diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore index 894a44c..72bc282 100644 --- a/.gitignore +++ b/.gitignore @@ -1,104 +1,15 @@ -# Byte-compiled / optimized / DLL files __pycache__/ -*.py[cod] -*$py.class -# C extensions -*.so +x86_assembly/build/*.bin +x86_assembly/build/master.img +x86_assembly/build/master.vmdk +x86_assembly/build/bx_enh_dbg.ini +x86_assembly/build/master.img.lock -# Distribution / packaging -.Python -build/ -develop-eggs/ -dist/ -downloads/ -eggs/ -.eggs/ -lib/ -lib64/ -parts/ -sdist/ -var/ -wheels/ -*.egg-info/ -.installed.cfg -*.egg -MANIFEST +x86_assembly/bochs/pkg +x86_assembly/bochs/src +x86_assembly/bochs/bochs-2.6.11* -# PyInstaller -# Usually these files are written by a python script from a template -# before PyInstaller builds the exe, so as to inject date/other infos into it. -*.manifest -*.spec - -# Installer logs -pip-log.txt -pip-delete-this-directory.txt - -# Unit test / coverage reports -htmlcov/ -.tox/ -.coverage -.coverage.* -.cache -nosetests.xml -coverage.xml -*.cover -.hypothesis/ -.pytest_cache/ - -# Translations -*.mo -*.pot - -# Django stuff: -*.log -local_settings.py -db.sqlite3 - -# Flask stuff: -instance/ -.webassets-cache - -# Scrapy stuff: -.scrapy - -# Sphinx documentation -docs/_build/ - -# PyBuilder -target/ - -# Jupyter Notebook -.ipynb_checkpoints - -# pyenv -.python-version - -# celery beat schedule file -celerybeat-schedule - -# SageMath parsed files -*.sage.py - -# Environments -.env -.venv -env/ -venv/ -ENV/ -env.bak/ -venv.bak/ - -# Spyder project settings -.spyderproject -.spyproject - -# Rope project settings -.ropeproject - -# mkdocs documentation -/site - -# mypy -.mypy_cache/ +*.o +*.out +*.bin diff --git a/.vscode/launch.json b/.vscode/launch.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bcca3af --- /dev/null +++ b/.vscode/launch.json @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +{ + // Use IntelliSense to learn about possible attributes. + // Hover to view descriptions of existing attributes. + // For more information, visit: https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=830387 + "version": "0.2.0", + "configurations": [ + { + "name": "gcc - Build and debug active file", + "type": "cppdbg", + "request": "launch", + "program": "${fileDirname}/${fileBasenameNoExtension}.out", + "args": [], + "stopAtEntry": false, + "cwd": "${fileDirname}", + "environment": [], + "externalConsole": false, + "MIMode": "gdb", + "setupCommands": [ + { + "description": "Enable pretty-printing for gdb", + "text": "-enable-pretty-printing", + "ignoreFailures": true + } + ], + "preLaunchTask": "C/C++: gcc build active file", + "miDebuggerPath": "/usr/bin/gdb" + }, + { + "name": "make - Build and debug active file", + "type": "cppdbg", + "request": "launch", + "program": "${fileDirname}/${fileBasenameNoExtension}.out", + "args": [], + "stopAtEntry": false, + "cwd": "${fileDirname}", + "environment": [], + "externalConsole": false, + "MIMode": "gdb", + "setupCommands": [ + { + "description": "Enable pretty-printing for gdb", + "text": "-enable-pretty-printing", + "ignoreFailures": true + } + ], + "preLaunchTask": "make: make build active file", + "miDebuggerPath": "/usr/bin/gdb" + } + ] +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/.vscode/tasks.json b/.vscode/tasks.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6d1f3d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/.vscode/tasks.json @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +{ + "tasks": [ + { + "type": "shell", + "label": "C/C++: gcc build active file", + "command": "/usr/bin/gcc", + "args": [ + "-m32", + "-g", + "${file}", + "-o", + "${fileDirname}/${fileBasenameNoExtension}.out" + ], + "options": { + "cwd": "${fileDirname}" + }, + "problemMatcher": [ + "$gcc" + ], + "group": { + "kind": "build", + "isDefault": true + }, + "detail": "Task generated by Debugger." + }, + { + "type": "shell", + "label": "make: make build active file", + "command": "/usr/bin/make", + "args": [ + "${fileBasenameNoExtension}.out" + ], + "options": { + "cwd": "${fileDirname}" + }, + "problemMatcher": [ + "$gcc" + ], + "group": { + "kind": "build", + "isDefault": true + }, + "detail": "Task generated by Debugger." + } + ], + "version": "2.0.0" +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 0a015fb..b7b2adb 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -1,10 +1,37 @@ # computer - 计算机体系结构 -## 组成原理 - 一个8位二进制CPU的设计和实现 +[本项目地址](https://github.com/StevenBaby/computer) + +## 一个8位二进制CPU的设计和实现 ![snapshot](./cpu/snapshot.jpg) -- [视频教程相关 bilibili 频道](https://space.bilibili.com/491131440/channel/detail?cid=163546) +- [相关 bilibili 视频](https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1aP4y1s7Vf) + +- [LogicCircuit](http://www.logiccircuit.org/) + + +## x86 汇编语言 + +> 不同视频的代码请查看 git commit 历史。 + +- [相关 bilibili 视频](https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1b44y1k7mT) + +- [Ubuntu 配置 bochs 的方法](./x86_assembly/docs/Ubuntu%20配置%20bochs%20的方法.md) 感谢 [@烟花笑寂寞](https://github.com/1126zk) + +- [参考资料](./x86_assembly/docs/参考资料.md) + +## 操作系统实现 + +![](./snapshots/onix.jpg) + +- + +- [相关 bilibili 视频](https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1gR4y1u7or/) + +## Linux 源码分析 + +- -- [LogicCircuit](http://www.logiccircuit.org/) \ No newline at end of file +Working on it, coming soon..... diff --git a/computer.code-workspace b/computer.code-workspace index 3c7c0c1..bfe91ff 100644 --- a/computer.code-workspace +++ b/computer.code-workspace @@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ }, "launch": { "version": "0.2.0", - "configurations": [{ - "name": "Python: Current File", - "type": "python", - "request": "launch", - "program": "${file}", - "console": "integratedTerminal", - "justMyCode": false - }] + // "configurations": [{ + // "name": "Python: Current File", + // "type": "python", + // "request": "launch", + // "program": "${file}", + // "console": "integratedTerminal", + // "justMyCode": false + // }] } } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/cpu/snapshot.jpg b/cpu/snapshot.jpg index ffc6e99..f569c76 100644 Binary files a/cpu/snapshot.jpg and b/cpu/snapshot.jpg differ diff --git a/logic/vga/VGA.CircuitProject b/logic/vga/VGA.CircuitProject new file mode 100644 index 0000000..463ae96 --- /dev/null +++ b/logic/vga/VGA.CircuitProject @@ -0,0 +1,3879 @@ + + + + 8a9458c3-1049-4be3-8c5c-43f32e1dd8e7 + 2.0123595505618 + 50 + True + 113983b6-1055-4f58-8d8e-031737abac1b + + + 1fae8778-f915-4e77-8bcc-8cae92219887 + Main + + + fa3a03ab-3c04-485f-a3c9-042111811c4a + PC8 + PC8 + CU + + + c3fc1c75-abc0-4507-886e-c4b544c5929d + T> + T> + Flip-Flop + + + aaf4821e-2320-4350-bcd9-a2e9c60a3d74 + D> + D> + Flip-Flop + + + 299acfd6-b7e2-4e08-b753-c450be050266 + D + D + Flip-Flop + + + 4be7afd3-d19c-4818-9855-f7d539d7a999 + R-S + R-S + Flip-Flop + + + 113983b6-1055-4f58-8d8e-031737abac1b + BingBinb + BB + + + ec0c2f6c-3feb-4f77-ac64-fa05d09de06a + PC14 + PC14 + + + 892dc501-d343-42b6-8ba7-2a542a9be9ec + fa3a03ab-3c04-485f-a3c9-042111811c4a + Clear + CLR + + + 738110f5-1912-4f41-8d63-a6ce2abdbd00 + c3fc1c75-abc0-4507-886e-c4b544c5929d + Top + Clear + CLR + + + 0bf744c5-3a28-4274-8f04-082c39868cee + aaf4821e-2320-4350-bcd9-a2e9c60a3d74 + Output + Right + Q' + Q' + 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xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"><Paragraph><Run xml:lang="zh-cn">toggle</Run></Paragraph></FlowDocument> + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/logic/vga/bingbing.bin b/logic/vga/bingbing.bin new file mode 100644 index 0000000..76cab58 Binary files /dev/null and b/logic/vga/bingbing.bin differ diff --git a/logic/vga/bingbing.jpg b/logic/vga/bingbing.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fd109ba Binary files /dev/null and b/logic/vga/bingbing.jpg differ diff --git a/logic/vga/result.act b/logic/vga/result.act new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e2777ec Binary files /dev/null and b/logic/vga/result.act differ diff --git a/snapshots/onix.jpg b/snapshots/onix.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3df0dd5 Binary files /dev/null and b/snapshots/onix.jpg differ diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/appendix.asm b/x86_assembly/analysis/appendix.asm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..70e6ac6 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/appendix.asm @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +%use masm + +section .data + number dd 0x12345678 + +section .text +global main +main: + mov ax, [number] diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/assembly.c b/x86_assembly/analysis/assembly.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a717da9 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/assembly.c @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +#include + +int main() +{ + int a = 10; + int b = 20; + int result = 30; + + // result = a + b; + asm volatile( + "movl $10, %0\n" + "movl $20, %1\n" + : "=&r"(a) // %0 + : "r"(b)); + + printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, result); +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/assembly.s b/x86_assembly/analysis/assembly.s new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1342511 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/assembly.s @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ + .file "assembly.c" + .text + .section .rodata +.LC0: + .string "%d + %d = %d\n" + .text + .globl main + .type main, @function +main: + pushl %ebp + movl %esp, %ebp + subl $12, %esp + movl $10, -4(%ebp) + movl $20, -8(%ebp) + movl $30, -12(%ebp) + movl -8(%ebp), %edx +#APP +# 10 "assembly.c" 1 + movl $10, %eax +movl $20, %edx + +# 0 "" 2 +#NO_APP + movl %eax, -4(%ebp) + pushl -12(%ebp) + pushl -8(%ebp) + pushl -4(%ebp) + pushl $.LC0 + call printf + addl $16, %esp + movl $0, %eax + leave + ret + .size main, .-main + .ident "GCC: (GNU) 11.1.0" + .section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/astring.asm b/x86_assembly/analysis/astring.asm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dd518bb --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/astring.asm @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ + +global memcpy +memcpy: + ; void* memcpy( void *dest, const void *src, size_t count ); + push ebp + mov ebp, esp + + mov ecx, [ebp + 16]; count loop + mov esi, [ebp + 12]; src + mov edi, [ebp + 8]; dest + + cld + rep movsb + + mov eax, [ebp + 8]; + leave + ret + + +memcmp: + ; int memcmp(const void* lhs, const void* rhs, size_t count ); + push ebp + mov ebp, esp + + mov ecx, [ebp + 16] + mov esi, [ebp + 12] + mov edi, [ebp + 8] + + cld + repz cmpsb + + mov ecx, -1 + cmovb eax, ecx + mov ecx, 1 + cmova eax, ecx + mov ecx, 0 + cmovz eax, ecx + + leave + ret + +memset: + ;void *memset(void *d1, int val, size_t len) + push ebp + mov ebp, esp + + pusha + + mov ecx, [ebp + 16]; len + mov al, [ebp + 12]; val + mov edi, [ebp + 8]; dest + + cld + rep stosb + + mov eax, [ebp + 8] + leave + ret + +memchr: + ; void* memchr(void* ptr, int ch, std::size_t count ); + push ebp + mov ebp, esp + + mov ecx, [ebp + 16]; len + mov al, [ebp + 12]; val + mov edi, [ebp + 8]; dest + + cld + repne scasb + + cmp ecx, 0 + jz .notfound + + mov eax, [ebp + 8] ; dest + mov edx, [ebp + 16] ; len + sub edx, ecx + dec edx + add eax, edx + jmp .done + +.notfound: + mov eax, 0 + jmp .done +.done: + leave + ret + +; section .text +; global main +; main: +; push ebp +; mov ebp, esp + +; push message.size +; push message +; push buffer +; call amemcpy +; add esp, 12 + +; leave +; ret + +; section .data + +; message db "hello world!!!", 10, 0 +; message.size equ ($-message) + +; section .bss + +; buffer resb message.size + diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/bcd.asm b/x86_assembly/analysis/bcd.asm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d81bf0e --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/bcd.asm @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +section .data + + value1 dd 0x12345945 + value2 dd 0x03234098 + value3 dd 0 + +; 9,111,847 + +section .text +global main +main: + clc + mov ecx, 4 + xor edi, edi +loop1: + mov al, [value1 + edi] + sbb al, [value2 + edi] + das + mov [value3, + edi], al + inc edi + loop loop1 + + ret \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/call.c b/x86_assembly/analysis/call.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fae69c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/call.c @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ + +#include + +extern int add(int a, int b); +extern int __attribute__((fastcall)) sub(int a, int b); + +int main() +{ + int i = 5; + int j = 10; + // int k = add(i, j); + int k = sub(i, j); + printf("%d - %d = %d\n", i, j, k); +} diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/compile.c b/x86_assembly/analysis/compile.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e05e76f --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/compile.c @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +# 0 "compile.cc" +# 1 "/home/steven/source/github/computer/x86_assembly/analysis//" +# 0 "" +# 0 "" +# 1 "/usr/include/stdc-predef.h" 1 3 4 +# 0 "" 2 +# 1 "compile.cc" +# 1 "compile.h" 1 + +void function(); +# 2 "compile.cc" 2 + +void function() +{ +} + +int main(int argc, char const *argv[]) +{ + function(); + + asm volatile( + "movl $1, %eax\n" + "movl $0, %ebx\n" + "int $0x80\n" + ); + + return 0; +} diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/compile.cc b/x86_assembly/analysis/compile.cc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ccce9ed --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/compile.cc @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +#include "compile.h" + +void function() +{ +} + +int main(int argc, char const *argv[]) +{ + function(); + + asm volatile( + "movl $1, %eax\n" + "movl $0, %ebx\n" + "int $0x80\n" + ); + + return 0; +} diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/compile.h b/x86_assembly/analysis/compile.h new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bc9ebd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/compile.h @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +void function(); diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/compile.s b/x86_assembly/analysis/compile.s new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f7c1212 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/compile.s @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ + .file "compile.c" + .text + .globl function + .type function, @function +function: + nop + ret + .size function, .-function + .globl main + .type main, @function +main: + call function +#APP +# 11 "compile.cc" 1 + movl $1, %eax +movl $0, %ebx +int $0x80 + +# 0 "" 2 +#NO_APP + movl $0, %eax + ret + .size main, .-main + .ident "GCC: (GNU) 11.1.0" + .section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/control.c b/x86_assembly/analysis/control.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7d1c7b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/control.c @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ + +int compare(int condition, int a, int b) +{ + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) + { + if (condition) + continue; + else + break; + } +} + +int main() +{ + compare(1, 2, 3); + return 0; +} + +void test() +{ + int a = 1; + int b = 2; + int c = 3; + if (a == 3) + { + b++; + if (b == 5) + { + a++; + if (c == 6) + { + c++; + } + goto label; + } + else if (b == 6) + { + a++; + } + } + else + { + a++; + } + +label: + a++; +} diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/control.s b/x86_assembly/analysis/control.s new file mode 100644 index 0000000..61254f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/control.s @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ + .file "control.c" + .text + .globl compare + .type compare, @function +compare: + pushl %ebp + movl %esp, %ebp + subl $4, %esp + movl $0, -4(%ebp) + jmp .L2 +.L6: + cmpl $0, 8(%ebp) + je .L7 + nop + addl $1, -4(%ebp) +.L2: + cmpl $9, -4(%ebp) + jle .L6 + jmp .L5 +.L7: + nop +.L5: + nop + leave + ret + .size compare, .-compare + .globl main + .type main, @function +main: + pushl %ebp + movl %esp, %ebp + pushl $3 + pushl $2 + pushl $1 + call compare + addl $12, %esp + movl $0, %eax + leave + ret + .size main, .-main + .globl test + .type test, @function +test: + pushl %ebp + movl %esp, %ebp + subl $12, %esp + movl $1, -4(%ebp) + movl $2, -8(%ebp) + movl $3, -12(%ebp) + cmpl $3, -4(%ebp) + jne .L11 + addl $1, -8(%ebp) + cmpl $5, -8(%ebp) + jne .L12 + addl $1, -4(%ebp) + cmpl $6, -12(%ebp) + jne .L15 + addl $1, -12(%ebp) + jmp .L15 +.L12: + cmpl $6, -8(%ebp) + jne .L14 + addl $1, -4(%ebp) + jmp .L14 +.L11: + addl $1, -4(%ebp) + jmp .L14 +.L15: + nop +.L14: + addl $1, -4(%ebp) + nop + leave + ret + .size test, .-test + .ident "GCC: (GNU) 11.1.0" + .section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/cstring.c b/x86_assembly/analysis/cstring.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..80590e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/cstring.c @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ + +#include +#include + +#define NULL 0 + +typedef unsigned int size_t; + +void *amemcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t count); + +void *memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t count) +{ + char *dptr = dest; + const char *sptr = src; + for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) + { + dptr[i] = sptr[i]; + } + return dest; +} + +char message[] = "hello world!!!\n"; +char buffer[sizeof(message)]; + +int main(int argc, char const *argv[]) +{ + printf("%d\n", time(NULL)); + int total = 100000000; + int count = total; + while (count--) + { + memcpy(buffer, message, sizeof(message)); + } + + printf("%d\n", time(NULL)); + + count = total; + while (count--) + { + amemcpy(buffer, message, sizeof(message)); + } + + printf("%d\n", time(NULL)); + + return 0; +} diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/cstring.s b/x86_assembly/analysis/cstring.s new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8ed47c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/cstring.s @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ + .file "cstring.c" + .text + .globl memcpy + .type memcpy, @function +memcpy: + subl $12, %esp + movl 16(%esp), %eax + movl %eax, 4(%esp) + movl 20(%esp), %eax + movl %eax, (%esp) + movl $0, 8(%esp) + jmp .L2 +.L3: + movl (%esp), %edx + movl 8(%esp), %eax + addl %edx, %eax + movl 4(%esp), %ecx + movl 8(%esp), %edx + addl %ecx, %edx + movzbl (%eax), %eax + movb %al, (%edx) + addl $1, 8(%esp) +.L2: + movl 8(%esp), %eax + cmpl 24(%esp), %eax + jb .L3 + movl 16(%esp), %eax + addl $12, %esp + ret + + .size memcpy, .-memcpy + .globl message + .data + .align 4 + .type message, @object + .size message, 16 +message: + .string "hello world!!!\n" + .globl buffer + .bss + .align 4 + .type buffer, @object + .size buffer, 16 +buffer: + .zero 16 + .section .rodata +.LC0: + .string "%d\n" + .text + .globl main + .type main, @function +main: + subl $8, %esp + pushl $0 + call time + addl $4, %esp + pushl %eax + pushl $.LC0 + call printf + addl $8, %esp + movl $100000000, (%esp) + movl (%esp), %eax + movl %eax, 4(%esp) + jmp .L6 +.L7: + pushl $16 + pushl $message + pushl $buffer + call memcpy + addl $12, %esp +.L6: + movl 4(%esp), %eax + leal -1(%eax), %edx + movl %edx, 4(%esp) + testl %eax, %eax + jne .L7 + pushl $0 + call time + addl $4, %esp + pushl %eax + pushl $.LC0 + call printf + addl $8, %esp + movl (%esp), %eax + movl %eax, 4(%esp) + jmp .L8 +.L9: + pushl $16 + pushl $message + pushl $buffer + call amemcpy + addl $12, %esp +.L8: + movl 4(%esp), %eax + leal -1(%eax), %edx + movl %edx, 4(%esp) + testl %eax, %eax + jne .L9 + pushl $0 + call time + addl $4, %esp + pushl %eax + pushl $.LC0 + call printf + addl $8, %esp + movl $0, %eax + addl $8, %esp + ret + .size main, .-main + .ident "GCC: (GNU) 11.1.0" + .section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/dowhile.c b/x86_assembly/analysis/dowhile.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..88fbf32 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/dowhile.c @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + +int main() +{ + int sum = 0; + int count = 10; + do + { + sum += count; + } while (count--); +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/dowhile.s b/x86_assembly/analysis/dowhile.s new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f1af301 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/dowhile.s @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + .file "dowhile.c" + .text + .globl main + .type main, @function +main: + pushl %ebp + movl %esp, %ebp + subl $8, %esp + movl $0, -4(%ebp) + movl $10, -8(%ebp) +.L2: + movl -8(%ebp), %eax + addl %eax, -4(%ebp) + movl -8(%ebp), %eax + leal -1(%eax), %edx + movl %edx, -8(%ebp) + testl %eax, %eax + jne .L2 + movl $0, %eax + leave + ret + .size main, .-main + .ident "GCC: (GNU) 11.1.0" + .section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/float.asm b/x86_assembly/analysis/float.asm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ac880f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/float.asm @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +[bits 32] + +number dd 0.5; + +; 0x3f000000 +; 0b_0_0111_1110_000_0000_.. + +; 126 = -1 +; 1.000000 23 尾数 + +; 0.1 + +number2 dd 0.75 + +; 0.11 + +; 1.1 * 2 ^{0111_1110} + +; 0b_0_0111_1110_100_0000_.. +; 0b_0011_1111_0100_0000 +; 0x 3 f 4 0 diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/float2.asm b/x86_assembly/analysis/float2.asm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3476597 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/float2.asm @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +[bits 32] + +section .data + +value: + dd 0; 0 + dd 43.65; 1 + dd 22; + dd 76.34 + dd 3.1 + dd 12.43; 5 + dd 6; + dd 140.2; + dd 94.21; 8 +output: + db "result = %f", 10, 0 + +extern printf + +section .text +global main +main: + finit ; 初始化浮点控制寄存器 + + fld dword [value + 4 * 1]; 加载一个浮点数 + fidiv dword [value + 4 * 2]; 除一个整数 + + fld dword [value + 4 * 3] + fld dword [value + 4 * 4] + fmul st0, st1 + fadd st0, st2 + + fld dword [value + 4 * 5] + fimul dword [value + 4 * 6] + + fld dword [value + 4 * 7] + fld dword [value + 4 * 8] + fdivp + + fsubr st0, st1 + fdivr st0, st2 + + sub esp, 8 + fstp qword [esp] + push output + call printf + add esp, 12 + + ret diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/float_advance.asm b/x86_assembly/analysis/float_advance.asm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..89c38ba --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/float_advance.asm @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +section .data + + value1 dd 3.49 + value2 dd 4.0 + value3 dd 0.5 + + value4 dd 19.8 + value5 dd 3.4 + + +section .text +global main +main: + finit + + ; fld1 + ; fldl2t + ; fldl2e + ; fldpi + ; fldlg2 + ; fldln2 + ; fldz + + ; fldpi + ; frndint + + ; fldpi + ; fchs ; change sign + ; frndint + + ; fld dword [value1] + ; frndint ; 四舍五入 + + ; fabs ; + + ; fld dword [value2] + ; fsqrt ; square root + + ; fldpi + ; fsin + + ; fldpi + ; fcos + + ; fldpi + ; fsincos + + ; fldpi + ; fptan + + ; fld1 + ; fld1 + ; fpatan + + ; fld dword [value3] + ; f2xm1 + + fld dword [value5] + fld dword [value4] + fprem + + fld dword [value5] + fld dword [value4] + fprem1 + + ret \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/float_branch.asm b/x86_assembly/analysis/float_branch.asm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..47f6539 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/float_branch.asm @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +section .data + + value1 dd 3.49 + value2 dd 4.0 + +message: + db "%f %s %f", 10, 0 +sg: + db ">", 0 +sl: + db "<=", 0 + +extern printf + +section .text +global main +main: + finit + + fld dword [value1] + fld dword [value2] + + ; 0x3000 + ; 0x3100 + + ; 0b_0_0_11_0000 + ; 0b_0_0_11_0001 + + ; fcom + ; fstsw ax + ; sahf; 将 ah 寄存器中的值传送到 flag + + fcomi + + jc .greater +.less: + sub esp, 8 + fstp qword [esp] + push sl + sub esp, 8 + fstp qword [esp] + push message + call printf + ; printf(message, st1, <= , st0); + add esp, 24 + jmp .done +.greater: + sub esp, 8 + fstp qword [esp] + push sg + sub esp, 8 + fstp qword [esp] + push message + call printf + ; printf(message, st1, > , st0); + add esp, 24 + +.done: + ret \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/for.c b/x86_assembly/analysis/for.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dbc63ff --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/for.c @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + +int main() +{ + int sum = 0; + for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) + { + sum += i; + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/for.s b/x86_assembly/analysis/for.s new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e12923b --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/for.s @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ + .file "for.c" + .text + .globl main + .type main, @function + +main: + pushl %ebp + movl %esp, %ebp # 保存栈顶指针 + + subl $8, %esp # 预留局部变量空间 + + movl $0, -4(%ebp) # int sum = 0; + movl $1, -8(%ebp) # int i = 1; + + jmp .L2 +.L3: + movl -8(%ebp), %eax # eax = i + addl %eax, -4(%ebp) # sum += eax + addl $1, -8(%ebp) # i += 1 +.L2: + cmpl $9, -8(%ebp) # 9 - i + jle .L3 + + # 设置返回值，恢复栈顶，返回 + movl $0, %eax + leave + ret + .size main, .-main + .ident "GCC: (GNU) 11.1.0" + .section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/hello.c b/x86_assembly/analysis/hello.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..97dcc63 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/hello.c @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +#include + +int main() +{ + printf("hello world!!!\n"); +} diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/hello.s b/x86_assembly/analysis/hello.s new file mode 100644 index 0000000..781702d --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/hello.s @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ + .file "hello.c" +# GNU C17 (GCC) version 11.1.0 (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu) +# compiled by GNU C version 11.1.0, GMP version 6.2.1, MPFR version 4.1.0, MPC version 1.2.1, isl version isl-0.24-GMP + +# GGC heuristics: --param ggc-min-expand=100 --param ggc-min-heapsize=131072 +# options passed: -m32 -mpreferred-stack-boundary=2 -mtune=generic -march=x86-64 -O0 -fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables -fno-pic -fno-stack-protector -fno-builtin + .text + .section .rodata +.LC0: + .string "hello world!!!\n" + .text + .globl main + .type main, @function +main: + pushl %ebp # + movl %esp, %ebp #, +# hello.c:5: printf("hello world!!!\n"); + pushl $.LC0 # + call printf # + addl $4, %esp #, + movl $0, %eax #, _3 +# hello.c:6: } + leave + ret + .size main, .-main + .ident "GCC: (GNU) 11.1.0" + .section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/if.c b/x86_assembly/analysis/if.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f20ddda --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/if.c @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ + +int compare(int condition, int a, int b) +{ + if (condition) + return a; + else + return b; +} + +int main() +{ + compare(1, 2, 3); + return 0; +} diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/if.s b/x86_assembly/analysis/if.s new file mode 100644 index 0000000..53e44cd --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/if.s @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ + .file "if.c" + .text + .globl compare + .type compare, @function + +compare: + pushl %ebp + movl %esp, %ebp + + # ebp ebp + # eip + # condition ebp + 8 + # a ebp + 12 + # b ebp + 16 + + cmpl $0, 8(%ebp) # condition + je .L2 + movl 12(%ebp), %eax # eax = a + jmp .L3 +.L2: + movl 16(%ebp), %eax # eax = b +.L3: + popl %ebp + ret + + .size compare, .-compare + .globl main + .type main, @function + +main: + pushl %ebp + movl %esp, %ebp + + pushl $3 + pushl $2 + pushl $1 + call compare + addl $12, %esp + + movl $0, %eax + leave + ret + .size main, .-main + .ident "GCC: (GNU) 11.1.0" + .section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/integer.asm b/x86_assembly/analysis/integer.asm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..26e9ae6 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/integer.asm @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +[bits 32] + +section .text +global main +main: + ; mov al, 1 + + ; mov ebx, al + ; mov ebx, 0 + ; xor ebx, ebx + ; mov bl, al + + ; movzx ebx, al + + ; mov al, -1; 0xff + + ; movsx ebx, al; 0xffffffff + + ; mov al, 0xff; -1 + ; add al, 1; 0 + + mov al, 127; + inc al + + ret \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/macro.asm b/x86_assembly/analysis/macro.asm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1a15a85 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/macro.asm @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +; %include "macro.inc" + +; %define square(x) (x * x) +; %define add(x, y) (x + y) + +; base +; limit +; type +; segment +; dpl +; present +; long_mode +; big +; granularity + +%macro descriptor 9 + dw %2 & 0xffff + dw %1 & 0xffff + db (%1 >> 16) & 0xff + db %3 | (%4 << 4) | (%5 << 6) | (%6 << 7) + db ((%2 >> 16) & 0xf) | (%7 << 5) | (%8 << 6) | (%9 << 7) + db (%1 >> 24) & 0xff +%endmacro + +descriptor 0x10000, 0xfff, 0b0010, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 + +; section .text +; global main +; main: +; mov eax, square(10) +; mov ebx, add(5, 3) +; ret diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/macro.inc b/x86_assembly/analysis/macro.inc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0b6304b --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/macro.inc @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +%ifndef MACRO_INC +%define MACRO_INC + +extern printf + +%endif diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/makefile b/x86_assembly/analysis/makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dd77210 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/makefile @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ + +CFLAGS:= -m32 \ + -O0 \ + -static \ + -fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables \ + -fno-pic \ + -mpreferred-stack-boundary=2 \ + -fno-stack-protector \ + -fno-builtin \ + -fomit-frame-pointer \ + # -fverbose-asm \ + +CC:=gcc + +.PHONY: hello.s +hello.s: hello.c + gcc $(CFLAGS) -S $< -o $@ + + +.PHONY: variable.s +variable.s: variable.c + gcc $(CFLAGS) -S $< -o $@ + + +.PHONY: test.s +test.s: test.c + gcc $(CFLAGS) -S $< -o $@ + +%.s: %.c + gcc $(CFLAGS) -S $< -o $@ + +DEBUG:=-g + +%.o: %.asm + nasm -f elf32 $(DEBUG) $< -o $@ + +%.o: %.c + gcc $(CFLAGS) $(DEBUG) -c $< -o $@ + +%.c: %.cc + gcc $(CFLAGS) $(DEBUG) -E $< -o $@ + +# %.o: %.s +# as -32 $< -o $@ + +%.bin: %.asm + nasm $(DEBUG) $< -o $@ + +%.out: %.o + # ld -m elf_i386 -static $< -o $@ -e main + gcc $(CFLAGS) $(DEBUG) $< -o $@ + +call.out: call.o subcall.o + gcc $(CFLAGS) $(DEBUG) $^ -o $@ + +cstring.out: cstring.o astring.o + gcc $(CFLAGS) $(DEBUG) $^ -o $@ + +.PHONY:clean +clean: + rm -rf *.o + rm -rf *.out + rm -rf *.bin diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/structure.c b/x86_assembly/analysis/structure.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cb81507 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/structure.c @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ + +// typedef struct struct_t +// { +// char c1; +// int i1; +// char c2; +// int i2; +// char c3; +// int i3; +// } struct_t; + +// typedef struct struct_t +// { +// int i1; +// int i2; +// int i3; + +// char c1; +// char c2; +// char c3; +// } struct_t; + +// struct_t data; + +typedef enum enum_t +{ + ENUM1 = 1, + ENUM2, + ENUM3 +} enum_t; + +enum_t edata = 345; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/structure.s b/x86_assembly/analysis/structure.s new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f33e548 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/structure.s @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + .file "structure.c" + .text + .globl edata + .data + .align 4 + .type edata, @object + .size edata, 4 +edata: + .long 345 + .ident "GCC: (GNU) 11.1.0" + .section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/subcall.asm b/x86_assembly/analysis/subcall.asm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0fe1f70 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/subcall.asm @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +[bits 32] + +extern printf + +section .text +global add +add: + push ebp + mov ebp, esp + + push message + call printf + add esp, 4 + + ; ebp ; ebp + 0 + ; eip ; ebp + 4 + ; a ; ebp + 8 + ; b ; ebp + 12 + + mov eax, [ebp + 8]; eax = a + add eax, [ebp + 12]; b + + leave + ret + +global sub +sub: + push ebp + mov ebp, esp + + mov eax, ecx + sub eax, edx + + leave + ret + +section .data + + message db "add called!!!", 10, 0 diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/variable.c b/x86_assembly/analysis/variable.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a126565 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/variable.c @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +#include + +int add(int a, int b) +{ + int c = a + b; + return c; +} + +int main() +{ + int i = 5; + int j = 10; + int k = add(i, j); + printf("%d + %d = %d\n", i, j, k); +} diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/variable.s b/x86_assembly/analysis/variable.s new file mode 100644 index 0000000..17f5193 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/variable.s @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ + .file "variable.c" + .text + .globl add + .type add, @function +add: + pushl %ebp + movl %esp, %ebp # 保存栈顶指针 + + subl $4, %esp # 预留栈空间 int c; + + movl 8(%ebp), %edx # a + movl 12(%ebp), %eax # b + + addl %edx, %eax # 执行加法 + + movl %eax, -4(%ebp) # 给 c 赋值 + + movl -4(%ebp), %eax # 函数的返回值存储在 eax 寄存器中 + + leave # 恢复栈顶指针和返回 + ret + + .size add, .-add + .section .rodata +.LC0: + .string "%d + %d = %d\n" + .text + .globl main + .type main, @function +main: + pushl %ebp + movl %esp, %ebp # 保存栈顶指针 + + subl $12, %esp # 为局部变量留栈内存空间 + + movl $5, -4(%ebp) # int i = 5; + movl $10, -8(%ebp) # int j = 10; + + pushl -8(%ebp) # push j + pushl -4(%ebp) # push i + + call add # 调用 + + addl $8, %esp # 恢复栈 + + movl %eax, -12(%ebp) # int k = add(i, j); + pushl -12(%ebp) # k + pushl -8(%ebp) # j + pushl -4(%ebp) # i + pushl $.LC0 # "%d + %d = %d\n + + call printf # 调用 + + addl $16, %esp # 恢复栈 + + movl $0, %eax # 函数返回值 + + leave # 恢复栈顶指针 + ret # 函数返回 + .size main, .-main + .ident "GCC: (GNU) 11.1.0" + .section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits diff --git a/x86_assembly/analysis/while.c b/x86_assembly/analysis/while.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a60f8b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/analysis/while.c @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + +int main() +{ + int sum = 0; + int count = 10; + while (count --) + { + sum += count; + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/x86_assembly/bochs/PKGBUILD b/x86_assembly/bochs/PKGBUILD new file mode 100644 index 0000000..02c953b --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/bochs/PKGBUILD @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +# Maintainer: Kyle Keen +# Contributor: Tom Newsom +# Contributor: Kevin Piche + +pkgname=bochs +pkgver=2.6.11 +pkgrel=1 +pkgdesc="A portable x86 PC emulation software package, including GUI debugger" +arch=('x86_64') +url="http://bochs.sourceforge.net/" +license=('LGPL') +depends=('gcc-libs' 'libxrandr' 'libxpm' 'gtk2') +source=("https://downloads.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/$pkgname/$pkgname-$pkgver.tar.gz" + "fix-build.patch") +sha256sums=('63897b41fbbbdfb1c492d3c4dee1edb4224282a07bbdf442a4a68c19bcc18862' + 'SKIP') + +prepare() { + cd "$srcdir/$pkgname-$pkgver" + # 4.X kernel is basically 3.20 + sed -i 's/2\.6\*|3\.\*)/2.6*|3.*|4.*)/' configure* + + patch -p1 < ../fix-build.patch # https://sourceforge.net/p/bochs/bugs/1411/ +} + +build() { + cd "$srcdir/$pkgname-$pkgver" + + ./configure \ + --prefix=/usr \ + --without-wx \ + --with-x11 \ + --with-x \ + --with-term \ + --disable-docbook \ + --enable-cpu-level=6 \ + --enable-fpu \ + --enable-3dnow \ + --enable-disasm \ + --enable-smp \ + --enable-x86-64 \ + --enable-avx \ + --enable-evex \ + --enable-long-phy-address \ + --enable-disasm \ + --enable-pcidev \ + --enable-usb \ + --enable-debugger \ + --with-sdl \ + --enable-x86-debugger \ + --enable-all-optimizations \ + --enable-plugins + sed -i 's/^LIBS = /LIBS = -lpthread/g' Makefile + make -j 1 +} + +package() { + cd "$srcdir/$pkgname-$pkgver" + make DESTDIR="$pkgdir" install + install -Dm644 .bochsrc "$pkgdir/etc/bochsrc-sample.txt" +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/x86_assembly/bochs/fix-build.patch b/x86_assembly/bochs/fix-build.patch new file mode 100644 index 0000000..034c759 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/bochs/fix-build.patch @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Description: Fix the build with SMP enabled +Origin: https://sourceforge.net/p/bochs/code/13778/ + +Index: bochs/bx_debug/dbg_main.cc +=================================================================== +--- bochs/bx_debug/dbg_main.cc (revision 13777) ++++ bochs/bx_debug/dbg_main.cc (working copy) +@@ -1494,11 +1494,11 @@ + { + char cpu_param_name[16]; + +- Bit32u index = BX_ITLB_INDEX_OF(laddr); ++ Bit32u index = BX_CPU(dbg_cpu)->ITLB.get_index_of(laddr); + sprintf(cpu_param_name, "ITLB.entry%d", index); + bx_dbg_show_param_command(cpu_param_name, 0); + +- index = BX_DTLB_INDEX_OF(laddr, 0); ++ index = BX_CPU(dbg_cpu)->DTLB.get_index_of(laddr); + sprintf(cpu_param_name, "DTLB.entry%d", index); + bx_dbg_show_param_command(cpu_param_name, 0); + } + +Index: bochs/gui/gtk_enh_dbg_osdep.cc +=================================================================== +--- bochs/gui/gtk_enh_dbg_osdep.cc ++++ bochs/gui/gtk_enh_dbg_osdep.cc +@@ -819,7 +819,7 @@ void ShowDListCols (int totcols) + while (++i < firsthide) + gtk_tree_view_column_set_visible(AllCols[i], TRUE); + while (i < 23) +- gtk_tree_view_column_set_visible(AllCols[i], FALSE); ++ gtk_tree_view_column_set_visible(AllCols[i++], FALSE); + } diff --git a/x86_assembly/build/bochsrc b/x86_assembly/build/bochsrc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7b9b020 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/build/bochsrc @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +# configuration file generated by Bochs +plugin_ctrl: unmapped=true, biosdev=true, speaker=true, extfpuirq=true, parallel=true, serial=true, iodebug=true +config_interface: textconfig +display_library: x, options="gui_debug" +memory: host=32, guest=32 +romimage: file="/usr/share/bochs/BIOS-bochs-latest", address=0x00000000, options=none +vgaromimage: file="/usr/share/bochs/VGABIOS-lgpl-latest" +boot: disk +floppy_bootsig_check: disabled=0 +# no floppya +# no floppyb +ata0: enabled=true, ioaddr1=0x1f0, ioaddr2=0x3f0, irq=14 +ata0-master: type=disk, path="master.img", mode=flat +ata0-slave: type=none +ata1: enabled=true, ioaddr1=0x170, ioaddr2=0x370, irq=15 +ata1-master: type=none +ata1-slave: type=none +ata2: enabled=false +ata3: enabled=false +optromimage1: file=none +optromimage2: file=none +optromimage3: file=none +optromimage4: file=none +optramimage1: file=none +optramimage2: file=none +optramimage3: file=none +optramimage4: file=none +pci: enabled=1, chipset=i440fx +vga: extension=vbe, update_freq=5, realtime=1 +cpu: count=1:1:1, ips=4000000, quantum=16, model=bx_generic, reset_on_triple_fault=1, cpuid_limit_winnt=0, ignore_bad_msrs=1, mwait_is_nop=0 +cpuid: level=6, stepping=3, model=3, family=6, vendor_string="AuthenticAMD", brand_string="AMD Athlon(tm) processor" +cpuid: mmx=true, apic=xapic, simd=sse2, sse4a=false, misaligned_sse=false, sep=true +cpuid: movbe=false, adx=false, aes=false, sha=false, xsave=false, xsaveopt=false, avx_f16c=false +cpuid: avx_fma=false, bmi=0, xop=false, fma4=false, tbm=false, x86_64=true, 1g_pages=false +cpuid: pcid=false, fsgsbase=false, smep=false, smap=false, mwait=true +print_timestamps: enabled=0 +debugger_log: - +magic_break: enabled=1 +port_e9_hack: enabled=0 +private_colormap: enabled=0 +clock: sync=none, time0=local, rtc_sync=0 +# no cmosimage +log: - +logprefix: %t%e%d +debug: action=ignore +info: action=report +error: action=report +panic: action=ask +keyboard: type=mf, serial_delay=250, paste_delay=100000, user_shortcut=none +mouse: type=ps2, enabled=false, toggle=ctrl+mbutton +speaker: enabled=true, mode=system +parport1: enabled=true, file=none +parport2: enabled=false +com1: enabled=true, mode=null +com2: enabled=false +com3: enabled=false +com4: enabled=false diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/15 \347\241\254\347\233\230\350\257\273\345\206\231.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/15 \347\241\254\347\233\230\350\257\273\345\206\231.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8ec9009 --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/15 \347\241\254\347\233\230\350\257\273\345\206\231.md" @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +# 硬盘读写 + +## PC 的状态 + +1. 加电 +2. BIOS +3. 主引导扇区 --> 0x7c00 +4. 跳转到 --> 0x7c00 + +--- + +- 主引导扇区只有 512 个字节 / 包括硬盘分区信息 + +--- + +- IDE Integrated Drive Electronics +- ATA Advanced Technology Attachment +- PATA +- SATA +- NVME + +--- + +- CHS 模式 （Cylinder / Head / Sector） +- LBA 模式 Logical Block Address + +--- + +| Primary 通道 | Secondary 通道 | in 操作 | out 操作 | +| ----------------------- | -------------- | ------------ | ------------ | +| Command Block Registers | +| 0x1F0 | 0x170 | Data | Data | +| 0x1F1 | 0x171 | Error | Features | +| 0x1F2 | 0x172 | Sector count | Sector count | +| 0x1F3 | 0x173 | LBA low | LBA low | +| 0x1F4 | 0x174 | LBA mid | LBA mid | +| 0x1F5 | 0x175 | LBA high | LBA high | +| 0x1F6 | 0x176 | Device | Device | +| 0x1F7 | 0x177 | Status | Command | + +--- + +- 0x1F0 / 16bit 读写数据 +- 0x1F1 +- 0x1F2 / 扇区数量 +- 0x1F3 - 0x1F5 / 起始扇区的前 24 位 0 ~ 23 位 +- 0x1F6 + - 0 - 3 / LBA 24 ~ 27 位 + - 4：0 主盘，1 从盘 + - 6：0 CHS 模式 ， 1 LBA + - 5 7 : 固定为 1 +- 0x1F7： + out + - 0xEC：识别硬盘 + - 0x20：读硬盘 + - 0x30：写硬盘 + + in + - 0 ERR + - 3 DRQ 数据准备完毕 + - 7 BUSY 硬盘繁忙 diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/17 32 \344\275\215\346\236\266\346\236\204.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/17 32 \344\275\215\346\236\266\346\236\204.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8366566 --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/17 32 \344\275\215\346\236\266\346\236\204.md" @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +# 32 位架构 + +- 实模式 / 8086模式 +- 保护模式 / 32 保护模式 + +---- + +- 1982 / 80286 - 16/24 保护模式 +- 1984 / 80386 / 32 位的CPU +- 1989 / 80486 / 引入内存分页的机制 + +--- + +## 数据结构和算法 + +- IT Information Technology 信息技术 +- 数据 / 算法 +- 寄存器 - 内存 / 某一段程序 + +--- + +```mermaid +flowchart LR +输入数据 --> 程序 --> 输出数据 +``` + +## 寄存器 + +- A/B/C/DX /SP/BP/SI/DI +- EAX/EBX/ECX/EDX ... + +- IP / EIP +- FLAGS / EFLAGS + +- Extend + +- RAX/RBX.... + +--- + +- CS/DS/SS/ES +- FS/GS + +--- + +## 寻址方式 + +- BX/BP + SI/DI + 偏移地址 +- ERX + ERX * (1/2/4/8) + 偏移地址 + +--- + diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/18 \345\206\205\345\255\230\346\243\200\346\265\213.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/18 \345\206\205\345\255\230\346\243\200\346\265\213.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f380ad --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/18 \345\206\205\345\255\230\346\243\200\346\265\213.md" @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +# 内存检测 + +BIOS 0x15 0xe820 + +Address Range Descriptor Structure ARDS + +| 字节偏移量 | 属性名称 | 描述 | +| ---------- | ------------ | -------------------------------- | +| 0 | BaseAddrLow | 基地址的低 32 位 | +| 4 | BaseAddrHigh | 基地址的高 32 位 | +| 8 | LengthLow | 内存长度的低 32 位，以字节为单位 | +| 12 | LengthHigh | 内存长度的高 32 位，以字节为单位 | +| 16 | Type | 本段内存的类型 | + +## Type 字段 + +| Type 值 | 名称 | 描述 | +| ------- | -------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | +| 1 | AddressRangeMemory | 这段内存可以被操作系统使用 | +| 2 | AddressRangeReserved | 内存使用中或者被系统保留，操作系统不可以用此内存 | +| 其他 | 未定义 | 未定义，将来会用到．目前保留． 但是需要操作系统一样将其视为ARR(AddressRangeReserved) | + + +## 调用前输入 + +| 寄存器或状态位 | 参数用途 | +| -------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| EAX | 子功能号： EAX 寄存器用来指定子功能号，此处输入为 0xE820 | +| EBX | 内存信息需要按类型分多次返回，由于每次执行一次中断都只返回一种类型内存的ARDS 结构，所以要记录下一个待返回的内存ARDS，在下一次中断调用时通过此值告诉 BIOS 该返回哪个 ARDS，这就是后续值的作用。第一次调用时一定要置为0，EBX 具体值我们不用关注，字取决于具体 BIOS 的实现，每次中断返回后，BIOS 会更新此值 | +| ES: DI | ARDS 缓冲区：BIOS 将获取到的内存信息写入此寄存器指向的内存，每次都以 ARDS 格式返回 | +| ECX | ARDS 结构的字节大小：用来指示 BIOS 写入的字节数。调用者和 BIOS 都同时支持的大小是 20 字节，将来也许会扩展此结构 | +| EDX | 固定为签名标记 `0x534d4150`，此十六进制数字是字符串 `SMAP` 的ASCII 码： BIOS 将调用者正在请求的内存信息写入 ES: DI 寄存器所指向的ARDS 缓冲区后，再用此签名校验其中的信息 | + +## 返回值 + +| 寄存器或状态位 | 参数用途 | +| -------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | +| CF 位 | 若CF 位为 0 表示调用未出错，CF 为1，表示调用出错 | +| EAX | 字符串 SMAP 的 ASCII 码 `0x534d4150` | +| ES:DI | ARDS 缓冲区地址，同输入值是一样的，返回时此结构中己经被BIOS 填充了内存信息 | +| ECX | BIOS 写入到 ES:DI 所指向的 ARDS 结构中的字节数，BIOS 最小写入 20 字节 | +| EBX | 后续值：下一个 ARDS 的位置。每次中断返回后，BIOS 会更新此值， BIOS 通过此值可以找到下一个待返回的 ARDS 结构，咱们不需要改变 EBX 的值，下一次中断调用时还会用到它。在 CF 位为 0 的情况下，若返回后的 EBX 值为 0，表示这是最后一个 ARDS 结构 | \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/19 \344\277\235\346\212\244\346\250\241\345\274\217\345\222\214\345\205\250\345\261\200\346\217\217\350\277\260\347\254\246.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/19 \344\277\235\346\212\244\346\250\241\345\274\217\345\222\214\345\205\250\345\261\200\346\217\217\350\277\260\347\254\246.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e6d32cc --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/19 \344\277\235\346\212\244\346\250\241\345\274\217\345\222\214\345\205\250\345\261\200\346\217\217\350\277\260\347\254\246.md" @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +# 保护模式和全局描述符 + +8086 1M +80286 保护模式 16 + +## 保护模式 + +- 信息 +- 寄存器 / 有一些寄存器只能被操作系统访问 +- 高速缓存 +- 内存 / 描述符 +- 外部设备 / 硬盘 / in/out + +## 全局描述符 + +- 内存的起始位置 +- 内存的长度 / 界限 = 长度 - 1 +- 内存属性 + +```cpp +typedef struct descriptor /* 共 8 个字节 */ +{ + unsigned short limit_low; // 段界限 0 ~ 15 位 + unsigned int base_low : 24; // 基地址 0 ~ 23 位 16M + unsigned char type : 4; // 段类型 + unsigned char segment : 1; // 1 表示代码段或数据段，0 表示系统段 + unsigned char DPL : 2; // Descriptor Privilege Level 描述符特权等级 0 ~ 3 + unsigned char present : 1; // 存在位，1 在内存中，0 在磁盘上 + unsigned char limit_high : 4; // 段界限 16 ~ 19; + unsigned char available : 1; // 该安排的都安排了，送给操作系统吧 + unsigned char long_mode : 1; // 64 位扩展标志 + unsigned char big : 1; // 32 位 还是 16 位; + unsigned char granularity : 1; // 粒度 4KB 或 1B + unsigned char base_high; // 基地址 24 ~ 31 位 +} __attribute__((packed)) descriptor; +``` + +## type segment = 1 + +| E | C/D | R/W | A | + +- A: Accessed 是否被 CPU 访问过 +- E: 1/代码 0/数据 Executable +- E = 1：代码段 + - C: 是否是依从代码段 + - R: 是否可读 +- E = 1: 数据段 + - D: 0 向上扩展 / 1 向下扩展 + - W: 是否可写 + +## 全局描述符表 GDT Global Descriptor Table + +- 表 - 数组 - 顺序表 +- 链表 - 链表 +- 哈希表 + +```cpp +descriptor gdt[8192]; +``` + +- 0 必须全为 0 - NULL 描述符 +- 8191 描述符 + +---- + +- gdtr / 全局描述符表的起始位置和长度 + +```s +lgdt [gdt_ptr]; 加载 gdt +sgdt [gdt_ptr]; 保存 gdt +``` + +```cpp +typedef struct pointer +{ + unsigned short limit; // size - 1 + unsigned int base; +} __attribute__((packed)) pointer; +``` + +## 段选择子 + +- 只需要一个代码段 +- 需要一个或多个数据段 / 栈段 / 数据段 +- 加载到段寄存器中 / 校验特权级 + +```cpp +typedef struct selector +{ + unsigned char RPL : 2; + unsigned char TI : 1; + unsigned short index : 13; +} __attribute__((packed)) selector; +``` + +- cs / ds / es / ss +- fs / gs + +## A20 线 + +8086 1M + +段地址 * 16 + 偏移地址 > 1M + +80286 16M 24 根地址线 +386 32 地址线，4G + +地址回绕 + +0x92 端口 + +- +- + +## PE Protect Enable + +cr0 寄存器 0 位 置为 1 diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/21 \345\206\205\345\255\230\346\230\240\345\260\204.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/21 \345\206\205\345\255\230\346\230\240\345\260\204.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eaacbd1 --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/21 \345\206\205\345\255\230\346\230\240\345\260\204.md" @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +# 内存映射 486 + +虚拟内存映射 + +- 可以支持虚拟内存 / 使用硬盘来模拟内存 +- 可以支持多进程访问同一个内存地址 + +- 0x10000 - 0x10000 +- 0x10000 - 0x20000 + +线性地址 / 物理地址 + +## 内存分页 + +32位地址 4G 内存，4KB + +$$ +4G / 4K = 2^{32} / 2^{12} = 2^{20} +$$ + +```cpp +unsigned int page_table[1 << 20]; +``` + +4M / 4K = 1024 个页 + + +页目录 + +```cpp +unsigned int pde[1024]; +``` + +页表 + +8K + +## 页表的信息 + +```cpp +typedef struct page_entry +{ + unsigned char present : 1; // 1 是否在内存中 + unsigned char write : 1; // 0 只读 / 1 可写 + unsigned char user : 1; // 1 普通用户 // 0 超级用户，特权级 3 不允许访问 + unsigned char pwt : 1; // 1 页通写，表示该页需要高速缓存 + unsigned char pcd : 1; // 1 禁止高速缓存 + unsigned char accessed : 1; // 1 是否被 CPU + unsigned char dirty : 1; // 1 脏位 + unsigned char pat : 1; // 1 页属性 / 0 + unsigned char global : 1; // 1 全局位，应该放在快表中 + unsigned char avl : 3; // 该安排的都安排了，送给操作系统吧 + unsigned int index : 20; // 页索引 +} __attribute__((packed)) page_entry; +``` + +```cpp +unsigned int pde[1024]; 0x400 / 0x1000 +unsigned int pte[1024]; +``` + +0x0001_0000 + +0b0000_0000_00_00_0001_0000_0000_0000_0000 + +00_0001_0000 + +0b010 + +--- + +0xC001_0000 + +0b1100_0000_00_00_0001_0000_0000_0000_1000 + +11_00_00_00_00 = 0x300 + +--- + +0b1111_1111_11_00_0001_0000_0000_0000_1000 + +0xfffff000 + +0b1111_1111_11_00_0000_0000_0000_0000_1000 + +0xffc00000; diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/22 ELF \346\226\207\344\273\266\346\240\274\345\274\217\347\256\200\344\273\213.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/22 ELF \346\226\207\344\273\266\346\240\274\345\274\217\347\256\200\344\273\213.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8941481 --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/22 ELF \346\226\207\344\273\266\346\240\274\345\274\217\347\256\200\344\273\213.md" @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +# ELF 文件格式简介 + +Executable and Linking Format / 可执行和链接的格式 + +- 可执行程序 python / bash / gcc --> PE (.exe) +- 可重定位文件 / 静态库 / gcc -c `.o` --> .o.a / .lib +- 共享的目标文件 / 动态链接库 --> .so/.dll + +---- + +C 语言 --> 汇编 + +- 代码 .text +- 数据 + - .data / 已经初始化过的数据 + - .bss / 未初始化的数据 - buffer 缓存区域 + +--- + readelf -e file.o + +--- + objdump -d a.out + +PIE - Position Independent Executable + +Intel / AT&T + +gas GNU AT&T diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/23 AT&T \350\257\255\346\263\225\346\240\274\345\274\217.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/23 AT&T \350\257\255\346\263\225\346\240\274\345\274\217.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..41da8de --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/23 AT&T \350\257\255\346\263\225\346\240\274\345\274\217.md" @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +# AT&T 语法格式 + +C --> 汇编 +gas 伪指令 + +--- + +> AT&T 默认数内存地址 + +## 立即数 + +立即数前面要加 `$` + + $123 # + 123 + + mov dword eax, message + movl $message, %eax + +# 寄存器 + +寄存器前要加上 `%` + + +## 数据传送指令 + + movx source, destination + +数据的传送方向是从左向右的。 + + movl %eax, %ebx + +等价于，Intel 语法： + + mov ebx, eax + +| movx | 描述 | Intel | +| ---- | ----- | --------- | +| movl | 32 位 | mov dword | +| movw | 16 位 | mov word | +| movb | 8 位 | mov byte | + +## 数据类型 + +| 命令 | 数据类型 | nasm | +| --------- | ----------------------- | ------ | +| `.ascii` | 字符串 | `db` | +| `.asciz` | 以 `\0` 结尾的字符串 | `db 0` | +| `.byte` | 字节 | `db` | +| `.double` | 双精度浮点 | `dq` | +| `.float` | 单精度浮点 | `dd` | +| `.int` | 32位整数 | `dd` | +| `.long` | 32位整数和(`.int` 相同) | `dd` | +| `.octa` | 16字节整数 | | +| `.quad` | 8字节整数 | `dq` | +| `.short` | 16位整数 | `dw` | +| `.single` | 单精度浮点 | `dd` | + +只针对汇编器，伪指令。 + +## 伪指令 + +节定义 `.section`；段，`segment = section + ... + section` + +代码段 `.text` 数据段 `.data` bss 段 `.bss` + +BSS Block Started Symbol; `resb` + +| 命令 | 描述 | +| -------- | --------------------------------- | +| `.comm` | 通用缓存区域 | +| `.lcomm` | 本地缓存区域 (只本文件可用的区域) | + +## 寻址方式 + +> [offset_address + index * size + base_address] ; 32 bit + +> base_address(offset_address, index, size) + +offset_address, index 必须是寄存器，size 1, 2, 4, 8 + +```s +movl %edx, 4(%edi, %eax, 8) # att 语法 +mov dword [edi + eax * 8 + 4] ; Intel 语法 +``` \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/24 gcc \346\261\207\347\274\226\345\210\206\346\236\220.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/24 gcc \346\261\207\347\274\226\345\210\206\346\236\220.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..604f2e4 --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/24 gcc \346\261\207\347\274\226\345\210\206\346\236\220.md" @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +# gcc 汇编分析 + + +## CFI + +Call Frame Information 调用栈帧信息 + +`.cfi_` 用于调试的信息，可以在调用失败的时候回溯栈。 + +A --> B --> C (异常) + + -fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables + + +## PIC + +Position Independent Code / 位置无关的代码 + +动态链接 + + mov eax, eip; + +上面这条指令是无效的。调用了 `__x86.get_pc_thunk.ax` 函数来获取 `eip` 的值。 + + -fno-pic + +## 栈对齐 + +-16 = 0 - 16 = 0x00000000 - 0x10 = 0xfffffff0 + +0b1{28}0000 + + andl $-16, %esp + +将栈对齐到 16 字节 + + -mpreferred-stack-boundary=2 + +## Intel + + -masm=intel + +## 代码 + +```s +main: + push ebp ; + mov ebp, esp ; 保存栈顶指针 + + push OFFSET FLAT:.LC0 ; 传递参数 + call puts ; 调用 + add esp, 4 ; 调用之后恢复栈 + + mov eax, 0; 返回值，存在 eax 寄存器中 + + leave + # mov esp, ebp + # pop ebp + ret +``` diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/25 \345\217\230\351\207\217\345\222\214\345\207\275\346\225\260\345\217\202\346\225\260.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/25 \345\217\230\351\207\217\345\222\214\345\207\275\346\225\260\345\217\202\346\225\260.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..74552d9 --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/25 \345\217\230\351\207\217\345\222\214\345\207\275\346\225\260\345\217\202\346\225\260.md" @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +# x86 汇编语言 - 25 C 变量和函数参数 + +## 问题 + +- as 编译的问题 +- text 段重定位的警告 + +## 全局变量 + +## 局部变量 + +生命周期 - 两个大括号之间 + +局部变量存储在栈中 + +## 函数全局变量 + +```cpp +void fun1() +{ + static int a = 3; +} + +void fun2() +{ + static int a = 5; +} + +int main() +{ + static int a = 0; + int b = 5; + return 0; +} +``` + +## 栈保护 + +```cpp +#include + +int main() +{ + char str[5]; + strcpy(str, "hello world\n"); +} +``` + +## 参数传递 + +```cpp +#include + +int add(int a, int b) +{ + int c = a + b; + return c; +} + +int main() +{ + int i = 5; + int j = 10; + int k = add(i, j); + printf("%d + %d = %d\n", i, j, k); +} +``` diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/26 C \345\276\252\347\216\257\344\270\216\345\210\206\346\224\257.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/26 C \345\276\252\347\216\257\344\270\216\345\210\206\346\224\257.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4f3a680 --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/26 C \345\276\252\347\216\257\344\270\216\345\210\206\346\224\257.md" @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +# 26 C 循环与分支 + +## builtin + + + +## for 循环 + +```cpp +int main() +{ + int sum = 0; + for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) + { + sum += i; + } +} +``` + +## while 循环 + +lea Load Effective Address，加载有效地址 + +```cpp +int main() +{ + int sum = 0; + int count = 10; + while (count --) + { + sum += count; + } +} +``` + +## if 分支 + +```cpp +int compare(int condition, int a, int b) +{ + if (condition) + return a; + else + return b; +} + +int main() +{ + compare(1, 2, 3); + return 0; +} +``` + +## switch 分支 + +## continue break + +```cpp +int compare(int condition, int a, int b) +{ + for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) + { + if (condition) + continue; + else + break; + } +} + +int main() +{ + compare(1, 2, 3); + return 0; +} +``` + +## 忠告 + +> 尽可能不要嵌套分支 diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/27 C \347\273\223\346\236\204\344\275\223.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/27 C \347\273\223\346\236\204\344\275\223.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e907479 --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/27 C \347\273\223\346\236\204\344\275\223.md" @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ +# C 结构体 + +## gcc 汇编标记 + +| 标记 | 英文 | 解释 | +| ---- | ------------------------ | ------------ | +| LC0 | local constant | 本地常量 | +| LFB0 | local function beginning | 本地函数开始 | +| LFE0 | local function ending | 本地函数结束 | +| LBB0 | local block beginning | 本地块开始 | +| LBE0 | local block ending | 本地块结束 | +| L | local labels | 本地标记 | + +## 汇编关联的信息 + + -fverbose-asm + +## 结构体 + +```cpp +typedef struct struct_t +{ + char c1; // 1 + short s1; // 2 + int i1; // 4 +} struct_t; + +struct_t data; +``` + +成员对齐，&i1 % 4 == 0 ; &s1 % 2 == 0 + +```cpp +typedef struct struct_t +{ + char c1; // 1 + short s1; // 2 + int i1; // 4 +} __attribute__((packed)) struct_t; + +struct_t data; +``` + +## 位操作 + +```cpp +typedef struct struct_t +{ + char c1 : 4; // 4 bit + char c2 : 2; // 2 bit + char c3 : 1; // 1 + char c4 : 1; // 1 +} __attribute__((packed)) struct_t; + +struct_t data; +``` + +## 结构体成员顺序 + +```cpp + +typedef struct struct_t +{ + char c1; + int i1; + char c2; + int i2; + char c3; + int i3; +} struct_t; + +typedef struct struct_t +{ + int i1; + int i2; + int i3; + + char c1; + char c2; + char c3; +} struct_t; + +struct_t data; +``` + +## 联合（共用体） + +```cpp +typedef union union_t +{ + char value; + struct_t m; +} union_t; + +union_t udata; +``` + +## 枚举 + +```cpp +typedef enum enum_t +{ + ENUM1 = 1, + ENUM2, + ENUM3 +} enum_t; + +enum_t edata = 345; +``` diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/28 gcc \345\206\205\350\201\224\346\261\207\347\274\226.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/28 gcc \345\206\205\350\201\224\346\261\207\347\274\226.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..77ddb21 --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/28 gcc \345\206\205\350\201\224\346\261\207\347\274\226.md" @@ -0,0 +1,242 @@ +# gcc 内联汇编 + +## 基础内联汇编 + +```cpp +#include + +int main() +{ + asm("movl $1, %eax\n movl $0, %ebx\n int $0x80"); +} +``` + +```cpp +#include + +int main() +{ + asm( + "movl $1, %eax\n" + "movl $0, %ebx\n" + "int $0x80\n"); +} +``` + +## 使用全局变量 + +```cpp +#include + +int a = 10; +int b = 20; +int result; + +int main() +{ + // result = a + b; + asm( + "movl a, %eax\n" + "movl b, %edx\n" + "addl %edx, %eax\n" + "movl %eax, result"); + + printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, result); +} +``` + +## 扩展内联汇编 / 使用局部变量 + +```cpp +asm ("assembly code": output : input : changed registers) +``` + +```cpp +"constraint"(variable) +``` + +| 约束 | 描述 | +| ---- | ------------------------------------ | +| a | 使用 eax 及相关寄存器 | +| b | 使用 ebx 及相关寄存器 | +| c | 使用 ecx 及相关寄存器 | +| d | 使用 edx 及相关寄存器 | +| S | 使用 esi 及相关寄存器 | +| D | 使用 edi 及相关寄存器 | +| r | 使用任何可用的通用寄存器 | +| q | 使用 eax,ebx,ecx,edx 之一 | +| A | 对于 64 位值使用 eax 和 edx 寄存器 | +| f | 使用浮点寄存器 | +| t | 使用第一个（顶部的）浮点寄存器 | +| u | 使用第二个浮点寄存器 | +| m | 使用变量的内存位置 | +| o | 使用偏移的内存位置 | +| V | 只使用直接内存位置 | +| i | 使用立即数整型 | +| n | 使用值已知的立即数整型 | +| g | 使用任何可用的寄存器或者任何内存位置 | + +| 输出修饰符 | 描述 | +| ---------- | -------------------------------------- | +| + | 可以读取和写入操作数 | +| = | 只能写入操作数 | +| % | 如果必要，操作数可以和下一个操作数切换 | +| & | 相关的寄存器只能用于输出 | + +扩展汇编中寄存器需要两个 % + +```cpp +#include + +int main() +{ + int a = 10; + int b = 20; + int result; + + // result = a + b; + asm volatile( + "addl %%edx, %%eax\n" + : "=a"(result) + : "a"(a), "d"(b)); + + printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, result); +} +``` + +## 占位符 + +```cpp +#include + +int main() +{ + int a = 10; + int b = 20; + int result; + + // result = a + b; + asm volatile( + "addl %1, %2\n" + "movl %2, %0\n" + : "=r"(result) // %0 + : "r"(a), "r"(b)); + + printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, result); +} +``` + +## 引用占位符 + +```cpp +#include + +int main() +{ + int a = 10; + int b = 20; + int result = 30; + + // result = result + a; + // result = a + b; + asm volatile( + "addl %1, %2\n" + "movl %2, %0\n" + : "=r"(result) // %0 + : "r"(a), "0"(result)); + + // printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, result); + printf("result + %d = %d\n", a, result); +} +``` + +## 命名的占位符 + +```cpp +#include + +int main() +{ + int a = 10; + int b = 20; + int result; + + // result = a + b; + asm volatile( + "addl %[var2], %[var3]\n" + "movl %[var3], %[var1]\n" + : [var1] "=r"(result) // %0 + : [var2] "r"(a), [var3] "r"(b)); + + printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, result); +} +``` + +## 改动的寄存器列表 + +```cpp +#include + +int main() +{ + int a = 10; + int b = 20; + int result; + + // result = a + b; + asm volatile( + "movl %[a], %%eax\n" + "movl %[b], %%edx\n" + "addl %%edx, %%eax\n" + "movl %%eax, %[result]\n" + : [result] "=r"(result) // %0 + : [a] "r"(a), [b] "r"(b) + : "%eax", "%edx"); + + printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, result); +} +``` + +## 使用内存位置 + +```cpp +#include + +int main() +{ + int a = 10; + int b = 20; + int result; + + // result = a + b; + asm volatile( + "addl %[var2], %[var3]\n" + "movl %[var3], %[var1]\n" + : [var1] "=m"(result) // %0 + : [var2] "m"(a), [var3] "m"(b)); + + printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, result); +} +``` + +## earlyclobber + +```cpp +#include + +int main() +{ + int a = 10; + int b = 20; + int result = 30; + + // result = a + b; + asm volatile( + "movl $10, %0\n" + "movl $20, %1\n" + : "=&r"(a) // %0 + : "r"(b)); + + printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, result); +} +``` diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/29 \345\207\275\346\225\260\350\260\203\347\224\250\347\272\246\345\256\232.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/29 \345\207\275\346\225\260\350\260\203\347\224\250\347\272\246\345\256\232.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d886501 --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/29 \345\207\275\346\225\260\350\260\203\347\224\250\347\272\246\345\256\232.md" @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ +# 函数调用约定 + +## C declaration (cdecl) + +- 参数从右向左入栈 +- 函数的返回值存储在 eax +- eax, ecx, edx 由调用者保存 +- ebp, ebx, esi, edi, esp 由被调用者保存 +- 由调用者清理栈空间（弹出参数） add esp, n + +> ABI 约定 + +Application Binary Interface + +--- + +## 汇编和 C 的相互调用 + +```cpp +#include + +extern int add(int a, int b); + +int main() +{ + int i = 5; + int j = 10; + int k = add(i, j); + printf("%d + %d = %d\n", i, j, k); +} +``` + +```s +[bits 32] + +extern printf + +section .text +global add +add: + push ebp + mov ebp, esp + + push message + call printf + add esp, 4 + + ; ebp ; ebp + 0 + ; eip ; ebp + 4 + ; a ; ebp + 8 + ; b ; ebp + 12 + + mov eax, [ebp + 8]; eax = a + add eax, [ebp + 12]; b + + leave + ret + +section .data + + message db "add called!!!", 10, 0 +``` + +## 系统调用 + +32 位保护模式 + +内中断会引起特权级的转换，很低效 + +栈来传递参数 + +0 - 栈 +3 - 栈 + +- eax +- ebx +- ecx +- edx +- esi +- edi + +## fastcall + +- ecx, edx 传递前两个参数 +- 三个以上参数从右向左入栈 +- eax, ecx, edx 由调用者保存 +- ebp, ebx, esi, edi, esp 由被调用者保存 +- 由被调用者清理栈空间（弹出参数） + +```cpp + +#include + +extern int add(int a, int b); +extern int __attribute__((fastcall)) sub(int a, int b); + +int main() +{ + int i = 5; + int j = 10; + // int k = add(i, j); + int k = sub(i, j); + printf("%d - %d = %d\n", i, j, k); +} +``` + +```s +global sub +sub: + push ebp + mov ebp, esp + + mov eax, ecx + sub eax, edx + + leave + ret +``` + +## 栈帧 + + -fomit-frame-pointer diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/30 \351\223\276\346\216\245\345\222\214\345\212\240\350\275\275.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/30 \351\223\276\346\216\245\345\222\214\345\212\240\350\275\275.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6a297c4 --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/30 \351\223\276\346\216\245\345\222\214\345\212\240\350\275\275.md" @@ -0,0 +1,152 @@ +# 链接和加载 + +```cpp +#include "compile.h" + +void function() +{ +} + +int main(int argc, char const *argv[]) +{ + function(); + return 0; +} +``` + +```cpp +void function(); +``` + +## 预处理 + + gcc $(CFLAGS) $(DEBUG) -E $< -o $@ + +```cpp +# 0 "compile.cc" +# 1 "/home/steven/source/github/computer/x86_assembly/analysis//" +# 0 "" +# 0 "" +# 1 "/usr/include/stdc-predef.h" 1 3 4 +# 0 "" 2 +# 1 "compile.cc" +# 1 "compile.h" 1 + +void function(); +# 2 "compile.cc" 2 + +void function() +{ +} + +int main(int argc, char const *argv[]) +{ + function(); + return 0; +} +``` + +## 编译 + +- 词法分析 +- 语法分析 +- 语义分析 +- 中间代码生成 +- 指令选择 +- 寄存器分配 + + gcc $(CFLAGS) -S $< -o $@ + +```s + .file "compile.c" + .text + .globl function + .type function, @function +function: + nop + ret + .size function, .-function + .globl main + .type main, @function +main: + call function + movl $0, %eax + ret + .size main, .-main + .ident "GCC: (GNU) 11.1.0" + .section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits +``` + +## 汇编 + + gcc $(CFLAGS) $(DEBUG) -c $< -o $@ + as -32 $< -o $@ + +生成二进制文件 + +## 链接 + + ld -m elf_i386 -static $< -o $@ -e main + +生成可执行文件 + +## gcc 集成环境 + + gcc compile.cc -o compile.out --verbose + +--- + + /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/11.1.0/cc1plus -quiet -v -D_GNU_SOURCE compile.cc -quiet -dumpdir compile.out- -dumpbase compile.cc -dumpbase-ext .cc -mtune=generic -march=x86-64 -version -o /tmp/cciKDCSK.s + +--- + + as -v --64 -o /tmp/cczjiqmy.o /tmp/cciKDCSK.s + + +--- + +```sh +/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/11.1.0/collect2 +-plugin /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/11.1.0/liblto_plugin.so +-plugin-opt=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/11.1.0/lto-wrapper +-plugin-opt=-fresolution=/tmp/ccvrMGma.res +-plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc +-plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc_s +-plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lc +-plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc +-plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc_s +--build-id +--eh-frame-hdr +--hash-style=gnu +-m elf_x86_64 +-dynamic-linker +/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 +-pie +-o compile.out +/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/11.1.0/../../../../lib/Scrt1.o +/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/11.1.0/../../../../lib/crti.o +/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/11.1.0/crtbeginS.o +-L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/11.1.0 +-L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/11.1.0/../../../../lib +-L/lib/../lib +-L/usr/lib/../lib +-L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/11.1.0/../../.. +/tmp/cczjiqmy.o +-lgcc +--push-state +--as-needed +-lgcc_s +--pop-state +-lc +-lgcc +--push-state +--as-needed +-lgcc_s +--pop-state +/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/11.1.0/crtendS.o +/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/11.1.0/../../../../lib/crtn.o +``` + +## 极简内核 + + diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/31 \345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262\345\244\204\347\220\206.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/31 \345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262\345\244\204\347\220\206.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2896fa9 --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/31 \345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262\345\244\204\347\220\206.md" @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +# 字符串处理 + +## 内存拷贝 + +```cpp +void* memcpy( void *dest, const void *src, size_t count ); +char *strcpy( char *dest, const char *src ); +``` + +```cpp +void *memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t count) +{ + char *dptr = dest; + const char *sptr = src; + for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) + { + dptr[i] = sptr[i]; + } + return dest; +} + +char message[] = "hello world!!!\n"; +char buffer[sizeof(message)]; + +int main(int argc, char const *argv[]) +{ + memcpy(buffer, message, sizeof(message)); + return 0; +} +``` + +```s +global amemcpy +amemcpy: + push ebp + mov ebp, esp + + ; ebp 0 + ; eip 4 + ; dest 8 + ; src 12 + ; count 16 + + mov ecx, [ebp + 16]; count loop + mov esi, [ebp + 12]; src + mov edi, [ebp + 8]; dest + + cld; df = 0 + ; std; df = 1 + rep movsb + + leave + ret +``` + +---- + +ds:esi --> es:edi + +ds:si --> es:di + +- movsb 传送一个字节 +- movsw +- movsd / `movsl` + +### 重复指令 + +| 指令 | 描述 | +| ----- | ------------ | +| rep | 无条件重复 | +| repe | 等于时重复 | +| repz | 为零时重复 | +| repne | 不等于时重复 | +| repnz | 不为零时重复 | + +## lods / stos + +- lodsb (ds:esi) --> al +- lodsw (ds:esi) --> ax +- lodsd (ds:esi) --> eax + +- stosb (es:edi) <-- al +- stosw (es:edi) <-- ax +- stosd (es:edi) <-- eax + +```cpp +void *memset( void *dest, int ch, size_t count ); +``` + +## cmps + +- cmpsb +- cmpsw +- cmpsd + +```cpp +int memcmp( const void* lhs, const void* rhs, size_t count ); +``` + +## scas + +- scasb +- scasw +- scasd + +```cpp +void* memchr( const void* ptr, int ch, size_t count ); +``` + +## 条件传送指令 + +- CMOVE +- CMOVZ \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/32 \346\225\264\346\225\260\347\232\204\346\211\251\345\261\225\345\222\214\346\272\242\345\207\272.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/32 \346\225\264\346\225\260\347\232\204\346\211\251\345\261\225\345\222\214\346\272\242\345\207\272.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d412d9d --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/32 \346\225\264\346\225\260\347\232\204\346\211\251\345\261\225\345\222\214\346\272\242\345\207\272.md" @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +# 整数的扩展和溢出 + +## 整数的扩展 + +无符号扩展 + + movzx ebx, al + +有符号扩展 + + movsx ebx, al; 0xffffffff + +## 溢出 + +试图表示自身表示不了的数，就是溢出。 + +无符号数 --> CF + +有符号数 --> OF + +127 = 0b_0111_1111 + +0b1000_0000 = -128 + +-127 = 0 - 127 = 0b10000_0000 - 0b_0111_1111 + += 0b_1000_0001 = -127 + +-127 - 1 = 0b_1000_0000 = -128 + +$$x < 0 \Rightarrow x_b + |x| = 0 \Rightarrow x_b = 0 - |x|$$ diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/33 \346\265\256\347\202\271\346\225\260\347\232\204\350\241\250\347\244\272.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/33 \346\265\256\347\202\271\346\225\260\347\232\204\350\241\250\347\244\272.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4a2ebb5 --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/33 \346\265\256\347\202\271\346\225\260\347\232\204\350\241\250\347\244\272.md" @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +# 浮点数的表示 + +## 负数补码的运算 + +$$x < 0 \Rightarrow x_b + |x| = 0 \Rightarrow x_b = 0 - |x|$$ + +> 负数补码，正数按位取反再加一 + +10000101 +01111010 + +11111111 = -1 + +正数按位取反 + 1 = 负数的补码 + +$$ +|x|_i + |x| = -1 \\ +|x|_i + |x| + 1 = 0 \\ +x_b + |x| = 0 \\ +\Rightarrow |x|_i + 1 = x_b +$$ + +## 定点数 + +定点整数 + +$$ +0b101. = 1 \times 2^2 + 0 \times 2^1 + 1 \times 2^0 = 4 + 0 + 1 = 5 +$$ + +定点小数 + +$$ +0b0.101 = 1 \times 2^{-1} + 0 \times 2^{-2} + 1 \times 2^{-3} = {1 \over 2} + 0 + {1 \over 8} = {5 \over 8} +$$ + +$$ +\sum {1 \over 2^n} n \in N +$$ + +定点小数负数补码 + +0b1.101 + +x_b + |x| = 0 + +0 - 0.101 = 10.000 - 0.101 = 1011 + +$$x_b = 2 - |x|$$ + +## 浮点数 + +$$ +2.33 \times 10^{5} \\ +0.233 \times 10^{6} \\ +$$ + +- 底数 --> 10 +- 指数 --> 5 +- 系数 --> 2.33 + +$$ +0b1.01 \times 2^{0b10} \\ +0b0.101 \times 2^{0b11} \\ +$$ + +- 底数 --> 2 +- 指数(阶码) --> 10 +- 系数(尾数) --> 0b1.01 + +## IEEE 754 标准 + +| 类型 | 长度 | 符号位 | 指数 | 尾数 | 有效数字 | 范围 | +| -------- | ---- | ------ | ---- | ---- | -------- | ----------------------------------------------- | +| 单精度 | 32 | 1 | 8 | 23 | 24 | $1.18 \times 10^{-38} \sim 3.40 \times 10^{38}$ | +| 双精度 | 64 | 1 | 11 | 52 | 53 | $2.23 \times 10^{-308} \sim 1.79 \times 10^{308}$ | +| 扩展精度 | 80 | 1 | 15 | 63 | 63 | $3.37 \times 10^{-4932} \sim 1.18 \times 10^{4932}$ | + + +## 指数（阶码）的移码 + +$2^{e - 1} - 1 = 127$ + +-127 ~ 128 + +## 各种码存在的意义 + +有符号数 + +### 原码 + +原码是最直观的形式，最高位为符号位，后面是二进制数 + +### 补码 + +CPU 只能做加法，全加器 ALU + +计算机要做减法， + +A - B = C + +A + D = C + ++D = -B + +### 反码 + +补码 -> 反码 + 1 + +### 移码 + +浮点数对阶 + +$$ +\begin{aligned} +& 1.2 \times 10^{3} + 3.4 \times 10^5 \\ +=& 0.012 \times 10^{5} + 3.4 \times 10^5 \\ +=& 3.412 \times 10^5 \\ +\end{aligned} +$$ + +比较两个指数的大小 + +0b00000000 表示最小的数 = -127 +0b11111111 表示最大的数 = 128 diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/34 \345\237\272\347\241\200\346\265\256\347\202\271\350\277\220\347\256\227.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/34 \345\237\272\347\241\200\346\265\256\347\202\271\350\277\220\347\256\227.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..65a7a7a --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/34 \345\237\272\347\241\200\346\265\256\347\202\271\350\277\220\347\256\227.md" @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +# 基础浮点运算 + +## FPU Float Point Unit + +- 8086 / 8087 +- 80286 / 80287 +- 80386 / 80387 +- 80486 / x87 + +## 寄存器 + +- 8 个 80 位的数据寄存器: ST0 - ST1 + - 形成循环堆栈 + - 栈顶是 ST0 +- 3 个 16 位的控制寄存器： + - 控制 + - 状态 + - 标记 + +## 状态寄存器 + +| 状态位 | 描述 | +| ------- | ---------------------- | +| 0 | 非法操作异常标志 | +| 1 | 非规格化操作数异常标志 | +| 2 | 除数为零异常标志 | +| 3 | 溢出异常标志 | +| 4 | 下溢异常标志 | +| 5 | 精度异常标志 | +| 6 | 堆栈错误 | +| 7 | 错误汇总状态 | +| 8 | 条件代码位0 C0 | +| 9 | 条件代码位1 C1 | +| 10 | 条件代码位2 C2 | +| 11 - 13 | 堆栈顶部指针 | +| 14 | 条件代码位3 C3 | +| 15 | FPU 繁忙标志 | + + fstsw; 保存状态寄存器 + +## 控制寄存器 + +| 控制位 | 描述 | +| ------- | ---------------------- | +| 0 | 非法操作异常掩码 | +| 1 | 非规格化操作数异常掩码 | +| 2 | 除数为零异常掩码 | +| 3 | 溢出异常掩码 | +| 4 | 下溢异常掩码 | +| 5 | 精度异常掩码 | +| 6 - 7 | 保留 | +| 8 - 9 | 精度控制 | +| 10 - 11 | 舍入控制 | +| 12 | 无穷大控制 | +| 13 - 15 | 保留 | + +精度控制： + +- 00 单精度 +- 01 未使用 +- 10 双精度 +- 11 扩展精度(默认) + +舍入控制： + +- 00 舍入到最近值（默认） +- 01 向下舍入（负无穷大） +- 10 向上舍入 (正无穷大) +- 11 向零舍入 + + fstcw; 保存控制寄存器 + fldcw; 加载控制寄存器 + +## 标记寄存器 + +- 00 一个合法的扩展双精度值 +- 01 零值 +- 10 特殊的浮点值 +- 11 无内容（空） + +## 基础浮点运算指令 + +| 指令 | 描述 | +| ----- | ------------ | +| FADD | 浮点加法 | +| FDIV | 浮点除法 | +| FDIVR | 反向浮点除法 | +| FMUL | 浮点乘法 | +| FSUB | 浮点减法 | +| FSUBR | 反向浮点减法 | + +```s +FADD source +; 内存中的 32 位或者 64 位值和 st0 寄存器相加 + +FADD st0, stx +; stx 和 st0 相加，结果存储到 st0 中 + +FADD stx, st0; +; st0 和 stx 相加，结果存储到 stx 中 + +FADDP stx, st0; +; st0 和 stx 相加，结果存储到 stx 中，井且弹出 st0 + +FADDP +; st0 和 st1 相加，结果存储到 st1 中，并且弹出 st0 + +FIADD source +; 16 位或者 32 位整数值和 st0 相加，结果存储到 st0 中 +``` + +`((43.65 / 22) + (76.34 * 3.1)) / ((12.43 * 6) - (140.2 / 94.21))` + +$$ +{\displaystyle{43.65 \over 22} + 76.34 \times 3.1 \over 12.43 \times 6 - \displaystyle{ 140.2 \over 94.21}} \approx 3.264907633729943 +$$ diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/35 \351\253\230\347\272\247\346\265\256\347\202\271\350\277\220\347\256\227.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/35 \351\253\230\347\272\247\346\265\256\347\202\271\350\277\220\347\256\227.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4c06793 --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/35 \351\253\230\347\272\247\346\265\256\347\202\271\350\277\220\347\256\227.md" @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +# 高级浮点运算 + +## 预设浮点值 + +| 指令 | 描述 | +| ------ | ----------- | +| FLD1 | $+1.0$ | +| FLDL2T | $\log_2 10$ | +| FLDL2E | $\log_2 e$ | +| FLDPI | $\pi$ | +| FLDLG2 | $\log_{10} 2$ | +| FLDLN2 | $\ln 2$ | +| FLDZ | $+0.0$ | + +## 高级浮点指令 + +| 指令 | 描述 | +| ------- | ------------------------------------------------ | +| FABS | 计算 ST0 中的值的绝对值 | +| FCHS | 改变 ST0 中的值的符号 | +| FRNDINT | 把 ST0 中的值舍入到最近的整数 | +| FSQRT | 计算 ST0 中的值的平方根 | +| FSIN | 计算 ST0 中的值的正弦 | +| FCOS | 计算 ST0 中的值的余弦 | +| FSINCOS | 计算 ST0 中的值的正弦和余弦 | +| FPTAN | 计算 $st0 =\tan(st0)$ 并 `fld1` | +| FPATAN | 计算 $st1 =\arctan (st1/st0)$ 并弹栈 | +| FPREM | 计算 ST0 中的值除以 ST1 中的值的余数 | +| FPREM1 | 计算 ST0 中的值除以 ST1 中的值的 IEEE 余数 | +| F2XM1 | 计算 $2^{st0} - 1$ $st0 \in (-1.0, 1.0)$ | +| FSCALE | 计算 ST0 乘以 2 的 ST1 次乘方 | +| FYL2X | 计算 $ST1 \cdot \log_2 ST0$ | +| FYL2XP1 | 计算 $ST1 \cdot \log_2 (ST0 + 1)$ | + +## 浮点余数 + +19.8 / 3.4 = 5.8235294117647065 + +### Intel + +商 = 5 + +19.8 - (3.4 * 5) + +向零取整 - 整数向下取整，负数向上取整 + +### IEEE + +向上取整 + +商 = 6 + +19.8 - (3.4 * 6) + +## 数值计算 + +- 代数数 $\sqrt{2}$ +- 超越数 $\pi$ +- 非线性函数的计算 $\sin \cos \int$ diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/36 \346\265\256\347\202\271\346\235\241\344\273\266\345\210\206\346\224\257.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/36 \346\265\256\347\202\271\346\235\241\344\273\266\345\210\206\346\224\257.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..03065fd --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/36 \346\265\256\347\202\271\346\235\241\344\273\266\345\210\206\346\224\257.md" @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +# 浮点条件分支 + +## fcom 系列指令 + +| 指令 | 描述 | +| ------------ | ----------------------------------------------- | +| fcom | 比较 st0 和 st1 | +| fcom stx | 比较 st0 和 stx | +| fcom source | 比较 st0 和 32 位或者 64 位的内存值 | +| fcomp | 比较 st0 和 st1，并弹出堆栈 | +| fcomp stx | 比较 st0 和 stx，并弹出堆栈 | +| fcomp source | 比较 st0 和 32 位或者 64 位的内存值，并弹出堆栈 | +| fcompp | 比较 st0 和 st1，并弹出堆栈两次 | +| ftst | 比较 st0 和值 0.0 | + +## 状态寄存器条件状态 + +| 条件 | C3 | C2 | C0 | +| --------------- | --- | --- | --- | +| `st0 > source` | 0 | 0 | 0 | +| `st0 < source` | 0 | 0 | 1 | +| `st0 == source` | 1 | 0 | 0 | + + fstsw + sahf + +## fcomi 系列指令 + +| 指令 | 描述 | +| ------- | -------------------------------------------- | +| fcomi | 比较 st0 和 stx | +| fcomip | 比较 st0 和 stx，并弹出堆栈 | +| fucomi | 在比较之前检查无序值 | +| fucomip | 在比较之前检查无序值，并且在比较之后弹出堆栈 | + +fcomi 指令的输出使用 EFLAGS 寄存器，如下表所示。 + +| 条件 | ZF | PF | CF | +| ------------ | --- | --- | --- | +| `st0 > stx` | 0 | 0 | 0 | +| `st0 < stx` | 0 | 0 | 1 | +| `st0 == stx` | 1 | 0 | 0 | diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/37 BCD \347\240\201\345\217\212\345\205\266\350\277\220\347\256\227.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/37 BCD \347\240\201\345\217\212\345\205\266\350\277\220\347\256\227.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5c4c85d --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/37 BCD \347\240\201\345\217\212\345\205\266\350\277\220\347\256\227.md" @@ -0,0 +1,161 @@ +# BCD 码及其运算 + +Binary Coded Decimal / 二进制编码的十进制数 + +int ; // 除十取余 + +char number[10000]; // 0x30 + 0 = 0 0x31 + +- 不打包的 BCD 码 / 一个字节表示一个十进制位 +- 打包的 BCD 码 / 一个字节表示两个十进制位 + +## 运算 + +- AAA: 调整加法操作的结果 +- AAS: 调整减法操作的结果 +- AAM: 调整乘法操作的结果 +- AAD: 准备除法操作的被除数 + +## 加法 + +```s +section .data + + value1 dd 0x05060708 + value2 dd 0x01020304 + value3 dd 0 + +; 6912 + +section .text +global main +main: + clc + mov ecx, 4 + xor edi, edi +loop1: + mov al, [value1 + edi] + adc al, [value2 + edi] + aaa + mov [value3, + edi], al + inc edi + loop loop1 + + ret +``` + +## 减法 + +```s +section .data + + value1 dd 0x05060708 + value2 dd 0x03090809 + value3 dd 0 + +; 1689 + +section .text +global main +main: + clc + mov ecx, 4 + xor edi, edi +loop1: + mov al, [value1 + edi] + sbb al, [value2 + edi] + aas + mov [value3, + edi], al + inc edi + loop loop1 + + ret +``` + +## 乘法和除法 + +```s +section .data + + value1 dd 0x05060708 + value2 dd 0x03090809 + value3 dd 0 + +; 1689 + +section .text +global main +main: + + mov al, [value1] + mul byte [value2] + aam + + mov ax, [value1] + aad + div byte [value2] + + ret +``` + +## 打包的 BCD 码 + +DAA: 调整 ADD 或者 ADC 指令的结果。 +DAS: 调整 SUB 或者 SBB 指令的结果。 + + +```s +section .data + + value1 dd 0x12345678 + value2 dd 0x12345678 + value3 dd 0 + +; 24,691,356 + +section .text +global main +main: + clc + mov ecx, 4 + xor edi, edi +loop1: + mov al, [value1 + edi] + adc al, [value2 + edi] + daa + mov [value3, + edi], al + inc edi + loop loop1 + + ret +``` + +```s +section .data + + value1 dd 0x12345945 + value2 dd 0x03234098 + value3 dd 0 + +; 9,111,847 + +section .text +global main +main: + clc + mov ecx, 4 + xor edi, edi +loop1: + mov al, [value1 + edi] + sbb al, [value2 + edi] + das + mov [value3, + edi], al + inc edi + loop loop1 + + ret +``` + +## AF 标记 + +用于调整打包的 BCD 码 diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/38 \345\256\217.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/38 \345\256\217.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f1033ef --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/38 \345\256\217.md" @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +# 宏 + +预处理（预编译）指令 + +## 预处理 + + nasm -E %< -o %@ + +## 条件汇编 + +```s +%ifndef MACRO_INC +%define MACRO_INC + +extern printf +extern exit + +%endif +``` + +## 宏函数 + +```s +%include "macro.inc" + +%define square(x) (x * x) +%define add(x, y) (x + y) + +section .text +global main +main: + mov eax, square(10) + mov ebx, add(5, 3) + ret +``` + +## 多行宏 + +```s +; 参数： +; - 基地址 +; - 界限 +; - type +; - segment +; - dpl +; - present +; - long_mode +; - big +; - granularity +%macro descriptor 9 + dw %2 & 0xffff; limit_low + dw %1 & 0xffff; base_low_16 + db (%1 >> 16) & 0xff; base_low_8 + db %3 | (%4 << 4) | (%5 << 6) | (%6 << 7) + db ((%2 >> 16) & 0xf) | (%7 << 5) | (%8 << 6) | (%9 << 7) + db (%1 >> 24) & 0xff +%endmacro + +descriptor 0x10000, 0xfff, 0b0010, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 +``` diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/39 \344\270\200\344\272\233\350\241\245\345\205\205\350\257\264\346\230\216.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/39 \344\270\200\344\272\233\350\241\245\345\205\205\350\257\264\346\230\216.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c041744 --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/39 \344\270\200\344\272\233\350\241\245\345\205\205\350\257\264\346\230\216.md" @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +# 一些补充说明 + +## masm 兼容性 + +王爽 《汇编语言》，8086 CPU 在 DOS 操作系统下的应用程序编程 + +- `segment` +- `assume` +- `ptr` +- `offset` + +masm - 1981 + +- 386 + +8086 的寻址方式 + +16 -> 64K + +有效地址 = 段寄存器 << 4 + 偏移地址 + +## 高级 x86 指令 + +- SIMD - Single Instruction Multiple Data +- MMX - MultiMedia Extension - 奔腾2 +- SSE - Streaming SIMD Extension - 奔腾4 + +## 展望 + +- ELF 文件解析 +- 操作系统 +- 编译器 - 高级语言 --> 汇编语言 +- 汇编器 - 汇编语言 --> ELF 文件 +- 数据结构和算法 +- 计算机网络 +- 数据库 diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/Ubuntu \351\205\215\347\275\256 bochs \347\232\204\346\226\271\346\263\225.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/Ubuntu \351\205\215\347\275\256 bochs \347\232\204\346\226\271\346\263\225.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ede5e2a --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/Ubuntu \351\205\215\347\275\256 bochs \347\232\204\346\226\271\346\263\225.md" @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +# Ubuntu 配置 bochs 的方法 + +## 安装 bochs + +执行命令： + + sudo apt install bochs + sudo apt install bochs-x + +其中最重要的是 `bochs-x` 这个包，包括了 gui 插件。 + +## 配置 Bochs + +执行命令： + + bochs + +选择 `4. Save options to...` + +然后输入文件名 `bochsrc` 直接保存 + +选择 `7. Quit now` 退出 bochs + +然后创建虚拟磁盘，输入命令 + + bximage -hd -mode="flat" -size=60 -q master.img + +这样就可以创建一个 16M 的硬盘。 + +输出的最下面输出了以下内容： + +```text +The following line should appear in your bochsrc: + ata0-master: type=disk, path="master.img", mode=flat +``` + +也就是说要将上面这样代码写到 `bochsrc` 中， + +然后将 `display_library: x` 改成 `display_library: x, options="gui_debug"` 以支持 GUI 的调试方式。 + +将 `boot: floppy` 改成 `boot: disk`，以支持从硬盘启动。 + +## 编辑代码 + +输入命令： + + touch hello.asm + +然后使用文本编辑起写入如下内容： + +```s +mov ax, 0xb800 +mov ds, ax; 将代码段设置为 0xb800 + +mov byte [0], 'T'; 修改屏幕第一个字符为 T + +; 下面阻塞停下来 +halt: + jmp halt + +times 510 - ($ - $$) db 0 ; 用 0 填充满 510 个字节 +db 0x55, 0xaa; 主引导扇区最后两个字节必须是 0x55aa +``` + +安装 `nasm` 汇编器： + + sudo apt install nasm + +然后汇编成二进制代码： + + nasm -f bin hello.asm -o hello.bin + +然后将主引导扇区写入硬盘： + + dd if=hello.bin of=master.img bs=512 count=1 conv=notrunc + +启动 `bochs` 测试环境： + + bochs -q + +## 参考资料 + +- [修改ubuntu 18.04的sources.list源为阿里或清华镜像的方法_Linux_脚本之家 (jb51.net)](https://www.jb51.net/article/193933.htm) +- [x86 汇编语言 - 01 配置开发环境 (ccyg.studio)](http://blog.ccyg.studio/article/eedcc300-35f4-4174-9622-c336aa8d7881/) +- diff --git a/x86_assembly/docs/graph1.md b/x86_assembly/docs/graph1.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f8144d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/docs/graph1.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +```mermaid +flowchart TD + subgraph CPU + NMI[NMI - 不可屏蔽中断] + INTR[INTR - 可屏蔽中断] + end + subgraph PICM[PIC - 可编程中断控制器 - 主片] + CLC[时钟] + KB[键盘] + SLAVE[级联从片] + FLOPPY[软盘] + end + subgraph PICS[PIC - 可编程中断控制器 - 从片] + RTC[实时时钟] + HD[硬盘] + MOUSE[鼠标] + end + PICM --> INTR + PICS --> PICM +``` + + +```mermaid +flowchart LR +取指 --> 译码 --> 执行 --> 中断 +``` \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/x86_assembly/docs/images/80286-segment descriptor.jpg b/x86_assembly/docs/images/80286-segment descriptor.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7348763 Binary files /dev/null and b/x86_assembly/docs/images/80286-segment descriptor.jpg differ diff --git a/x86_assembly/docs/images/80386-segment descriptor.jpg b/x86_assembly/docs/images/80386-segment descriptor.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ca6da81 Binary files /dev/null and b/x86_assembly/docs/images/80386-segment descriptor.jpg differ diff --git a/x86_assembly/docs/readme.md b/x86_assembly/docs/readme.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2cf9001 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/docs/readme.md @@ -0,0 +1,349 @@ +# x86 汇编语言 + +## 参考资料 + +[参考资料](./参考资料.md) + +## 寄存器 + +| 寄存器 | 描述 | +| ------ | ------------------ | +| AX | 累加结果数据 | +| BX | 数据段数据指针 | +| CX | 字符串和循环计数器 | +| DX | I/O 指针 | +| DI | 目的数据指针 | +| SI | 源数据指针 | +| SP | 栈指针 | +| BP | 栈数据指针 | + +| 寄存器 | 高八位 | 低八位 | +| ------ | ------ | ------ | +| AX | AH | AL | +| BX | BH | BL | +| CX | CH | CL | +| DX | DH | DL | + +| 段寄存器 | 描述 | +| -------- | ------------ | +| CS | 代码段寄存器 | +| DS | 数据段寄存器 | +| SS | 栈段寄存器 | +| ES | 额外的寄存器 | + +- IP +- FLAG / PSW + +## 寻址方式 + +物理地址 = 段地址 * 16 + 偏移地址 + +16 $2^{16} = 64K$ + +1M $2^{20}$ + +20 - 16 = 4 + +段寄存器 + +偏移地址 + 段地址寄存器 = 32 + +12 + +段地址 << 4 + 偏移地址 + +## 标志寄存器 + +| 位 | 标志 | 英文 | 描述 | +| --- | ---- | --------- | ------------ | +| 0 | CF | Carry | 进位标志 | +| 1 | | | | +| 2 | PF | Parity | 奇偶标志 | +| 3 | | | | +| 4 | AF | Auxiliary | 辅助进位标志 | +| 5 | | | | +| 6 | ZF | Zero | 零标志 | +| 7 | SF | Sign | 符号标志 | +| 8 | TF | Trap | 陷阱标志 | +| 9 | IF | Interrupt | 中断允许标志 | +| 10 | DF | Direction | 方向标志 | +| 11 | OF | Overflow | 溢出标志 | + + +## 转移指令 + +8086 cs:ip 下一条指令的地址，物理地址 = cs << 4 + ip + +jmp short start 占用两个字节，jmp 偏移数量，-128 - 127 +jmp near start 占三个字节 -32768 - 32767 + + +8086 物理地址 = 段地址 << 4 + 偏移地址 + +64KB 内存空间 + +jmp far cs:ip + +### 补码 + +负数的补码是原码取反再加一 + +x + 1 = 0 -> x = -1 + +0b1111_1111 = -1 +0b1111_1110 = -2 + +f_e 0xfe +0b1111_1011 = 0xfb = -5 + + +- JZ/JNZ : 结果为零/不为零则转移 +- JS/JNS : 结果为负/为正则转移 +- JO/JNO : 溢出/不溢出则转移 +- JP/JNP : 奇偶位为1/为0则转移 +- JB/JNB : 低于/不低于则转移 +- JBE/JNBE : 低于等于/高于则转移 +- JL/JNL : 小于/不小于则转移 +- JLE/JNLE : 小于等于/大于则转移 +- JCXZ : CX为零则转移 + +| 比较结果 | 英文 | 指令 | 标志 | +| ---------- | -------------------- | ---- | ------------------- | +| 等于 | Equal | je | ZF = 1 | +| 不等于 | Not Equal | jne | ZF = 0 | +| 大于 | Greater | jg | ZF = 0 and SF = OF | +| 大于等于 | Greater or Equal | jge | SF = 0F | +| 不大于 | Not Greater | jng | ZF = 1 or SF != OF | +| 不大于等于 | Not Greater or Equal | jnge | SF != OF | +| 小于 | Less | jl | SF != OF | +| 小于等于 | Less or Equal | jle | ZF = 1 and SF != OF | +| 不小于 | Not Less | jnl | SF = OF | +| 不小于等于 | Not Less or Equal | jnle | ZF = 0 and SF = 0f | +| 高于 | Above | ja | CF = 0 and ZF = 0 | +| 高于等于 | Above or Equal | jae | CF = 0 | +| 不高于 | Not Above | jna | CF = 1 or ZF = 1 | +| 不高于等于 | Not Above or Equal | jnae | CF = 1 | +| 低于 | Below | jb | CF = 1 | +| 低于等于 | Below or Equal | jbe | CF = 1 or ZF = 1 | +| 不低于 | Not Below | jnb | CF = 0 | +| 不低于等于 | Not Below or Equal | jnbe | CF = 0 and ZF = 0 | +| 偶 | Parity Even | jpe | PF = 1 | +| 奇 | Parity Odd | jpo | PF = 0 | + + +## 堆栈和函数 + +程序的指令的地址 cs:ip + +栈顶的指针 ss:sp + +push / pop + + +## 内中断和异常 + +远调用 + +jmp short start 占用两个字节，jmp 偏移数量，-128 - 127 +jmp near start 占三个字节 -32768 - 32767 +jmp far + +call function; push ip ; jmp function +call far function; push cs; push ip; jmp function + + +内中断 + +### 内存布局 + +| 起始地址 | 结束地址 | 大小 | 用途 | +| --------- | --------- | -------- | ------------------ | +| `0x000` | `0x3FF` | 1KB | 中断向量表 | +| `0x400` | `0x4FF` | 256B | BIOS 数据区 | +| `0x500` | `0x7BFF` | 29.75 KB | 可用区域 | +| `0x7C00` | `0x7DFF` | 512B | MBR 加载区域 | +| `0x7E00` | `0x9FBFF` | 607.6KB | 可用区域 | +| `0x9FC00` | `0x9FFFF` | 1KB | 扩展 BIOS 数据区 | +| `0xA0000` | `0xAFFFF` | 64KB | 用于彩色显示适配器 | +| `0xB0000` | `0xB7FFF` | 32KB | 用于黑白显示适配器 | +| `0xB8000` | `0xBFFFF` | 32KB | 用于文本显示适配器 | +| `0xC0000` | `0xC7FFF` | 32KB | 显示适配器 BIOS | +| `0xC8000` | `0xEFFFF` | 160KB | 映射内存 | +| `0xF0000` | `0xFFFEF` | 64KB-16B | 系统 BIOS | +| `0xFFFF0` | `0xFFFFF` | 16B | 系统 BIOS 入口地址 | + +0x000 - 0x3ff -> 0x400 + +4B + +0x400 / 4 = 0x100 -> 256 + +0 - 255 + +0 除法异常 0 - 3 + +0x80 * 4, 0x80 * 4 + 3 + +0x80 linux 系统调用，软中断 + + +## 逻辑运算指令 + +- AND - TEST / SUB - CMP +- OR +- NOT +- XOR + +- SHL / SHR +- ROL / ROR +- RCL / RCR + + +## 输入和输出 + +输入输出指令，来控制硬件（外围设备） + +- 显示器 - 显卡 +- 硬盘 +- 键盘 + +端口 / 映射内存， + +寄存器 / D 边沿触发器 + +Intell 0-65535 0x0000 ~ 0xffff + +阴极射线管控制器 + +CRT 地址端口 0x3D4 +CRT 数据端口 0x3D5 + +80 * 25 = 2000 + +16 位 / 8 位 + +16K 字符 + +0 - 1999 + +0x0E - 光标位置高八位 +0x0F - 光标位置第八位 + +```s +in al, dx; dx 端口号 +in ax, dx; ax/al 数 +out dx, al; +out dx, ax; +``` + +ax 16 , al 8 + +## 控制字符样式 + +- ASCII 码 +- 字符样式 + +-- + +- 高四位表示背景色 | K | R | G | B | +- 低四位表示前景色 | I | R | G | B | + +--- + +- K = 0 : 背景不闪烁 +- K = 1 : 背景闪烁 +- I = 0 : 深色字符 +- I = 1 : 浅色字符 + +--- + +| Red | Green | Blue | Color | 说明 | +| --- | ----- | ---- | ------- | --------- | +| 0 | 0 | 0 | Black | 黑色 | +| 0 | 0 | 1 | Blue | 蓝色 | +| 0 | 1 | 0 | Green | 绿色 | +| 0 | 1 | 1 | Cyan | 青色 | +| 1 | 0 | 0 | Red | 红色 | +| 1 | 0 | 1 | Magenta | 洋红 | +| 1 | 1 | 0 | Yellow | 黄色 | +| 1 | 1 | 1 | White | 白色/灰色 | + +## 外中断和时钟 + +- 内中断和异常 +- 输入和输出 + +--- + +CPU ---> 硬件，端口 + +- 键盘 +- 鼠标 + +--- + +- 时钟信号/脉冲 - CPU 的脉搏 +- 时钟中断 - OS 的脉搏 + +--- + +8086 + +- NMI Non Maskable Interrupt / 不可屏蔽中断 +- INTR Interrupt / 可屏蔽中断 + +---- + +8259 - 可编程中断控制器 / PIC Programmable Interrupt Controller + +- 主芯片 - 8 1 +- 从芯片 - 8 +- 级联方式 + + +### 中断向量表 + +| 向量 | 功能 | +| ---- | --------------- | +| 0 | 除法溢出 | +| 1 | 单步 (用于调试) | +| 2 | 非屏蔽中断 NMI | +| 3 | 断点 (用于调试) | +| 4 | 溢出中断 | +| 5 | 打印屏幕 | +| 6-7 | 保留 | +| 8 | 时钟 | +| 9 | 键盘 | +| A | 保留 | +| B | 串行通信COM2 | +| C | 串行通信COM1 | +| D | 保留 | +| E | 软盘控制器 | +| F | 并行打印机 | + +| 端口 | 说明 | 标记 | +| ---- | --------------- | ---------- | +| 0x20 | 主 PIC 命令端口 | PIC_M_CMD | +| 0x21 | 主 PIC 数据端口 | PIC_M_DATA | +| 0xA0 | 从 PIC 命令端口 | PIC_S_CMD | +| 0xA1 | 从 PIC 数据端口 | PIC_S_DATA | + +- ICW1 ~ ICW4 用于初始化 8259 initialization Command Words +- OCW1 ~ OCW3 用于操作 8259 Operation Commands Words + +--- + +- 向 OCW1 写入屏蔽字，打开时钟中断 +- sti 设置 CPU 允许外中断 +- 向 OCW2 写入 0x20, 表示中断处理完毕 + +中断向量表 + +中断函数指针数组 + +- IF / CPU 的外中断开关 +- MASK 中断屏蔽开关 / 8259 总开关 +- 执行中的开关 + +- +- diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/\345\206\205\345\255\230\345\270\203\345\261\200.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/\345\206\205\345\255\230\345\270\203\345\261\200.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..602ad78 --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/\345\206\205\345\255\230\345\270\203\345\261\200.md" @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +| 起始地址 | 结束地址 | 大小 | 用途 | +| --------- | --------- | -------- | ------------------ | +| `0x000` | `0x3FF` | 1KB | 中断向量表 | +| `0x400` | `0x4FF` | 256B | BIOS 数据区 | +| `0x500` | `0x7BFF` | 29.75 KB | 可用区域 | +| `0x7C00` | `0x7DFF` | 512B | MBR 加载区域 | +| `0x7E00` | `0x9FBFF` | 607.6KB | 可用区域 | +| `0x9FC00` | `0x9FFFF` | 1KB | 扩展 BIOS 数据区 | +| `0xA0000` | `0xAFFFF` | 64KB | 用于彩色显示适配器 | +| `0xB0000` | `0xB7FFF` | 32KB | 用于黑白显示适配器 | +| `0xB8000` | `0xBFFFF` | 32KB | 用于文本显示适配器 | +| `0xC0000` | `0xC7FFF` | 32KB | 显示适配器 BIOS | +| `0xC8000` | `0xEFFFF` | 160KB | 映射内存 | +| `0xF0000` | `0xFFFEF` | 64KB-16B | 系统 BIOS | +| `0xFFFF0` | `0xFFFFF` | 16B | 系统 BIOS 入口地址 | \ No newline at end of file diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/\345\217\202\350\200\203\350\265\204\346\226\231.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/\345\217\202\350\200\203\350\265\204\346\226\231.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ad5ecf7 --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/\345\217\202\350\200\203\350\265\204\346\226\231.md" @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +# 参考资料 + +参考资料陆续更新中 …… + +## 相关书籍 + +- [王爽 - 汇编语言](https://book.douban.com/subject/3037562/) +- [于渊 - Orange'S:一个操作系统的实现](https://book.douban.com/subject/3735649/) +- [赵炯 - Linux内核完全注释](https://book.douban.com/subject/1231236/) +- [[日] 川合秀实 - 30天自制操作系统](https://book.douban.com/subject/11530329/) +- [李忠 & 王晓波 & 余洁 - X86汇编语言](https://book.douban.com/subject/20492528/) +- [Intel - Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual](https://book.douban.com/subject/3990545/) +- [郑钢 - 操作系统真象还原](https://book.douban.com/subject/26745156/) +- [Robert Mecklenburg - Managing Projects With GNU Make](https://book.douban.com/subject/1850994/) +- [Richard Blum - 汇编语言程序设计](https://book.douban.com/subject/1446250/) +- [俞甲子 & 石凡 & 潘爱民 - 程序员的自我修养](https://book.douban.com/subject/3652388/) +- [Paul A. Carter - PC Assembly Language](https://book.douban.com/subject/26892163/) +- [Stephen G. Kochan - Programming in C](https://book.douban.com/subject/2250163/) +- [P. J. Plauger - The Standard C Library](https://book.douban.com/subject/1920997/) +- [Kip R. Irvine - Assembly Language for x86 Processors (7th Edition)](https://book.douban.com/subject/26616933/) + +其他 pdf: + +- [IBM - IBM 5150 Technical Reference 6025005 AUG81]() +- [Intel - Intel 8259a]() +- [Intel - Intel 8253]() +- [TIS Committee - Executable and Linking Format (ELF) Specification](https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/elf/elf.pdf) +- [GNU - Using as the GNU Assembler](https://web.eecs.umich.edu/~prabal/teaching/resources/eecs373/Assembler.pdf) +- [Red Hat - Using ld the GNU Linker](https://access.redhat.com/webassets/avalon/d/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux-4-Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux_4_-_Archived_Documents-en-US/files/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux-4-Using_ld_the_GNU_Linker-en-US.pdf) +- [GNU - Debugging with GDB](https://sourceware.org/gdb/current/onlinedocs/gdb.pdf) + +## 视频引用 + +- 进入保护模式 + - + - +- 一些补充说明: + - + +--- + +- 结构体 + - +- GCC attribute + - +- GCC 函数属性 + - +- GCC builtin + - +- Using as the GNU Assembler + - + - +- 内联汇编 + - + - + - +- 生成可读汇编的方法 + - + - +- 链接 + - + - + - +- 调试： + - + - +- nasm: + - + - + +--- + +- Executable and Linking Format (ELF) Specification + - + + +- 其他 + + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - diff --git "a/x86_assembly/docs/\345\220\257\345\212\250\346\265\201\347\250\213.md" "b/x86_assembly/docs/\345\220\257\345\212\250\346\265\201\347\250\213.md" new file mode 100644 index 0000000..32ac893 --- /dev/null +++ "b/x86_assembly/docs/\345\220\257\345\212\250\346\265\201\347\250\213.md" @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +# PC 启动流程 + +```mermaid +flowchart TD +T1(CPU 加电自检) --> T2(进入 BIOS) --> T3(主引导扇区 boot 0x7c00) --> T4(读取 loader) --> T5(进入 loader) --> T6(检测内存) --> T7(准备保护模式) --> T8(进入保护模式) --> T9(内存映射) --> T10(加载内核) +``` + +主引导扇区(MBR Main Boot Record)只有 512 个字节： + +- 446 可用 +- 64 硬盘分区表 +- 2 0x55aa diff --git a/x86_assembly/makefile b/x86_assembly/makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0c00e0b --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/makefile @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ + +CFLAGS:= -m32 \ + -O0 \ + -static \ + -fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables \ + -fno-pic \ + -fno-pie \ + -mpreferred-stack-boundary=2 \ + -fno-stack-protector \ + -fno-builtin \ + -fomit-frame-pointer \ + -nostdlib \ + -nodefaultlibs \ + -nostdinc \ + -nostartfiles \ + +build/%.bin: src/%.asm + nasm $< -o $@ + +build/%.o: src/%.asm + nasm -f elf32 $< -o $@ + +build/%.o: src/%.c + gcc $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ + +ENTRYPOINT:= 0x00011000 + +build/kernel.bin: build/start.o build/main.o + ld -m elf_i386 -static $^ -o $@ -Ttext $(ENTRYPOINT) + +build/master.img: build/boot.bin build/loader.bin build/kernel.bin +ifeq ("$(wildcard build/master.img)", "") + bximage -q -hd=16 -mode=create -sectsize=512 -imgmode=flat $@ +endif + dd if=build/boot.bin of=$@ bs=512 count=1 conv=notrunc + dd if=build/loader.bin of=$@ bs=512 count=4 seek=2 conv=notrunc + dd if=build/kernel.bin of=$@ bs=512 count=100 seek=10 conv=notrunc + +.PHONY:bochs +bochs: build/master.img + rm -rf build/bx_enh_dbg.ini + cd build && bochs -q -unlock + +.PHONY:clean +clean: + rm -rf build/bx_enh_dbg.ini + rm -rf build/master.img + rm -rf build/*.bin + rm -rf build/*.o diff --git a/x86_assembly/src/boot.asm b/x86_assembly/src/boot.asm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..87068b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/src/boot.asm @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +[org 0x7c00] + +mov ax, 3 +int 0x10 ; 将显示模式设置成文本模式 + +mov ax, 0 +mov ds, ax +mov es, ax +mov ss, ax +mov sp, 0x7c00 ; 初始化堆栈 + +; xchg bx, bx ; bochs 断点 + +mov edi, 0x1000 +mov ecx, 2 +mov bl, 4 +call read_disk + +; xchg bx, bx; + +jmp 0:0x1000; 跳转到 loader + +; 0 -> 0x1000 + +read_disk: + ; 读取硬盘 + ; edi - 存储内存位置 + ; ecx - 存储起始的扇区位置 + ; bl - 存储扇区数量 + pushad; ax, cx, dx, bx, sp, bp, si, di + ; pushad; ax, cx, dx, bx, sp, bp, si, di + + mov dx, 0x1f2 + mov al, bl + out dx, al; 设置扇区数量 + + mov al, cl + inc dx; 0x1f3 + out dx, al; 起始扇区位置低八位 + + shr ecx, 8 + mov al, cl + inc dx; 0x1f4 + out dx, al; 起始扇区位置中八位 + + shr ecx, 8 + mov al, cl + inc dx; 0x1f5 + out dx, al; 起始扇区位置高八位 + + shr ecx, 8 + and cl, 0b1111 + + inc dx; 0x1f6 + mov al, 0b1110_0000 + or al, cl + out dx, al + + inc dx; 0x1f7 + mov al, 0x20; 读硬盘 + out dx, al + + xor ecx, ecx + mov cl, bl + +.read: + push cx + call .waits + call .reads + pop cx + loop .read + + popad + ; popa + + ret + + +.waits: + mov dx, 0x1f7 + .check: + nop + nop + nop ; 一点延迟 + + in al, dx + and al, 0b1000_1000 + cmp al, 0b0000_1000 + jnz .check + ret + +.reads: + mov dx, 0x1f0 + mov cx, 256; 一个扇区 256 个字 + .readw: + nop + nop + nop + + in ax, dx + mov [edi], ax + add edi, 2 + + loop .readw + ret + +times 510 - ($ - $$) db 0 +db 0x55, 0xaa diff --git a/x86_assembly/src/loader.asm b/x86_assembly/src/loader.asm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ad08b6a --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/src/loader.asm @@ -0,0 +1,268 @@ +[org 0x1000] + +; xchg bx, bx + +check_memory: + mov ax, 0 + mov es, ax + xor ebx, ebx + mov edx, 0x534d4150 + mov di, ards_buffer + +.next: + mov eax, 0xE820 + mov ecx, 20 + int 0x15 + + jc .error + + add di, cx + inc word [ards_count] + cmp ebx, 0 + jnz .next + + jmp prepare_protect_mode + +; xchg bx, bx + +; mov cx, [ards_count] +; mov si, 0 +; .show: +; mov eax, [si + ards_buffer] +; mov ebx, [si + ards_buffer + 8] +; mov edx, [si + ards_buffer + 16] +; add si, 20 +; xchg bx, bx +; loop .show + +.error: + mov ax, 0xb800 + mov es, ax + mov byte [es:0], 'E' + jmp $ + + +prepare_protect_mode: + ; xchg bx, bx + + cli ; 关闭中断 + + ; 打开 A20 线 + in al, 0x92 + or al, 0b10 + out 0x92, al + + lgdt [gdt_ptr]; 加载 gdt + + mov eax, cr0; 启动保护模式 + or eax, 1 + mov cr0, eax + + jmp dword code_selector:protect_enable + + ud2; 出错 + +[bits 32] +protect_enable: + + mov ax, data_selector + mov ds, ax + mov es, ax + mov ss, ax + mov fs, ax + mov gs, ax; 初始化数据段 + + mov esp, 0x10000 + + call setup_page + + xchg bx, bx + + call load_kernel + + jmp code_selector: 0x11000 + + jmp $ + +load_kernel: + mov edi, 0x10000 + mov ecx, 10 + mov bl, 100 + call read_disk + ret + +PDE equ 0x2000 +PTE equ 0x3000 +ATTR equ 0b11 + +setup_page: + mov eax, PDE + call .clear_page + mov eax, PTE + call .clear_page + + ; 前面的 1M 内 前面的 1M + ; 前面的 1M 映射到 0xC0000000 ~ 0xC0100000 + mov eax, PTE + or eax, ATTR + mov [PDE], eax; + ;0b_00000_00000_00000_00000_00000_00000_00 + mov [PDE + 0x300 * 4], eax; + ;0b_11000_00000_00000_00000_00000_00000_00 + + mov eax, PDE + or eax, ATTR + mov [PDE + 0x3ff * 4], eax; 吧最后一个页表指向了页目录 + + mov ebx, PTE + mov ecx, (0x100000 / 0x1000); 256 + mov esi, 0 + ; xchg bx, bx + +.next_page: + mov eax, esi + shl eax, 12 + or eax, ATTR + + mov [ebx + esi * 4], eax + inc esi + loop .next_page + + ; xchg bx, bx + mov eax, PDE + mov cr3, eax + + mov eax, cr0 + or eax, 0b1000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000 + mov cr0, eax + + ret + +.clear_page: + ; 清空一个内存页，地址参数存在 eax 中 + mov ecx, 0x1000 + mov esi, 0 +.set: + mov byte [eax + esi], 0 + inc esi + loop .set + ret + +read_disk: + ; 读取硬盘 + ; edi - 存储内存位置 + ; ecx - 存储起始的扇区位置 + ; bl - 存储扇区数量 + pushad; ax, cx, dx, bx, sp, bp, si, di + ; pushad; ax, cx, dx, bx, sp, bp, si, di + + mov dx, 0x1f2 + mov al, bl + out dx, al; 设置扇区数量 + + mov al, cl + inc dx; 0x1f3 + out dx, al; 起始扇区位置低八位 + + shr ecx, 8 + mov al, cl + inc dx; 0x1f4 + out dx, al; 起始扇区位置中八位 + + shr ecx, 8 + mov al, cl + inc dx; 0x1f5 + out dx, al; 起始扇区位置高八位 + + shr ecx, 8 + and cl, 0b1111 + + inc dx; 0x1f6 + mov al, 0b1110_0000 + or al, cl + out dx, al + + inc dx; 0x1f7 + mov al, 0x20; 读硬盘 + out dx, al + + xor ecx, ecx + mov cl, bl + +.read: + push cx + call .waits + call .reads + pop cx + loop .read + + popad + ; popa + + ret + + +.waits: + mov dx, 0x1f7 + .check: + nop + nop + nop ; 一点延迟 + + in al, dx + and al, 0b1000_1000 + cmp al, 0b0000_1000 + jnz .check + ret + +.reads: + mov dx, 0x1f0 + mov cx, 256; 一个扇区 256 个字 + .readw: + nop + nop + nop + + in ax, dx + mov [edi], ax + add edi, 2 + + loop .readw + ret + +code_selector equ (1 << 3) +data_selector equ (2 << 3) +test_selector equ (3 << 3) + +gdt_ptr: + dw (gdt_end - gdt_base - 1) + dd gdt_base + +gdt_base: + dd 0, 0 +gdt_code: + dw 0xffff; + dw 0 + db 0; + db 0b1001_1110 + db 0b1100_1111 + db 0 +gdt_data: + dw 0xffff; + dw 0 + db 0 + db 0b1001_0010 + db 0b1100_1111 + db 0 +gdt_test: + dw 0xfff + dw 0x0000 + db 0x1 + db 0b1001_0010 ;0x92 + db 0b0100_0000 ; 0x40 + db 0x0 +gdt_end: + +ards_count: + dw 0 +ards_buffer: diff --git a/x86_assembly/src/main.c b/x86_assembly/src/main.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..17f8ad8 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/src/main.c @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ + +char message[] = "hello kernel!!!"; + +int main() +{ + char *video = (char *)0xb8000; + + for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(message); i++) + { + *video = message[i]; + video++; + *video = 0b00100101; + video++; + } + + return 0; +} diff --git a/x86_assembly/src/start.asm b/x86_assembly/src/start.asm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2784e14 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/src/start.asm @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +[bits 32] + +extern main + +section .text +global _start +_start: + xchg bx, bx; + mov byte [0xb8000], 'S'; + xchg bx, bx; + call main + jmp $ diff --git a/x86_assembly/tests/addr.asm b/x86_assembly/tests/addr.asm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..12eabb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/tests/addr.asm @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +offset equ 0x0000 +data equ 0x55aa + +mov ax, 0x1000 +mov ds, ax + +mov al, 0x10 +mov ah, 0x10 +mov ax, data + +mov ax, [offset] ; 0x1000 * 0x10 + 0 = 0x100000 +mov [offset], ax; + +; dd 0xffeeffee + +mov byte [offset], 0x10 +mov word [offset], 0x10 +mov dword [offset], 0x10 + +; bx bp si di + +mov ax, [bx]; [ds * 16 + bx] +mov ax, [bp]; [ss * 16 + bp] +mov ax, [si]; [ds * 16 + bp] +mov ax, [di]; [ds * 16 + bp] + +mov ax, [bx + si + 0x100] ; ds +mov ax, [bp + si + 0x100] ; ss +mov ax, [bp + di + 0x100] + + diff --git a/x86_assembly/tests/att.s b/x86_assembly/tests/att.s new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0c395bf --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/tests/att.s @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ + +.section .text +.globl main +main: + # 内联汇编 + + movl $4, %eax # write + movl $1, %ebx # stdout + movl $message, %ecx # buffer + movb $'A', message + movb $'B', 1(%ecx) + movb $'C', (%ecx, %ebx, 2) + movb $'D', message - 1(, %ebx, 4) + movb $'E', message(, %ebx, 4) + + movl $(message_end - message), %edx # length + int $0x80 + + movl $1, %eax # exit + movl $0, %ebx # status + int $0x80 + +.section .data +message: + .asciz "hello world!!!\n" +message_end: + + +.section .bss + .lcomm buffer 256 diff --git a/x86_assembly/tests/descriptor.c b/x86_assembly/tests/descriptor.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e9a3ae2 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/tests/descriptor.c @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +#include + +typedef struct descriptor /* 共 8 个字节 */ +{ + unsigned short limit_low; // 段界限 0 ~ 15 位 + unsigned int base_low : 24; // 基地址 0 ~ 23 位 16M + unsigned char type : 4; // 段类型 + unsigned char segment : 1; // 1 表示代码段或数据段，0 表示系统段 + unsigned char DPL : 2; // Descriptor Privilege Level 描述符特权等级 0 ~ 3 + unsigned char present : 1; // 存在位，1 在内存中，0 在磁盘上 + unsigned char limit_high : 4; // 段界限 16 ~ 19; + unsigned char available : 1; // 该安排的都安排了，送给操作系统吧 + unsigned char long_mode : 1; // 64 位扩展标志 + unsigned char big : 1; // 32 位 还是 16 位; + unsigned char granularity : 1; // 粒度 4KB 或 1B + unsigned char base_high; // 基地址 24 ~ 31 位 +} __attribute__((packed)) descriptor; + +void make_descriptor(descriptor *dest, unsigned int base, unsigned int limit) +{ + dest->base_low = base & 0xffffff; + dest->base_high = (base >> 24) & 0xff; + + dest->limit_low = limit & 0xffff; + dest->limit_high = (limit >> 16) & 0xf; +} + +int main(int argc, char const *argv[]) +{ + descriptor dest; + make_descriptor(&dest, 0x10000, 0xfff); + + dest.granularity = 0; // 字节 + dest.big = 1; // 32 位 + dest.long_mode = 0; // 不是 64 位 + dest.present = 1; // 在内存中 + dest.DPL = 0; // 最高权限 + dest.segment = 1; // 数据段 + dest.available = 0; // 0 + dest.type = 0b0010; // 可写数据段向上扩展 + + char *ptr = (char *)&dest; + + unsigned short value16 = *(short *)ptr; + printf("dw 0x%x\n", value16); + + ptr += 2; + value16 = *(short *)ptr; + printf("dw 0x%x\n", value16); + + ptr += 2; + unsigned char value8 = *(char *)ptr; + printf("db 0x%x\n", value8); + + ptr++; + value8 = *(char *)ptr; + printf("db 0x%x\n", value8); + + ptr++; + value8 = *(char *)ptr; + printf("db 0x%x\n", value8); + + ptr++; + value8 = *(char *)ptr; + printf("db 0x%x\n", value8); + return 0; +} diff --git a/x86_assembly/tests/elf.asm b/x86_assembly/tests/elf.asm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5ff6dfb --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/tests/elf.asm @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +[bits 32] + +section .text + +global _start +_start: + mov eax, 4; write + mov ebx, 1; stdout + mov ecx, message; buffer + mov edx, message_end - message + int 0x80 + + mov eax, 1; exit + mov ebx, 0; status + int 0x80 + +section .data + message db "hello world!!!", 10, 13, 0 + message_end: + +section .bss + resb 0x100 ; 预留 0x100 字节的空间 + ; resw 0x100 ; 预留 0x100 字的空间 + ; resd 0x100 ; 预留 0x100 双字的空间 + ; resq 0x100 ; 预留 0x100 四字的空间 diff --git a/x86_assembly/tests/hello.asm b/x86_assembly/tests/hello.asm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e7a46ec --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/tests/hello.asm @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +[bits 32] + +; extern printf +; extern exit + +; section .text +; global main +; main: +; push message +; call printf +; add esp, 4 + +; push 0 +; call exit + +; section .data +; message db "hello world!!!", 10, 13, 0 +; message_end: + +section .text +global main +main: + + mov eax, 4; write + mov ebx, 1; stdout + mov ecx, message; buffer + mov edx, message_end - message + int 0x80 + + mov eax, 1; exit + mov ebx, 0; status + int 0x80 + +section .data + message db "hello world!!!", 10, 13, 0 + message_end: diff --git a/x86_assembly/tests/jump.asm b/x86_assembly/tests/jump.asm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..153611c --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/tests/jump.asm @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +[bits 16] +jmp dword 8:0x1010 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/x86_assembly/tests/protect.asm b/x86_assembly/tests/protect.asm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2617f87 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/tests/protect.asm @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +[bits 32] + +extern exit + +section .text +global main +main: + ; mov eax, cr0; 寄存器的保护 + + ; in al, 0x92; + + push 0 + call exit + + + diff --git a/x86_assembly/tests/type.asm b/x86_assembly/tests/type.asm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5d98326 --- /dev/null +++ b/x86_assembly/tests/type.asm @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +db 100; define byte +dw 0xaa55; define word +dd 0x12345678; define doubleword + +dw 55aah; +db 1111_0000b +db 0b0000_1111 + +db "hello world!!!", 0, 12, 123