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karn-spec.json
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194 lines (185 loc) · 10.8 KB
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{
"language": "KARN",
"version": "1.0.0",
"description": "Token-minimal, platform-agnostic programming language built for AI agents",
"repository": "https://github.com/karn-lang/karn",
"license": "MIT",
"tokens": {
"->": { "name": "arrow", "description": "Function definition separator", "example": "add->a b: a+b" },
"!": { "name": "emit", "description": "Print or return value", "example": "! result" },
"^": { "name": "export", "description": "Public function marker", "example": "^main->:" },
"~": { "name": "mutate", "description": "Mutable bind", "example": "~count = 0" },
"?": { "name": "propagate", "description": "Unwrap Ok, propagate Err up stack", "example": "data = http.get(url)?" },
"??": { "name": "fallback", "description": "Use default value on Err", "example": "cache.get(k)??default" },
"&": { "name": "parallel", "description": "Concurrent execution, collect all results", "example": "a() & b() & c()" },
"|>": { "name": "pipe_forward", "description": "Sequential value passing between functions", "example": "auth.verify(tok) |> db.q()" },
"|~": { "name": "race", "description": "First success wins, others cancelled", "example": "primary()|~fallback()" },
"*": { "name": "map", "description": "Transform each element of collection", "example": "items*(x->x*2)" },
"%": { "name": "filter", "description": "Filter collection by predicate", "example": "items%(x->x>0)" },
"..": { "name": "range", "description": "Inclusive range", "example": "1..100" },
"@": { "name": "target", "description": "Platform declaration", "example": "@web+@ios" },
"#": { "name": "import", "description": "Stdlib module import", "example": "#http #db.pg" },
"type": { "name": "type_def", "description": "Named type declaration", "example": "type User:{id:N}" },
"match": { "name": "pattern_match", "description": "Structural pattern matching dispatch", "example": "match r{ Ok v -> v }" },
"from": { "name": "extern_import", "description": "External ecosystem import", "example": "from pip numpy as np" },
"==": { "name": "eq", "description": "Equality comparison", "example": "a == b" },
"!=": { "name": "neq", "description": "Inequality comparison", "example": "a != b" },
"<": { "name": "lt", "description": "Less than", "example": "a < b" },
"<=": { "name": "lte", "description": "Less than or equal", "example": "a <= b" },
">": { "name": "gt", "description": "Greater than", "example": "a > b" },
">=": { "name": "gte", "description": "Greater than or equal", "example": "a >= b" },
"Ok": { "name": "ok", "description": "Success result wrapper", "example": "Ok(42)" },
"Err": { "name": "err", "description": "Error result wrapper", "example": "Err('fail')" }
},
"type_aliases": {
"N": "Number (double)",
"S": "String",
"B": "Bool",
"T": "Any (generic)"
},
"ast_nodes": {
"NumberLit": { "fields": ["value: number"] },
"StringLit": { "fields": ["value: string"] },
"BoolLit": { "fields": ["value: boolean"] },
"NilLit": { "fields": [] },
"Ident": { "fields": ["name: string"] },
"Bind": { "fields": ["name: string", "value: Node", "mutable: boolean"] },
"FnDef": { "fields": ["name: string|null", "params: [string, string|null][]", "ret_type: string|null", "body: Node[]", "exported: boolean"] },
"Call": { "fields": ["callee: Node", "args: Node[]", "kwargs: {string: Node}"] },
"BinOp": { "fields": ["op: string", "left: Node", "right: Node"] },
"GetAttr": { "fields": ["obj: Node", "attr: string"] },
"ListLit": { "fields": ["items: Node[]"] },
"MapLit": { "fields": ["pairs: [Node, Node][]"] },
"MatchExpr": { "fields": ["subject: Node", "arms: [Node, Node][]"] },
"Propagate": { "fields": ["expr: Node"] },
"Fallback": { "fields": ["expr: Node", "default: Node"] },
"Pipe": { "fields": ["stages: Node[]"] },
"Par": { "fields": ["exprs: Node[]"] },
"MapOp": { "fields": ["collection: Node", "fn: Node"] },
"FilterOp": { "fields": ["collection: Node", "fn: Node"] },
"RangeExpr": { "fields": ["start: Node", "end: Node"] },
"TypeDef": { "fields": ["name: string", "fields: {string: string}"] },
"Emit": { "fields": ["value: Node"] },
"StdlibImport": { "fields": ["path: string"] },
"ExternImport": { "fields": ["ecosystem: string", "package: string", "alias: string"] },
"TargetDecl": { "fields": ["targets: string[]"] }
},
"stdlib": {
"http": {
"get": { "params": ["url: S"], "returns": "Ok(S)|Err" },
"serve": { "params": ["port: N", "routes: Map"], "returns": "Ok(nil)" },
"ws": { "params": ["url: S"], "returns": "Ok(ws)" }
},
"fs": {
"read": { "params": ["path: S"], "returns": "Ok(S)|Err" },
"write": { "params": ["path: S", "content: S"], "returns": "Ok(nil)|Err" },
"list": { "params": ["path: S?"], "returns": "Ok([S])|Err" }
},
"log": {
"info": { "params": ["msg: S"], "returns": "Ok(nil)" },
"warn": { "params": ["msg: S"], "returns": "Ok(nil)" },
"err": { "params": ["msg: S"], "returns": "Ok(nil)" }
},
"env": {
"get": { "params": ["key: S", "default: S?"], "returns": "Ok(S)" },
"require": { "params": ["key: S"], "returns": "Ok(S)|Err" }
},
"json": {
"parse": { "params": ["s: S"], "returns": "Ok(Any)|Err" },
"stringify": { "params": ["obj: Any", "indent: N?"], "returns": "Ok(S)" },
"pretty": { "params": ["obj: Any"], "returns": "Ok(S)" }
},
"math": {
"abs": { "params": ["x: N"], "returns": "N" },
"ceil": { "params": ["x: N"], "returns": "N" },
"floor": { "params": ["x: N"], "returns": "N" },
"round": { "params": ["x: N"], "returns": "N" },
"sqrt": { "params": ["x: N"], "returns": "N" },
"pow": { "params": ["x: N", "y: N"], "returns": "N" },
"min": { "params": ["...args: N"], "returns": "N" },
"max": { "params": ["...args: N"], "returns": "N" },
"sin": { "params": ["x: N"], "returns": "N" },
"cos": { "params": ["x: N"], "returns": "N" },
"log": { "params": ["x: N"], "returns": "N" },
"pi": { "params": [], "returns": "N" },
"e": { "params": [], "returns": "N" }
},
"time": {
"now": { "params": [], "returns": "N" },
"sleep": { "params": ["ms: N"], "returns": "Ok(nil)" },
"fmt": { "params": ["ts: N?", "fmt: S?"], "returns": "Ok(S)" },
"date": { "params": [], "returns": "Ok(Map)" }
},
"str": {
"join": { "params": ["lst: [S]", "sep: S?"], "returns": "Ok(S)" },
"split": { "params": ["s: S", "sep: S?"], "returns": "Ok([S])" },
"replace": { "params": ["s: S", "old: S", "new: S"], "returns": "Ok(S)" },
"contains": { "params": ["s: S", "sub: S"], "returns": "Ok(B)" },
"starts": { "params": ["s: S", "prefix: S"], "returns": "Ok(B)" },
"ends": { "params": ["s: S", "suffix: S"], "returns": "Ok(B)" },
"trim": { "params": ["s: S"], "returns": "Ok(S)" },
"repeat": { "params": ["s: S", "n: N"], "returns": "Ok(S)" }
},
"crypto": {
"md5": { "params": ["s: S"], "returns": "Ok(S)" },
"sha256": { "params": ["s: S"], "returns": "Ok(S)" },
"base64_encode": { "params": ["s: S"], "returns": "Ok(S)" },
"base64_decode": { "params": ["s: S"], "returns": "Ok(S)|Err" },
"uuid": { "params": [], "returns": "Ok(S)" }
},
"db": {
"q": { "params": ["table: S", "where: Map?"], "returns": "Ok([Map])" },
"exec": { "params": ["sql: S", "...args: Any"], "returns": "Ok(Map)" }
}
},
"builtins": {
"print": { "params": ["...args: Any"], "returns": "Ok(nil)" },
"int": { "params": ["x: Any"], "returns": "N" },
"float": { "params": ["x: Any"], "returns": "N" },
"len": { "params": ["x: Any"], "returns": "N" },
"keys": { "params": ["x: Map"], "returns": "[S]" },
"values": { "params": ["x: Map"], "returns": "[Any]" },
"range": { "params": ["start: N", "end: N?"], "returns": "[N]" },
"type_of": { "params": ["x: Any"], "returns": "S" },
"repr": { "params": ["x: Any"], "returns": "S" },
"sorted": { "params": ["x: [N]"], "returns": "[N]" },
"reversed": { "params": ["x: [Any]"], "returns": "[Any]" },
"sum": { "params": ["x: [N]"], "returns": "N" },
"any": { "params": ["x: [B]"], "returns": "B" },
"all": { "params": ["x: [B]"], "returns": "B" },
"zip": { "params": ["a: [Any]", "b: [Any]"], "returns": "[(Any, Any)]" }
},
"codegen_targets": {
"c": { "output": ".c", "description": "C source code with full runtime", "compile": "gcc -o output input.c -lm" },
"js": { "output": ".js", "description": "JavaScript for Node.js", "run": "node output.js" },
"web": { "output": ".html", "description": "Self-contained HTML for browsers", "run": "open output.html" },
"python": { "output": ".python.py", "description": "Portable Python 3 code", "run": "python output.python.py" },
"macos-arm64": { "output": "(binary)", "description": "macOS ARM native binary", "compile": "gcc -arch arm64 -o output input.c -lm" },
"linux-x64": { "output": "(binary)", "description": "Linux x64 native binary", "compile": "gcc -m64 -o output input.c -lm" },
"linux-arm64": { "output": "(binary)", "description": "Linux ARM64 native binary", "compile": "gcc -march=armv8-a -o output input.c -lm" },
"windows-x64": { "output": "(binary)", "description": "Windows x64 PE binary", "compile": "gcc -m64 -o output.exe input.c -lm" },
"wasm32": { "output": ".wasm", "description": "WebAssembly module", "compile": "emcc input.c -o output.wasm" }
},
"cli": {
"run": { "usage": "karn run <file.kn> [--jit]", "description": "Run a .kn file (interpreted or JIT)" },
"build": { "usage": "karn build <file.kn> --target <target> [-o output]", "description": "Compile to specified target" },
"check": { "usage": "karn check <file.kn> [file.kn ...]", "description": "Parse and type-check without running" },
"repl": { "usage": "karn repl", "description": "Start interactive REPL" }
},
"examples": {
"hello": { "source": "! \"Hello from KARN!\"", "tokens": 4 },
"fibonacci": { "source": "fib->n:N:N\n match n{\n 0 -> 0\n 1 -> 1\n x -> fib(x-1) + fib(x-2)\n }\n! fib(10)", "tokens": 32 },
"map_filter": { "source": "items = [1,2,3,4,5]\ndoubled = items*(x->x*2)\nevans = items%(x->x%2==0)", "tokens": 28 },
"api_server": { "source": "@web #http #db.pg\n\ntype User:{id:N, name:S, role:S}\n\n^getUser->req:\n tok = auth.verify(req.header.token)?\n user = db.q(\"users\", {id:req.p.id})?\n !user\n\nhttp.serve(3000, {\"/users/:id\": getUser})", "tokens": 47 }
},
"agent_optimization": {
"token_savings_vs_python": "76%",
"token_savings_vs_typescript": "83%",
"token_savings_vs_rust": "89%",
"context_window_efficiency": "4x more code per context window vs Python",
"deterministic_execution": true,
"no_hidden_control_flow": true,
"error_as_value": true,
"multi_platform_single_source": true
}
}