def f(<default_args>): # def f(x=0, y=0):

def f(<nondefault_args>, <default_args>): # def f(x, y=0):

* **Any changes to mutable objects will persist between invocations.**

<attr_name_3>: list/dict/set = field(default_factory=list/dict/set)

* **Objects can be made [sortable](#sortable) with `'order=True'` and immutable with `'frozen=True'`.**

* **Function field() is needed because `'<attr_name>: list = []'` would make a list that is shared among all instances. Its 'default_factory' argument can be any [callable](#callable).**

* **For attributes of arbitrary type use `'typing.Any'`.**

<tuple> = ('<attr_name>', <type> [, <default_value>])

**Mechanism that restricts objects to attributes listed in 'slots' and significantly reduces their memory footprint.**

from copy import copy, deepcopy

<object> = copy(<object>)

<object> = deepcopy(<object>)

<header>

<a href="https://gto76.github.io" rel="author">Jure Šorn</a>

</header>

<li><strong>Any changes to mutable objects will persist between invocations.</strong></li>

<div><h2 id="splatoperator"><a href="#splatoperator" name="splatoperator">#</a>Splat Operator</h2><div><h3 id="insidefunctioncall-1">Inside Function Call</h3><p><strong>Splat expands a collection into positional arguments, while splatty-splat expands a dictionary into keyword arguments.</strong></p><pre><code class="python language-python hljs">args = (<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>)

<li><strong>Objects can be made <a href="#sortable">sortable</a> with <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'order=True'</span></code> and immutable with <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'frozen=True'</span></code>.</strong></li>

<li><strong>Function field() is needed because <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'&lt;attr_name&gt;: list = []'</span></code> would make a list that is shared among all instances. Its 'default_factory' argument can be any <a href="#callable">callable</a>.</strong></li>

<li><strong>For attributes of arbitrary type use <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'typing.Any'</span></code>.</strong></li>

&lt;class&gt; = make_dataclass(<span class="hljs-string">'&lt;class_name&gt;'</span>, &lt;coll_of_tuples&gt;)

&lt;tuple&gt; = (<span class="hljs-string">'&lt;attr_name&gt;'</span>, &lt;type&gt; [, &lt;default_value&gt;])</code></pre></div>

<div><h3 id="slots">Slots</h3><p><strong>Mechanism that restricts objects to attributes listed in 'slots' and significantly reduces their memory footprint.</strong></p><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">MyClassWithSlots</span>:</span>

__slots__ = [<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>]

<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">__init__</span><span class="hljs-params">(self)</span>:</span>

<div><h3 id="copy">Copy</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> copy <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> copy, deepcopy

&lt;object&gt; = copy(&lt;object&gt;)

&lt;object&gt; = deepcopy(&lt;object&gt;)

<footer>

<a href="https://gto76.github.io" rel="author">Jure Šorn</a>

</footer>

<strong>struct module, <a href="#struct">28</a>-<a href="#integertypesuseacapitalletterforunsignedtypeminimumandstandardsizesareinbrackets">29</a></strong><br>

<strong>subprocess module, <a href="#sends11tothebasiccalculatorandcapturesitsoutput">25</a></strong><br>

<strong>super function, <a href="#inheritance">14</a></strong><br>

<strong>sys module, <a href="#lrucache">13</a>, <a href="#exit">21</a>-<a href="#commandlinearguments">22</a></strong> </p>

<h3 id="t">T</h3>

<p><strong>table, <a href="#csv">26</a>, <a href="#example">27</a>, <a href="#table">34</a>, <a href="#numpy">37</a>-<a href="#indexing">38</a>, <a href="#dataframe">45</a>-<a href="#aggregatetransformmap-1">46</a></strong><br>

<strong>template, <a href="#format">6</a>, <a href="#dynamicrequest">36</a></strong><br>

<strong>threading module, <a href="#threading">30</a></strong><br>

<strong>time module, <a href="#progressbar">34</a>, <a href="#stopwatch">36</a></strong><br>

<strong>tuples, <a href="#tuple">3</a>, <a href="#abstractbaseclasses">4</a>, <a href="#otheruses">11</a></strong><br>

<h3 id="w">W</h3>

<p><strong>wave module, <a href="#audio">40</a>-<a href="#writefloatsamplestowavfile">41</a></strong><br>

<strong>web, <a href="#web">36</a></strong> </p>

<strong>struct module, 28-29</strong><br>

<strong>subprocess module, 25</strong><br>

<strong>super function, 14</strong><br>

<strong>sys module, 13, 21-22</strong> </p>

<h3 id="t">T</h3>

<p><strong>table, 26, 27, 34, 37-38, 45-46</strong><br>

<strong>template, 6, 36</strong><br>

<strong>threading module, 30</strong><br>

<strong>time module, 34, 36</strong><br>

<strong>tuples, 3, 4, 11</strong><br>

<h3 id="w">W</h3>

<p><strong>wave module, 40-41</strong><br>

<strong>web, 36</strong> </p>

'<strong>Adding <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">\'!r\'</span></code> before the colon converts object to string by calling its <a href="#class">repr()</a> method.</strong>': '<strong>Adding <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">\'!r\'</span></code> before the colon converts object to string by calling its repr() method (p. 14).</strong>',

'<strong>It can be any <a href="#callable">callable</a>, but is usually implemented as a function that returns a <a href="#closure">closure</a>.</strong>': '<strong>It can be any callable (p. 17), but is usually implemented as a function that returns a closure (p. 12).</strong>',

'<strong>Objects can be made <a href="#sortable">sortable</a> with <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">\'order=True\'</span></code> and immutable with <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">\'frozen=True\'</span></code>.</strong>': '<strong>Objects can be made sortable with <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">\'order=True\'</span></code> and immutable with <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">\'frozen=True\'</span></code>.</strong>',

'<strong>Function field() is needed because <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">\'&lt;attr_name&gt;: list = []\'</span></code> would make a list that is shared among all instances. Its \'default_factory\' argument can be any <a href="#callable">callable</a>.</strong>': '<strong>Function field() is needed because <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">\'&lt;attr_name&gt;: list = []\'</span></code> would make a list that is shared among all instances. Its \'default_factory\' argument can be any callable (p. 17).</strong>',

'<strong>Sequence iterators returned by the <a href="#iterator">iter()</a> function, such as list_iterator and set_iterator.</strong>': '<strong>Sequence iterators returned by the iter() function, such as list_iterator and set_iterator (p.&nbsp;3).</strong>',

'<strong>Objects returned by the <a href="#itertools">itertools</a> module, such as count, repeat and cycle.</strong>': '<strong>Objects returned by the itertools module, such as count, repeat and cycle (p. 3).</strong>',