/**
 * Provides classes modeling C/C++ expressions.
 */

import semmle.code.cpp.Element
private import semmle.code.cpp.Enclosing
private import semmle.code.cpp.internal.ResolveClass
private import semmle.code.cpp.internal.AddressConstantExpression

/**
 * A C/C++ expression.
 *
 * This is the root QL class for all expressions.
 */
class Expr extends StmtParent, @expr {
  /** Gets the nth child of this expression. */
  Expr getChild(int n) { exprparents(unresolveElement(result), n, underlyingElement(this)) }

  /** Gets the number of direct children of this expression. */
  int getNumChild() { result = count(this.getAChild()) }

  /** Holds if e is the nth child of this expression. */
  predicate hasChild(Expr e, int n) { e = this.getChild(n) }

  /** Gets the enclosing function of this expression, if any. */
  override Function getEnclosingFunction() { result = exprEnclosingElement(this) }

  /** Gets the nearest enclosing set of curly braces around this expression in the source, if any. */
  BlockStmt getEnclosingBlock() { result = this.getEnclosingStmt().getEnclosingBlock() }

  override Stmt getEnclosingStmt() {
    result = this.getParent().(Expr).getEnclosingStmt()
    or
    result = this.getParent()
    or
    exists(Expr other | result = other.getEnclosingStmt() and other.getConversion() = this)
    or
    exists(DeclStmt d, LocalVariable v |
      d.getADeclaration() = v and v.getInitializer().getExpr() = this and result = d
    )
    or
    exists(ConditionDeclExpr cde, LocalVariable v |
      cde.getVariable() = v and
      v.getInitializer().getExpr() = this and
      result = cde.getEnclosingStmt()
    )
  }

  /** Gets the enclosing variable of this expression, if any. */
  Variable getEnclosingVariable() { result = exprEnclosingElement(this) }

  /** Gets the enclosing variable or function of this expression. */
  Declaration getEnclosingDeclaration() { result = exprEnclosingElement(this) }

  /** Gets a child of this expression. */
  Expr getAChild() { result = this.getChild(_) }

  /** Gets the parent of this expression, if any. */
  Element getParent() { exprparents(underlyingElement(this), _, unresolveElement(result)) }

  /**
   * Gets the `n`th compiler-generated destructor call that is performed after this expression, in
   * order of destruction.
   */
  DestructorCall getImplicitDestructorCall(int n) {
    exists(Expr e |
      e = this.(TemporaryObjectExpr).getExpr() and
      synthetic_destructor_call(e, max(int i | synthetic_destructor_call(e, i, _)) - n, result)
    )
    or
    not this = any(TemporaryObjectExpr temp).getExpr() and
    synthetic_destructor_call(this, max(int i | synthetic_destructor_call(this, i, _)) - n, result)
  }

  /**
   * Gets a compiler-generated destructor call that is performed after this expression.
   */
  DestructorCall getAnImplicitDestructorCall() { synthetic_destructor_call(this, _, result) }

  /** Gets the location of this expression. */
  override Location getLocation() {
    result = this.getExprLocationOverride()
    or
    not exists(this.getExprLocationOverride()) and
    result = this.getDbLocation()
  }

  /**
   * Gets a location for this expression that's more accurate than
   * `getDbLocation()`, if any.
   */
  private Location getExprLocationOverride() {
    // Base case: the parent has a better location than `this`.
    this.getDbLocation() instanceof UnknownLocation and
    result = this.getParent().(Expr).getDbLocation() and
    not result instanceof UnknownLocation
    or
    // Recursive case: the parent has a location override that's better than
    // what `this` has.
    this.getDbLocation() instanceof UnknownLocation and
    result = this.getParent().(Expr).getExprLocationOverride() and
    not result instanceof UnknownLocation
  }

  /** Gets the location of this expressions, raw from the database. */
  private Location getDbLocation() { exprs(underlyingElement(this), _, result) }

  /** Holds if this is an auxiliary expression generated by the compiler. */
  predicate isCompilerGenerated() {
    compgenerated(underlyingElement(this)) or
    this.getParent().(ConstructorFieldInit).isCompilerGenerated()
  }

  /**
   * Gets the type of this expression.
   *
   * As the type of an expression can sometimes be a TypedefType, calling getUnderlyingType()
   * is often more useful than calling this predicate.
   */
  pragma[nomagic]
  cached
  Type getType() { expr_types(underlyingElement(this), unresolveElement(result), _) }

  /**
   * Gets the type of this expression after typedefs have been resolved.
   *
   * In most cases, this predicate will be the same as getType().  It will
   * only differ when the result of getType() is a TypedefType, in which
   * case this predicate will (possibly recursively) resolve the typedef.
   */
  Type getUnderlyingType() { result = this.getType().getUnderlyingType() }

  /**
   * Gets the type of this expression after specifiers have been deeply
   * stripped and typedefs have been resolved.
   */
  Type getUnspecifiedType() { result = this.getType().getUnspecifiedType() }

  /** Gets a textual representation of this expression. */
  override string toString() { none() }

  /** Gets the value of this expression, if it is a constant. */
  string getValue() {
    exists(@value v | values(v, result) and valuebind(v, underlyingElement(this)))
  }

  /** Gets the value text of this expression that's in the database. */
  private string getDbValueText() {
    exists(@value v | valuebind(v, underlyingElement(this)) and valuetext(v, result))
  }

  /**
   * Gets the value text of `this`. If it doesn't have one, then instead
   * gets the value text is `this`'s nearest compatible conversion, if any.
   */
  private string getValueTextFollowingConversions() {
    if exists(this.getDbValueText())
    then result = this.getDbValueText()
    else
      exists(Expr e |
        e = this.getConversion() and
        e.getValue() = this.getValue() and
        result = e.getValueTextFollowingConversions()
      )
  }

  /** Gets the source text for the value of this expression, if it is a constant. */
  string getValueText() {
    if exists(this.getValueTextFollowingConversions())
    then result = this.getValueTextFollowingConversions()
    else result = this.getValue()
  }

  /**
   * Holds if this expression has a value that can be determined at compile time.
   *
   * An expression has a value that can be determined at compile time when:
   * - it is a compile-time constant, e.g., a literal value or the result of a constexpr
   *   compile-time constant;
   * - it is an address of a (member) function, an address of a constexpr variable
   *   initialized to a constant address, or an address of an lvalue, or any of the
   *   previous with a constant value added to or subtracted from the address;
   * - it is a reference to a (member) function, a reference to a constexpr variable
   *   initialized to a constant address, or a reference to an lvalue;
   * - it is a non-template parameter of a uninstantiated template.
   */
  cached
  predicate isConstant() {
    valuebind(_, underlyingElement(this))
    or
    addressConstantExpression(this)
    or
    constantTemplateLiteral(this)
  }

  /**
   * Holds if this expression is side-effect free (conservative
   * approximation). This predicate cannot be overridden;
   * override mayBeImpure() instead.
   *
   * Note that this predicate does not strictly correspond with
   * the usual definition of a 'pure' function because reading
   * from global state is permitted, just not writing / output.
   */
  final predicate isPure() { not this.mayBeImpure() }

  /**
   * Holds if it is possible that the expression may be impure. If we are not
   * sure, then it holds.
   */
  predicate mayBeImpure() { any() }

  /**
   * Holds if it is possible that the expression may be impure. If we are not
   * sure, then it holds. Unlike `mayBeImpure()`, this predicate does not
   * consider modifications to temporary local variables to be impure. If you
   * call a function in which nothing may be globally impure then the function
   * as a whole will have no side-effects, even if it mutates its own fresh
   * stack variables.
   */
  predicate mayBeGloballyImpure() { any() }

  /**
   * Holds if this expression is an _lvalue_. An _lvalue_ is an expression that
   * represents a location, rather than a value.
   * See [basic.lval] for more about lvalues.
   */
  predicate isLValueCategory() { expr_types(underlyingElement(this), _, 3) }

  /**
   * Holds if this expression is an _xvalue_. An _xvalue_ is a location whose
   * lifetime is about to end (e.g. an _rvalue_ reference returned from a function
   * call).
   * See [basic.lval] for more about xvalues.
   */
  predicate isXValueCategory() { expr_types(underlyingElement(this), _, 2) }

  /**
   * Holds if this expression is a _prvalue_. A _prvalue_ is an expression that
   * represents a value, rather than a location.
   * See [basic.lval] for more about prvalues.
   */
  predicate isPRValueCategory() { expr_types(underlyingElement(this), _, 1) }

  /**
   * Holds if this expression is a _glvalue_. A _glvalue_ is either an _lvalue_ or an
   * _xvalue_.
   */
  predicate isGLValueCategory() { this.isLValueCategory() or this.isXValueCategory() }

  /**
   * Holds if this expression is an _rvalue_. An _rvalue_ is either a _prvalue_ or an
   * _xvalue_.
   */
  predicate isRValueCategory() { this.isPRValueCategory() or this.isXValueCategory() }

  /**
   * Gets a string representation of the value category of the expression.
   * This is intended only for debugging. The possible values are:
   *
   * - "lvalue"
   * - "xvalue"
   * - "prvalue"
   * - "prvalue(load)"
   *
   * The "prvalue(load)" string is used when the expression is a _prvalue_, but
   * `hasLValueToRvalueConversion()` holds.
   */
  string getValueCategoryString() {
    this.isLValueCategory() and
    result = "lvalue"
    or
    this.isXValueCategory() and
    result = "xvalue"
    or
    (
      this.isPRValueCategory() and
      if this.hasLValueToRValueConversion() then result = "prvalue(load)" else result = "prvalue"
    )
  }

  /**
   * Gets the parent of this expression, if any, in an alternative syntax tree
   * that has `Conversion`s as part of the tree.
   */
  Element getParentWithConversions() { convparents(this, _, result) }

  /**
   * Holds if this expression will not be evaluated because of its context,
   * such as an expression inside a sizeof.
   */
  predicate isUnevaluated() {
    exists(Element e | e = this.getParentWithConversions+() |
      e instanceof SizeofOperator
      or
      exists(Expr e2 |
        e.(TypeidOperator).getExpr() = e2 and
        (
          not e2.getFullyConverted().getUnspecifiedType().(Class).isPolymorphic() or
          not e2.isGLValueCategory()
        )
      )
      or
      e instanceof NoExceptExpr
      or
      e instanceof AlignofOperator
      or
      e instanceof DatasizeofOperator
    )
    or
    exists(Decltype d | d.getExpr() = this.getParentWithConversions*())
    or
    exists(TypeofExprType t | t.getExpr() = this.getParentWithConversions*())
    or
    exists(ConstexprIfStmt constIf |
      constIf.getControllingExpr() = this.getParentWithConversions*()
    )
  }

  /**
   * Holds if this expression has undergone an _lvalue_-to-_rvalue_ conversion to
   * extract its value.
   * for example:
   * ```
   *  y = x;
   * ```
   * The `VariableAccess` for `x` is a _prvalue_, and `hasLValueToRValueConversion()`
   * holds because the value of `x` was loaded from the location of `x`.
   * The `VariableAccess` for `y` is an _lvalue_, and `hasLValueToRValueConversion()`
   * does not hold because the value of `y` was not extracted.
   *
   * See [conv.lval] for more about the _lvalue_-to-_rvalue_ conversion
   */
  predicate hasLValueToRValueConversion() { expr_isload(underlyingElement(this)) }

  /**
   * Holds if this expression is an _lvalue_, in the sense of having an address.
   *
   * Being an _lvalue_ is best approximated as having an address.
   * This is a strict superset of modifiable _lvalue_s, which are best approximated by things which could be on the left-hand side of an assignment.
   * This is also a strict superset of expressions which provide an _lvalue_, which is best approximated by things whose address is important.
   *
   * See [basic.lval] in the C++ language specification.
   * In C++03, every expression is either an _lvalue_ or an _rvalue_.
   * In C++11, every expression is exactly one of an _lvalue_, an _xvalue_, or a _prvalue_ (with _rvalue_s being the union of _xvalue_s and _prvalue_s).
   * Using the C++11 terminology, this predicate selects expressions whose value category is _lvalue_.
   */
  predicate isLValue() {
    // C++ n3337 - 5.1.1 clause 1
    this instanceof StringLiteral
    or
    // C++ n3337 - 5.1.1 clause 6
    this.(ParenthesisExpr).getExpr().isLValue()
    or
    // C++ n3337 - 5.1.1 clauses 8 and 9, variables and data members
    this instanceof VariableAccess and not this instanceof FieldAccess
    or
    // C++ n3337 - 5.1.1 clauses 8 and 9, functions
    exists(FunctionAccess fa | fa = this |
      fa.getTarget().isStatic()
      or
      not fa.getTarget().isMember()
    )
    or
    // C++ n3337 - 5.2.1 clause 1
    this instanceof ArrayExpr
    or
    // C++ n3337 - 5.2.2 clause 10
    //             5.2.5 clause 4, no bullet point
    //             5.2.7 clauses 2 and 5
    //             5.2.9 clause 1
    //             5.2.10 clause 1
    //             5.2.11 clause 1
    //             5.4 clause 1
    this.getType() instanceof ReferenceType
    or
    // C++ n3337 - 5.2.5 clause 4, 2nd bullet point
    this.(FieldAccess).getQualifier().isLValue()
    or
    // C++ n3337 - 5.2.8 clause 1
    this instanceof TypeidOperator
    or
    // C++ n3337 - 5.3.1 clause 1
    this instanceof PointerDereferenceExpr
    or
    // C++ n3337 - 5.3.2 clause 1
    this instanceof PrefixIncrExpr
    or
    // C++ n3337 - 5.3.2 clause 2
    this instanceof PrefixDecrExpr
    or
    // C++ n3337 - 5.16 clause 4
    exists(ConditionalExpr ce | ce = this |
      ce.getThen().isLValue() and
      ce.getElse().isLValue() and
      ce.getThen().getType() = ce.getElse().getType()
    )
    or
    // C++ n3337 - 5.17 clause 1
    this instanceof Assignment
    or
    // C++ n3337 - 5.18 clause 1
    this.(CommaExpr).getRightOperand().isLValue()
  }

  /**
   * Gets the precedence of the main operator of this expression;
   * higher precedence binds tighter.
   */
  int getPrecedence() { none() }

  /**
   * Holds if this expression has a conversion.
   *
   * Type casts and parameterized expressions are not part of the main
   * expression tree structure but attached on the nodes they convert,
   * for example:
   * ```
   *  2 + (int)(bool)1
   * ```
   * has the main tree:
   * ```
   *  2 + 1
   * ```
   * and 1 has a bool conversion, while the bool conversion itself has
   * an int conversion.
   */
  predicate hasConversion() {
    exists(Expr e | exprconv(underlyingElement(this), unresolveElement(e)))
  }

  /**
   * Holds if this expression has an implicit conversion.
   *
   * For example in `char *str = 0`, the `0` has an implicit conversion to type `char *`.
   */
  predicate hasImplicitConversion() {
    exists(Expr e |
      exprconv(underlyingElement(this), unresolveElement(e)) and e.(Conversion).isImplicit()
    )
  }

  /**
   * Holds if this expression has an explicit conversion.
   *
   * For example in `(MyClass *)ptr`, the `ptr` has an explicit
   * conversion to type `MyClass *`.
   */
  predicate hasExplicitConversion() {
    exists(Expr e |
      exprconv(underlyingElement(this), unresolveElement(e)) and not e.(Conversion).isImplicit()
    )
  }

  /**
   * Gets the conversion associated with this expression, if any.
   */
  Expr getConversion() { exprconv(underlyingElement(this), unresolveElement(result)) }

  /**
   * Gets a string describing the conversion associated with this expression,
   * or "" if there is none.
   */
  string getConversionString() {
    result = this.getConversion().toString() and this.hasConversion()
    or
    result = "" and not this.hasConversion()
  }

  /** Gets the fully converted form of this expression, including all type casts and other conversions. */
  cached
  Expr getFullyConverted() {
    hasNoConversions(this) and
    result = this
    or
    result = this.getConversion().getFullyConverted()
  }

  /**
   * Gets this expression with all of its explicit casts, but none of its
   * implicit casts. More precisely this takes conversions up to the last
   * explicit cast (there may be implicit conversions along the way), but does
   * not include conversions after the last explicit cast.
   *
   * C++ example: `C c = (B)d` might have three casts: (1) an implicit cast
   * from A to some D, (2) an explicit cast from D to B, and (3) an implicit
   * cast from B to C. Only (1) and (2) would be included.
   */
  Expr getExplicitlyConverted() {
    // For performance, we avoid a full transitive closure over `getConversion`.
    // Since there can be several implicit conversions before and after an
    // explicit conversion, use `getImplicitlyConverted` to step over them
    // cheaply. Then, if there is an explicit conversion following the implicit
    // conversion sequence, recurse to handle multiple explicit conversions.
    if this.getImplicitlyConverted().hasExplicitConversion()
    then result = this.getImplicitlyConverted().getConversion().getExplicitlyConverted()
    else result = this
  }

  /**
   * Gets this expression with all of its initial implicit casts, but none of
   * its explicit casts. More precisely, this takes all implicit conversions
   * up to (but not including) the first explicit cast (if any).
   */
  Expr getImplicitlyConverted() {
    if this.hasImplicitConversion()
    then result = this.getConversion().getImplicitlyConverted()
    else result = this
  }

  /**
   * Gets the unique non-`Conversion` expression `e` for which
   * `this = e.getConversion*()`.
   *
   * For example, if called on the expression `(int)(char)x`, this predicate
   * gets the expression `x`.
   */
  Expr getUnconverted() {
    not this instanceof Conversion and
    result = this
    or
    result = this.(Conversion).getExpr().getUnconverted()
  }

  /**
   * Gets the type of this expression, after any implicit conversions and explicit casts, and after resolving typedefs.
   *
   * As an example, consider the AST fragment `(i64)(void*)0` in the context of `typedef long long i64;`. The fragment
   * contains three expressions: two CStyleCasts and one literal Zero. For all three expressions, the result of this
   * predicate will be `long long`.
   */
  Type getActualType() { result = this.getFullyConverted().getType().getUnderlyingType() }

  /** Holds if this expression is parenthesised. */
  predicate isParenthesised() { this.getConversion() instanceof ParenthesisExpr }

  /** Gets the function containing this control-flow node. */
  override Function getControlFlowScope() { result = this.getEnclosingFunction() }
}

/**
 * A C/C++ operation.
 *
 * This is the QL root class for all operations.
 */
class Operation extends Expr, @op_expr {
  /** Gets the operator of this operation. */
  string getOperator() { none() }

  /** Gets an operand of this operation. */
  Expr getAnOperand() { result = this.getAChild() }
}

/**
 * A C/C++ unary operation.
 */
class UnaryOperation extends Operation, @un_op_expr {
  /** Gets the operand of this unary operation. */
  Expr getOperand() { this.hasChild(result, 0) }

  override string toString() { result = this.getOperator() + " ..." }

  override predicate mayBeImpure() { this.getOperand().mayBeImpure() }

  override predicate mayBeGloballyImpure() { this.getOperand().mayBeGloballyImpure() }
}

/**
 * A C/C++ binary operation.
 */
class BinaryOperation extends Operation, @bin_op_expr {
  /** Gets the left operand of this binary operation. */
  Expr getLeftOperand() { this.hasChild(result, 0) }

  /** Gets the right operand of this binary operation. */
  Expr getRightOperand() { this.hasChild(result, 1) }

  /**
   * Holds if `e1` and `e2` (in either order) are the two operands of this
   * binary operation.
   */
  predicate hasOperands(Expr e1, Expr e2) {
    exists(int i | i in [0, 1] |
      this.hasChild(e1, i) and
      this.hasChild(e2, 1 - i)
    )
  }

  override string toString() { result = "... " + this.getOperator() + " ..." }

  override predicate mayBeImpure() {
    this.getLeftOperand().mayBeImpure() or
    this.getRightOperand().mayBeImpure()
  }

  override predicate mayBeGloballyImpure() {
    this.getLeftOperand().mayBeGloballyImpure() or
    this.getRightOperand().mayBeGloballyImpure()
  }
}

/**
 * A C++11 parenthesized braced initializer list within a template.
 *
 * This is used to represent particular syntax within templates where the final
 * form of the expression is not known. In actual instantiations, it will have
 * been turned into either a constructor call or an aggregate initializer or similar.
 * ```
 * template <typename T>
 * struct S {
 *   T member;
 *   S() { member = T({ arg1, arg2 }); }
 * };
 * ```
 */
class ParenthesizedBracedInitializerList extends Expr, @braced_init_list {
  override string toString() { result = "({...})" }

  override string getAPrimaryQlClass() { result = "ParenthesizedBracedInitializerList" }
}

/**
 * A C/C++ parenthesis expression.
 *
 * It is typically used to raise the syntactic precedence of the subexpression that
 * it contains.  For example:
 * ```
 * int d = a & ( b | c );
 * ```
 */
class ParenthesisExpr extends Conversion, @parexpr {
  override string toString() { result = "(...)" }

  override string getAPrimaryQlClass() { result = "ParenthesisExpr" }
}

/**
 * A node representing a C11 `_Generic` selection expression.
 *
 * For example:
 * ```
 * _Generic(e, int: "int", default: "unknown")
 * ```
 */
class C11GenericExpr extends Conversion, @c11_generic {
  int associationCount;

  C11GenericExpr() { associationCount = (count(this.getAChild()) - 1) / 2 }

  override string toString() { result = "_Generic" }

  override string getAPrimaryQlClass() { result = "C11GenericExpr" }

  /**
   * Gets the controlling expression of the generic selection.
   *
   * For example, for
   * ```
   * _Generic(e, int: "a", default: "b")
   * ```
   * the result is `e`.
   */
  Expr getControllingExpr() { result = this.getChild(0) }

  /**
   * Gets the type of the `n`th element in the association list of the generic selection.
   *
   * For example, for
   * ```
   * _Generic(e, int: "a", default: "b")
   * ```
   * the type of the 0th element is `int`. In the case of the default element the
   * type will an instance of `VoidType`.
   */
  Type getAssociationType(int n) {
    n in [0 .. associationCount - 1] and
    result = this.getChild(n * 2 + 1).(TypeName).getType()
  }

  /**
   * Gets the type of an element in the association list of the generic selection.
   */
  Type getAnAssociationType() { result = this.getAssociationType(_) }

  /**
   * Gets the expression of the `n`th element in the association list of
   * the generic selection.
   *
   * For example, for
   * ```
   * _Generic(e, int: "a", default: "b")
   * ```
   * the expression for 0th element is `"a"`, and the expression for the
   * 1st element is `"b"`. For the selected expression, this predicate
   * will yield a `ReuseExpr`, such that
   * ```
   * this.getAssociationExpr(n).(ReuseExpr).getReusedExpr() = this.getExpr()
   * ```
   */
  Expr getAssociationExpr(int n) {
    n in [0 .. associationCount - 1] and
    result = this.getChild(n * 2 + 2)
  }

  /**
   * Gets the expression of an element in the association list of the generic selection.
   */
  Expr getAnAssociationExpr() { result = this.getAssociationExpr(_) }

  /**
   * Holds if the `n`th element of the association list of the generic selection is the
   * default element.
   *
   * For example, for
   * ```
   * _Generic(e, int: "a", default: "b")
   * ```
   * this holds for 1.
   */
  predicate isDefaultAssociation(int n) { this.getAssociationType(n) instanceof VoidType }

  /**
   * Holds if the `n`th element of the association list of the generic selection is the
   * one whose expression was selected.
   *
   * For example, with `e` of type `int` and
   * ```
   * _Generic(e, int: "a", default: "b")
   * ```
   * this holds for 0.
   */
  predicate isSelectedAssociation(int n) {
    this.getAssociationExpr(n).(ReuseExpr).getReusedExpr() = this.getExpr()
  }
}

/**
 * A C/C++ expression that could not be resolved, or that can no longer be
 * represented due to a database upgrade or downgrade.
 *
 * If the expression could not be resolved, it has type `ErroneousType`. In the
 * case of a database upgrade or downgrade, the original type from before the
 * upgrade or downgrade is kept if that type can be represented.
 */
class ErrorExpr extends Expr, @errorexpr {
  override string toString() { result = "<error expr>" }

  override string getAPrimaryQlClass() { result = "ErrorExpr" }
}

/**
 * A Microsoft C/C++ __assume expression.
 *
 * Unlike `assert`, `__assume` is evaluated at compile time and
 * is treated as a hint to the optimizer
 * ```
 * __assume(ptr < end_buf);
 * ```
 */
class AssumeExpr extends Expr, @assume {
  override string toString() { result = "__assume(...)" }

  override string getAPrimaryQlClass() { result = "AssumeExpr" }

  /**
   * Gets the operand of the `__assume` expressions.
   */
  Expr getOperand() { this.hasChild(result, 0) }
}

/**
 * A C/C++ comma expression.
 *
 * For example:
 * ```
 * int c = compute1(), compute2(), resulting_value;
 * ```
 */
class CommaExpr extends Expr, @commaexpr {
  override string getAPrimaryQlClass() { result = "CommaExpr" }

  /**
   * Gets the left operand, which is the one whose value is discarded.
   */
  Expr getLeftOperand() { this.hasChild(result, 0) }

  /**
   * Gets the right operand, which is the one whose value is equal to the value
   * of the comma expression itself.
   */
  Expr getRightOperand() { this.hasChild(result, 1) }

  override string toString() { result = "... , ..." }

  override int getPrecedence() { result = 0 }

  override predicate mayBeImpure() {
    this.getLeftOperand().mayBeImpure() or
    this.getRightOperand().mayBeImpure()
  }

  override predicate mayBeGloballyImpure() {
    this.getLeftOperand().mayBeGloballyImpure() or
    this.getRightOperand().mayBeGloballyImpure()
  }
}

/**
 * A C/C++ address-of expression.
 * ```
 * int *ptr = &var;
 * ```
 */
class AddressOfExpr extends UnaryOperation, @address_of {
  override string getAPrimaryQlClass() { result = "AddressOfExpr" }

  /** Gets the function or variable whose address is taken. */
  Declaration getAddressable() {
    result = this.getOperand().(Access).getTarget()
    or
    // this handles the case where we are taking the address of a reference variable
    result = this.getOperand().(ReferenceDereferenceExpr).getChild(0).(Access).getTarget()
  }

  override string getOperator() { result = "&" }

  override int getPrecedence() { result = 16 }

  override predicate mayBeImpure() { this.getOperand().mayBeImpure() }

  override predicate mayBeGloballyImpure() { this.getOperand().mayBeGloballyImpure() }
}

/**
 * An implicit conversion from type `T` to type `T &`.
 *
 * This typically occurs when an expression of type `T` is used to initialize a variable or parameter of
 * type `T &`, and is to reference types what `AddressOfExpr` is to pointer types, though this class is
 * considered to be a conversion rather than an operation, and as such doesn't occur in the main AST.
 * ```
 * int &var_ref = var;
 * ```
 */
class ReferenceToExpr extends Conversion, @reference_to {
  override string toString() { result = "(reference to)" }

  override string getAPrimaryQlClass() { result = "ReferenceToExpr" }

  override int getPrecedence() { result = 16 }
}

/**
 * An instance of the built-in unary `operator *` applied to a type.
 *
 * For user-defined overloads of `operator *`, see `OverloadedPointerDereferenceExpr`.
 * ```
 * int var = *varptr;
 * ```
 */
class PointerDereferenceExpr extends UnaryOperation, @indirect {
  override string getAPrimaryQlClass() { result = "PointerDereferenceExpr" }

  override string getOperator() { result = "*" }

  override int getPrecedence() { result = 16 }

  override predicate mayBeImpure() {
    this.getChild(0).mayBeImpure() or
    this.getChild(0).getFullyConverted().getType().(DerivedType).getBaseType().isVolatile()
  }

  override predicate mayBeGloballyImpure() {
    this.getChild(0).mayBeGloballyImpure() or
    this.getChild(0).getFullyConverted().getType().(DerivedType).getBaseType().isVolatile()
  }
}

/**
 * An implicit conversion from type `T &` to type `T`.
 *
 * This typically occurs when an variable of type `T &` is used in a context which expects type `T`, and
 * is to reference types what `PointerDereferenceExpr` is to pointer types - though this class is
 * considered to be a conversion rather than an operation, and as such doesn't occur in the main AST.
 * ```
 * float &f_ref = get_ref();
 * float f = f_ref;
 * ```
 */
class ReferenceDereferenceExpr extends Conversion, @ref_indirect {
  override string toString() { result = "(reference dereference)" }

  override string getAPrimaryQlClass() { result = "ReferenceDereferenceExpr" }
}

/**
 * A C++ `new` or `new[]` expression.
 */
class NewOrNewArrayExpr extends Expr, @any_new_expr {
  override int getPrecedence() { result = 16 }

  /**
   * Gets the `operator new` or `operator new[]` that allocates storage.
   */
  Function getAllocator() { expr_allocator(underlyingElement(this), unresolveElement(result), _) }

  /**
   * Holds if the allocation function is the version that expects an alignment
   * argument of type `std::align_val_t`.
   */
  predicate hasAlignedAllocation() { expr_allocator(underlyingElement(this), _, 1) }

  /**
   * Gets the alignment argument passed to the allocation function, if any.
   */
  Expr getAlignmentArgument() {
    this.hasAlignedAllocation() and
    (
      // If we have an allocator call, the alignment is the second argument to
      // that call.
      result = this.getAllocatorCall().getArgument(1)
      or
      // Otherwise, the alignment winds up as child number 3 of the `new`
      // itself.
      result = this.getChild(3)
    )
  }

  /**
   * Gets the call to a non-default `operator new` that allocates storage, if any.
   *
   * As a rule of thumb, there will be an allocator call precisely when the type
   * being allocated has a custom `operator new`, or when an argument list appears
   * after the `new` keyword and before the name of the type being allocated.
   *
   * In particular note that uses of placement-new and nothrow-new will have an
   * allocator call.
   */
  FunctionCall getAllocatorCall() { result = this.getChild(0) }

  /**
   * Gets the `operator delete` that deallocates storage if the initialization
   * throws an exception, if any.
   */
  Function getDeallocator() {
    expr_deallocator(underlyingElement(this), unresolveElement(result), _)
  }

  /**
   * Holds if the deallocation function expects a size argument.
   */
  predicate hasSizedDeallocation() {
    exists(int form |
      expr_deallocator(underlyingElement(this), _, form) and
      form.bitAnd(1) != 0 // Bit zero is the "size" bit
    )
  }

  /**
   * Holds if the deallocation function expects an alignment argument.
   */
  predicate hasAlignedDeallocation() {
    exists(int form |
      expr_deallocator(underlyingElement(this), _, form) and
      form.bitAnd(2) != 0 // Bit one is the "alignment" bit
    )
  }

  /**
   * Holds if the deallocation function is a destroying delete.
   */
  predicate isDestroyingDeleteDeallocation() {
    exists(int form |
      expr_deallocator(underlyingElement(this), _, form) and
      form.bitAnd(4) != 0 // Bit two is the "destroying delete" bit
    )
  }

  /**
   * Gets the type that is being allocated.
   *
   * For example, for `new int` the result is `int`.
   * For `new int[5]` the result is `int[5]`.
   */
  Type getAllocatedType() { none() } // overridden in subclasses

  /**
   * Gets the pointer `p` if this expression is of the form `new(p) T...`.
   * Invocations of this form are non-allocating `new` expressions that may
   * call the constructor of `T` but will not allocate memory.
   */
  Expr getPlacementPointer() {
    result =
      this.getAllocatorCall()
          .getArgument(this.getAllocator().(OperatorNewAllocationFunction).getPlacementArgument())
  }

  /**
   * For `operator new`, this gets the call or expression that initializes the allocated object, if any.
   *
   * As examples, for `new int(4)`, this will be `4`, and for `new std::vector(4)`, this will
   * be a call to the constructor `std::vector::vector(size_t)` with `4` as an argument.
   *
   * For `operator new[]`, this gets the call or expression that initializes the first element of the
   * array, if any.
   *
   * This will either be a call to the default constructor for the array's element type (as
   * in `new std::string[10]`), or a literal zero for arrays of scalars which are zero-initialized
   * due to extra parentheses (as in `new int[10]()`).
   *
   * At runtime, the constructor will be called once for each element in the array, but the
   * constructor call only exists once in the AST.
   */
  final Expr getInitializer() { result = this.getChild(1) }
}

/**
 * A C++ `new` (non-array) expression.
 * ```
 * Foo *ptr = new Foo(3);
 * ```
 */
class NewExpr extends NewOrNewArrayExpr, @new_expr {
  override string toString() { result = "new" }

  override string getAPrimaryQlClass() { result = "NewExpr" }

  /**
   * Gets the type that is being allocated.
   *
   * For example, for `new int` the result is `int`.
   */
  override Type getAllocatedType() {
    new_allocated_type(underlyingElement(this), unresolveElement(result))
  }
}

/**
 * A C++ `new[]` (array) expression.
 * ```
 * Foo *foo = new Foo[]{1, 3, 5};
 * Bar *bar = new Bar[5];
 * ```
 */
class NewArrayExpr extends NewOrNewArrayExpr, @new_array_expr {
  override string toString() { result = "new[]" }

  override string getAPrimaryQlClass() { result = "NewArrayExpr" }

  /**
   * Gets the type that is being allocated.
   *
   * For example, for `new int[5]` the result is `int[5]`.
   */
  override Type getAllocatedType() {
    new_array_allocated_type(underlyingElement(this), unresolveElement(result))
  }

  /**
   * Gets the element type of the array being allocated.
   */
  Type getAllocatedElementType() {
    result = this.getType().getUnderlyingType().(PointerType).getBaseType()
  }

  /**
   * Gets the extent of the non-constant array dimension, if any.
   *
   * As examples, for `new char[n]` and `new char[n][10]`, this gives `n`, but for `new char[10]` this
   * gives nothing, as the 10 is considered part of the type.
   */
  Expr getExtent() { result = this.getChild(2) }

  /**
   * Gets the number of elements in the array, if available.
   *
   * For example, `new int[]{1,2,3}` has an array size of 3.
   */
  int getArraySize() {
    result = this.getAllocatedType().(ArrayType).getArraySize() or
    result = this.getInitializer().(ArrayAggregateLiteral).getArraySize()
  }
}

private class TDeleteOrDeleteArrayExpr = @delete_expr or @delete_array_expr;

/**
 * A C++ `delete` or `delete[]` expression.
 */
class DeleteOrDeleteArrayExpr extends Expr, TDeleteOrDeleteArrayExpr {
  override int getPrecedence() { result = 16 }

  /**
   * Gets the call to a destructor that occurs prior to the object's memory being deallocated, if any.
   *
   * In the case of `delete[]` at runtime, the destructor will be called once for each element in the array, but the
   * destructor call only exists once in the AST.
   */
  DestructorCall getDestructorCall() { result = this.getChild(1) }

  /**
   * Gets the destructor to be called to destroy the object or array, if any.
   */
  Destructor getDestructor() { result = this.getDestructorCall().getTarget() }

  /**
   * Gets the `operator delete` or `operator delete[]` that deallocates storage.
   * Does not hold if the type being destroyed has a virtual destructor. In that case, the
   * `operator delete` that will be called is determined at runtime based on the
   * dynamic type of the object.
   */
  Function getDeallocator() {
    expr_deallocator(underlyingElement(this), unresolveElement(result), _)
  }

  /**
   * Gets the call to a non-default `operator delete`/`delete[]` that deallocates storage, if any.
   *
   * This will only be present when the type being deleted has a custom `operator delete` and
   * does not have a virtual destructor.
   */
  FunctionCall getDeallocatorCall() { result = this.getChild(0) }

  /**
   * Holds if the deallocation function expects a size argument.
   */
  predicate hasSizedDeallocation() {
    exists(int form |
      expr_deallocator(underlyingElement(this), _, form) and
      form.bitAnd(1) != 0 // Bit zero is the "size" bit
    )
  }

  /**
   * Holds if the deallocation function expects an alignment argument.
   */
  predicate hasAlignedDeallocation() {
    exists(int form |
      expr_deallocator(underlyingElement(this), _, form) and
      form.bitAnd(2) != 0 // Bit one is the "alignment" bit
    )
  }

  /**
   * Holds if the deallocation function is a destroying delete.
   */
  predicate isDestroyingDeleteDeallocation() {
    exists(int form |
      expr_deallocator(underlyingElement(this), _, form) and
      form.bitAnd(4) != 0 // Bit two is the "destroying delete" bit
    )
  }

  /**
   * Gets the object or array being deleted.
   */
  Expr getExpr() {
    // If there is a destructor call, the object being deleted is the qualifier
    // otherwise it is the third child.
    exists(Expr exprWithReuse | exprWithReuse = this.getExprWithReuse() |
      if not exprWithReuse instanceof ReuseExpr
      then result = exprWithReuse
      else result = this.getDestructorCall().getQualifier()
    )
  }

  /**
   * Gets the object or array being deleted, and gets a `ReuseExpr` when there
   * is a destructor call and the object is also the qualifier of the call.
   *
   * For example, given:
   * ```
   * struct HasDestructor { ~HasDestructor(); };
   * struct PlainOldData { int x, char y; };
   *
   * void f(HasDestructor* hasDestructor, PlainOldData* pod) {
   *   delete hasDestructor;
   *   delete pod;
   * }
   * ```
   * This predicate yields a `ReuseExpr` for `delete hasDestructor`, as the
   * the deleted expression has a destructor, and that expression is also
   * the qualifier of the destructor call. In the case of `delete pod` the
   * predicate does not yield a `ReuseExpr`, as there is no destructor call.
   */
  Expr getExprWithReuse() { result = this.getChild(3) }
}

/**
 * A C++ `delete` (non-array) expression.
 * ```
 * delete ptr;
 * ```
 */
class DeleteExpr extends DeleteOrDeleteArrayExpr, @delete_expr {
  override string toString() { result = "delete" }

  override string getAPrimaryQlClass() { result = "DeleteExpr" }

  /**
   * Gets the compile-time type of the object being deleted.
   */
  Type getDeletedObjectType() {
    result =
      this.getExpr()
          .getFullyConverted()
          .getType()
          .stripTopLevelSpecifiers()
          .(PointerType)
          .getBaseType()
  }
}

/**
 * A C++ `delete[]` (array) expression.
 * ```
 * delete[] arr;
 * ```
 */
class DeleteArrayExpr extends DeleteOrDeleteArrayExpr, @delete_array_expr {
  override string toString() { result = "delete[]" }

  override string getAPrimaryQlClass() { result = "DeleteArrayExpr" }

  /**
   * Gets the element type of the array being deleted.
   */
  Type getDeletedElementType() {
    result =
      this.getExpr()
          .getFullyConverted()
          .getType()
          .stripTopLevelSpecifiers()
          .(PointerType)
          .getBaseType()
  }
}

/**
 * A compound statement enclosed in parentheses used as an expression (a GNU extension to C/C++).
 * In the example below, `b` is the return value from the compound statement.
 * ```
 * int a = ({ int b = c + d; b; });
 * ```
 */
class StmtExpr extends Expr, @expr_stmt {
  override string toString() { result = "(statement expression)" }

  /**
   * Gets the statement enclosed by this `StmtExpr`.
   */
  Stmt getStmt() { result.getParent() = this }

  override string getAPrimaryQlClass() { result = "StmtExpr" }

  /**
   * Gets the result expression of the enclosed statement. For example,
   * `a+b` is the result expression in this example:
   *
   * ```
   * x = ({ dosomething(); a+b; });
   * ```
   */
  Expr getResultExpr() { result = getStmtResultExpr(this.getStmt()) }
}

/** Get the result expression of a statement. (Helper function for StmtExpr.) */
private Expr getStmtResultExpr(Stmt stmt) {
  result = stmt.(ExprStmt).getExpr() or
  result = getStmtResultExpr(stmt.(BlockStmt).getLastStmt())
}

/**
 * A C++ `this` expression.
 */
class ThisExpr extends Expr, @thisaccess {
  override string toString() { result = "this" }

  override string getAPrimaryQlClass() { result = "ThisExpr" }

  override predicate mayBeImpure() { none() }

  override predicate mayBeGloballyImpure() { none() }
}

/**
 * A code block expression, for example:
 * ```
 * ^ int (int x, int y) {return x + y;}
 * ```
 * Blocks are a language extension supported by Clang, and by Apple's
 * branch of GCC.
 */
class BlockExpr extends Literal {
  BlockExpr() { code_block(underlyingElement(this), _) }

  override string toString() { result = "^ { ... }" }

  /**
   * Gets the (anonymous) function associated with this code block expression.
   */
  Function getFunction() { code_block(underlyingElement(this), unresolveElement(result)) }
}

/**
 * A C++ `throw` expression.
 * ```
 * throw Exc(2);
 * ```
 */
class ThrowExpr extends Expr, @throw_expr {
  /**
   * Gets the expression that will be thrown, if any. There is no result if
   * `this` is a `ReThrowExpr`.
   */
  Expr getExpr() { result = this.getChild(0) }

  override string getAPrimaryQlClass() { result = "ThrowExpr" }

  override string toString() { result = "throw ..." }

  override int getPrecedence() { result = 1 }
}

/**
 * A C++ `throw` expression with no argument (which causes the current exception to be re-thrown).
 * ```
 * throw;
 * ```
 */
class ReThrowExpr extends ThrowExpr {
  ReThrowExpr() { this.getType() instanceof VoidType }

  override string getAPrimaryQlClass() { result = "ReThrowExpr" }

  override string toString() { result = "re-throw exception " }
}

/**
 * A C++11 `noexcept` expression, returning `true` if its subexpression is guaranteed
 * not to `throw` exceptions.  For example:
 * ```
 * if (noexcept(func_1() + func_2())) { }
 * ```
 */
class NoExceptExpr extends Expr, @noexceptexpr {
  override string toString() { result = "noexcept(...)" }

  override string getAPrimaryQlClass() { result = "NoExceptExpr" }

  /**
   * Gets the expression inside this noexcept expression.
   */
  Expr getExpr() { result = this.getChild(0) }
}

/**
 * A C++17 fold expression. This will only appear in an uninstantiated template; any instantiations
 * of the template will instead contain the sequence of expressions given by expanding the fold.
 * ```
 * template < typename... T >
 * auto sum ( T... t ) { return ( t + ... + 0 ); }
 * ```
 */
class FoldExpr extends Expr, @foldexpr {
  override string toString() {
    exists(string op |
      op = this.getOperatorString() and
      if this.isUnaryFold()
      then
        if this.isLeftFold()
        then result = "( ... " + op + " pack )"
        else result = "( pack " + op + " ... )"
      else
        if this.isLeftFold()
        then result = "( init " + op + " ... " + op + " pack )"
        else result = "( pack " + op + " ... " + op + " init )"
    )
  }

  override string getAPrimaryQlClass() { result = "FoldExpr" }

  /** Gets the binary operator used in this fold expression, as a string. */
  string getOperatorString() { fold(underlyingElement(this), result, _) }

  /** Holds if this is a left-fold expression. */
  predicate isLeftFold() { fold(underlyingElement(this), _, true) }

  /** Holds if this is a right-fold expression. */
  predicate isRightFold() { fold(underlyingElement(this), _, false) }

  /** Holds if this is a unary fold expression. */
  predicate isUnaryFold() { this.getNumChild() = 1 }

  /** Holds if this is a binary fold expression. */
  predicate isBinaryFold() { this.getNumChild() = 2 }

  /**
   * Gets the child expression containing the unexpanded parameter pack.
   */
  Expr getPackExpr() {
    this.isUnaryFold() and
    result = this.getChild(0)
    or
    this.isBinaryFold() and
    if this.isRightFold() then result = this.getChild(0) else result = this.getChild(1)
  }

  /**
   * If this is a binary fold, gets the expression representing the initial value.
   */
  Expr getInitExpr() {
    this.isBinaryFold() and
    if this.isRightFold() then result = this.getChild(1) else result = this.getChild(0)
  }
}

/**
 * Holds if `child` is the `n`th child of `parent` in an alternative syntax
 * tree that has `Conversion`s as part of the tree.
 */
private predicate convparents(Expr child, int idx, Element parent) {
  child.getConversion() = parent and
  idx = 0
  or
  exists(Expr astChild |
    exprparents(unresolveElement(astChild), idx, unresolveElement(parent)) and
    child = astChild.getFullyConverted()
  )
}

// Pulled out for performance. See
// https://github.com/github/codeql-coreql-team/issues/1044.
private predicate hasNoConversions(Expr e) { not e.hasConversion() }

/**
 * Holds if `e` is a literal of unknown value in a template, or a cast thereof.
 * We assume that such literals are constant.
 */
private predicate constantTemplateLiteral(Expr e) {
  // Unknown literals in uninstantiated templates could be enum constant
  // accesses or pointer-to-member literals.
  e instanceof Literal and
  e.isFromUninstantiatedTemplate(_) and
  not exists(e.getValue())
  or
  constantTemplateLiteral(e.(Cast).getExpr())
}

/**
 * A C++ three-way comparison operation, also known as the _spaceship
 * operation_.  This is specific to C++20 and later.
 * ```
 * auto c = (a <=> b);
 * ```
 */
class SpaceshipExpr extends BinaryOperation, @spaceshipexpr {
  override string getAPrimaryQlClass() { result = "SpaceshipExpr" }

  override int getPrecedence() { result = 11 }

  override string getOperator() { result = "<=>" }
}

/**
 * A C/C++ `co_await` expression.
 * ```
 * co_await foo();
 * ```
 */
class CoAwaitExpr extends UnaryOperation, @co_await {
  override string getAPrimaryQlClass() { result = "CoAwaitExpr" }

  override string getOperator() { result = "co_await" }

  override int getPrecedence() { result = 16 }

  /**
   * Gets the Boolean expression that is used to decide if the enclosing
   * coroutine should be suspended.
   */
  Expr getAwaitReady() { result = this.getChild(1) }

  /**
   * Gets the expression that represents the resume point if the enclosing
   * coroutine was suspended.
   */
  Expr getAwaitResume() { result = this.getChild(2) }

  /**
   * Gets the expression that is evaluated when the enclosing coroutine is
   * suspended.
   */
  Expr getAwaitSuspend() { result = this.getChild(3) }
}

/**
 * A C/C++ `co_yield` expression.
 * ```
 * co_yield 1;
 * ```
 */
class CoYieldExpr extends UnaryOperation, @co_yield {
  override string getAPrimaryQlClass() { result = "CoYieldExpr" }

  override string getOperator() { result = "co_yield" }

  override int getPrecedence() { result = 2 }

  /**
   * Gets the Boolean expression that is used to decide if the enclosing
   * coroutine should be suspended.
   */
  Expr getAwaitReady() { result = this.getChild(1) }

  /**
   * Gets the expression that represents the resume point if the enclosing
   * coroutine was suspended.
   */
  Expr getAwaitResume() { result = this.getChild(2) }

  /**
   * Gets the expression that is evaluated when the enclosing coroutine is
   * suspended.
   */
  Expr getAwaitSuspend() { result = this.getChild(3) }
}

/**
 * An expression representing the re-use of another expression.
 *
 * In some specific cases an expression may be referred to outside its
 * original context. A re-use expression wraps any such reference. A
 * re-use expression can for example occur as the qualifier of an implicit
 * destructor called on a temporary object, where the original use of the
 * expression is in the definition of the temporary.
 */
class ReuseExpr extends Expr, @reuseexpr {
  override string getAPrimaryQlClass() { result = "ReuseExpr" }

  override string toString() { result = "reuse of " + this.getReusedExpr().toString() }

  /**
   * Gets the expression that is being re-used.
   */
  Expr getReusedExpr() { expr_reuse(underlyingElement(this), unresolveElement(result), _) }

  override Type getType() { result = this.getReusedExpr().getType() }

  override predicate isLValueCategory() { expr_reuse(underlyingElement(this), _, 3) }

  override predicate isXValueCategory() { expr_reuse(underlyingElement(this), _, 2) }

  override predicate isPRValueCategory() { expr_reuse(underlyingElement(this), _, 1) }
}