Allow to pass schema_url when requesting meter and logger

follow-up on #3251

https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-python/pull/3251#discussion_r1339352466
https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-python/pull/3251#discussion_r1340309845

According to the spec `schema_url` can be provided as parameter when getting a [meter](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-specification/blob/main/specification/metrics/api.md#get-a-meter)  or a [logger](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-specification/blob/main/specification/logs/bridge-api.md#get-a-logger)

While otel-api in python supports providing schema_url on metrics and logs, some overloads don't support it:

https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-python/blob/c8e5c3e96c25e0621c4234a720d27cf75a594bc4/opentelemetry-api/src/opentelemetry/metrics/_internal/__init__.py#L718-L722

or 

https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-python/blob/c8e5c3e96c25e0621c4234a720d27cf75a594bc4/opentelemetry-api/src/opentelemetry/_logs/_internal/__init__.py#L214-L218

while the same overload on traces takes `schema_url`

https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-python/blob/c8e5c3e96c25e0621c4234a720d27cf75a594bc4/opentelemetry-api/src/opentelemetry/trace/__init__.py#L493-L498

**Is your feature request related to a problem?**

With a lot of recent changes in OTel semconv, populating schema_url is essential for backends to understand telemetry, but many instrumentation libraries do not populate it 
https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-python-contrib/pull/1746/files

**Describe the solution you'd like**
Add `schema_url` as parameter on convenience `get_meter` and `get_logger` methods


	def get_meter(
	name: str,
	version: str = "",
	meter_provider: Optional[MeterProvider] = None,
	) -> "Meter":

	def get_logger(
	instrumenting_module_name: str,
	instrumenting_library_version: str = "",
	logger_provider: Optional[LoggerProvider] = None,
	) -> "Logger":

	def get_tracer(
	instrumenting_module_name: str,
	instrumenting_library_version: typing.Optional[str] = None,
	tracer_provider: Optional[TracerProvider] = None,
	schema_url: typing.Optional[str] = None,
	) -> "Tracer":

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Allow to pass schema_url when requesting meter and logger #3451

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Allow to pass schema_url when requesting meter and logger #3451

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