date: Mon, 26 Mar 2018 10:25:10 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 13/13] fixed wrong week number reference --- Week3/MAKEME.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/Week3/MAKEME.md b/Week3/MAKEME.md index c6f71a641..962c6025a 100644 --- a/Week3/MAKEME.md +++ b/Week3/MAKEME.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# Homework Week 1 +# Homework Week 3 ``` Topics discussed this week: