"""Parse (absolute and relative) URLs.

urlparse module is based upon the following RFC specifications.

RFC 3986 (STD66): "Uniform Resource Identifiers" by T. Berners-Lee, R. Fielding

and L. Masinter, January 2005.

RFC 2732 : "Format for Literal IPv6 Addresses in URL's by R.Hinden, B.Carpenter

and L.Masinter, December 1999.

RFC 2396: "Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI)": Generic Syntax by T.

Berners-Lee, R. Fielding, and L. Masinter, August 1998.

RFC 2368: "The mailto URL scheme", by P.Hoffman , L Masinter, J. Zawinski, July 1998.

RFC 1808: "Relative Uniform Resource Locators", by R. Fielding, UC Irvine, June

1995.

RFC 1738: "Uniform Resource Locators (URL)" by T. Berners-Lee, L. Masinter, M.

McCahill, December 1994

RFC 3986 is considered the current standard and any future changes to

urlparse module should conform with it. The urlparse module is

currently not entirely compliant with this RFC due to defacto

scenarios for parsing, and for backward compatibility purposes, some

parsing quirks from older RFCs are retained. The testcases in

test_urlparse.py provides a good indicator of parsing behavior.

"""

import re

import sys

import collections

__all__ = ["urlparse", "urlunparse", "urljoin", "urldefrag",

"urlsplit", "urlunsplit", "urlencode", "parse_qs",

"parse_qsl", "quote", "quote_plus", "quote_from_bytes",

"unquote", "unquote_plus", "unquote_to_bytes"]

# A classification of schemes ('' means apply by default)

uses_relative = ['ftp', 'http', 'gopher', 'nntp', 'imap',

'wais', 'file', 'https', 'shttp', 'mms',

'prospero', 'rtsp', 'rtspu', '', 'sftp',

'svn', 'svn+ssh']

uses_netloc = ['ftp', 'http', 'gopher', 'nntp', 'telnet',

'imap', 'wais', 'file', 'mms', 'https', 'shttp',

'snews', 'prospero', 'rtsp', 'rtspu', 'rsync', '',

'svn', 'svn+ssh', 'sftp', 'nfs', 'git', 'git+ssh']

uses_params = ['ftp', 'hdl', 'prospero', 'http', 'imap',

'https', 'shttp', 'rtsp', 'rtspu', 'sip', 'sips',

'mms', '', 'sftp', 'tel']

# These are not actually used anymore, but should stay for backwards

# compatibility. (They are undocumented, but have a public-looking name.)

non_hierarchical = ['gopher', 'hdl', 'mailto', 'news',

'telnet', 'wais', 'imap', 'snews', 'sip', 'sips']

uses_query = ['http', 'wais', 'imap', 'https', 'shttp', 'mms',

'gopher', 'rtsp', 'rtspu', 'sip', 'sips', '']

uses_fragment = ['ftp', 'hdl', 'http', 'gopher', 'news',

'nntp', 'wais', 'https', 'shttp', 'snews',

'file', 'prospero', '']

# Characters valid in scheme names

scheme_chars = ('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'

'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'

'0123456789'

'+-.')

# XXX: Consider replacing with functools.lru_cache

MAX_CACHE_SIZE = 20

_parse_cache = {}

def clear_cache():

"""Clear the parse cache and the quoters cache."""

_parse_cache.clear()

_safe_quoters.clear()

# Helpers for bytes handling

# For 3.2, we deliberately require applications that

# handle improperly quoted URLs to do their own

# decoding and encoding. If valid use cases are

# presented, we may relax this by using latin-1

# decoding internally for 3.3

_implicit_encoding = 'ascii'

_implicit_errors = 'strict'

def _noop(obj):

return obj

def _encode_result(obj, encoding=_implicit_encoding,

errors=_implicit_errors):

return obj.encode(encoding, errors)

def _decode_args(args, encoding=_implicit_encoding,

errors=_implicit_errors):

return tuple(x.decode(encoding, errors) if x else '' for x in args)

def _coerce_args(*args):

# Invokes decode if necessary to create str args

# and returns the coerced inputs along with

# an appropriate result coercion function

# - noop for str inputs

# - encoding function otherwise

str_input = isinstance(args[0], str)

for arg in args[1:]:

# We special-case the empty string to support the

# "scheme=''" default argument to some functions

if arg and isinstance(arg, str) != str_input:

raise TypeError("Cannot mix str and non-str arguments")

if str_input:

return args + (_noop,)

return _decode_args(args) + (_encode_result,)

# Result objects are more helpful than simple tuples

class _ResultMixinStr(object):

"""Standard approach to encoding parsed results from str to bytes"""

__slots__ = ()

def encode(self, encoding='ascii', errors='strict'):

return self._encoded_counterpart(*(x.encode(encoding, errors) for x in self))

class _ResultMixinBytes(object):

"""Standard approach to decoding parsed results from bytes to str"""

__slots__ = ()

def decode(self, encoding='ascii', errors='strict'):

return self._decoded_counterpart(*(x.decode(encoding, errors) for x in self))

class _NetlocResultMixinBase(object):

"""Shared methods for the parsed result objects containing a netloc element"""

__slots__ = ()

@property

def username(self):

return self._userinfo[0]

@property

def password(self):

return self._userinfo[1]

@property

def hostname(self):

hostname = self._hostinfo[0]

if not hostname:

hostname = None

elif hostname is not None:

hostname = hostname.lower()

return hostname

@property

def port(self):

port = self._hostinfo[1]

if port is not None:

port = int(port, 10)

# Return None on an illegal port

if not ( 0 <= port <= 65535):

return None

return port

class _NetlocResultMixinStr(_NetlocResultMixinBase, _ResultMixinStr):

__slots__ = ()

@property

def _userinfo(self):

netloc = self.netloc

userinfo, have_info, hostinfo = netloc.rpartition('@')

if have_info:

username, have_password, password = userinfo.partition(':')

if not have_password:

password = None

else:

username = password = None

return username, password

@property

def _hostinfo(self):

netloc = self.netloc

_, _, hostinfo = netloc.rpartition('@')

_, have_open_br, bracketed = hostinfo.partition('[')

if have_open_br:

hostname, _, port = bracketed.partition(']')

_, _, port = port.partition(':')

else:

hostname, _, port = hostinfo.partition(':')

if not port:

port = None

return hostname, port

class _NetlocResultMixinBytes(_NetlocResultMixinBase, _ResultMixinBytes):

__slots__ = ()

@property

def _userinfo(self):

netloc = self.netloc

userinfo, have_info, hostinfo = netloc.rpartition(b'@')

if have_info:

username, have_password, password = userinfo.partition(b':')

if not have_password:

password = None

else:

username = password = None

return username, password

@property

def _hostinfo(self):

netloc = self.netloc

_, _, hostinfo = netloc.rpartition(b'@')

_, have_open_br, bracketed = hostinfo.partition(b'[')

if have_open_br:

hostname, _, port = bracketed.partition(b']')

_, _, port = port.partition(b':')

else:

hostname, _, port = hostinfo.partition(b':')

if not port:

port = None

return hostname, port

from collections import namedtuple

_DefragResultBase = namedtuple('DefragResult', 'url fragment')

_SplitResultBase = namedtuple('SplitResult', 'scheme netloc path query fragment')

_ParseResultBase = namedtuple('ParseResult', 'scheme netloc path params query fragment')

# For backwards compatibility, alias _NetlocResultMixinStr

# ResultBase is no longer part of the documented API, but it is

# retained since deprecating it isn't worth the hassle

ResultBase = _NetlocResultMixinStr

# Structured result objects for string data

class DefragResult(_DefragResultBase, _ResultMixinStr):

__slots__ = ()

def geturl(self):

if self.fragment:

return self.url + '#' + self.fragment

else:

return self.url

class SplitResult(_SplitResultBase, _NetlocResultMixinStr):

__slots__ = ()

def geturl(self):

return urlunsplit(self)

class ParseResult(_ParseResultBase, _NetlocResultMixinStr):

__slots__ = ()

def geturl(self):

return urlunparse(self)

# Structured result objects for bytes data

class DefragResultBytes(_DefragResultBase, _ResultMixinBytes):

__slots__ = ()

def geturl(self):

if self.fragment:

return self.url + b'#' + self.fragment

else:

return self.url

class SplitResultBytes(_SplitResultBase, _NetlocResultMixinBytes):

__slots__ = ()

def geturl(self):

return urlunsplit(self)

class ParseResultBytes(_ParseResultBase, _NetlocResultMixinBytes):

__slots__ = ()

def geturl(self):

return urlunparse(self)

# Set up the encode/decode result pairs

def _fix_result_transcoding():

_result_pairs = (

(DefragResult, DefragResultBytes),

(SplitResult, SplitResultBytes),

(ParseResult, ParseResultBytes),

)

for _decoded, _encoded in _result_pairs:

_decoded._encoded_counterpart = _encoded

_encoded._decoded_counterpart = _decoded

_fix_result_transcoding()

del _fix_result_transcoding

def urlparse(url, scheme='', allow_fragments=True):

"""Parse a URL into 6 components:

<scheme>://<netloc>/<path>;<params>?<query>#<fragment>

Return a 6-tuple: (scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment).

Note that we don't break the components up in smaller bits

(e.g. netloc is a single string) and we don't expand % escapes."""

url, scheme, _coerce_result = _coerce_args(url, scheme)

splitresult = urlsplit(url, scheme, allow_fragments)

scheme, netloc, url, query, fragment = splitresult

if scheme in uses_params and ';' in url:

url, params = _splitparams(url)

else:

params = ''

result = ParseResult(scheme, netloc, url, params, query, fragment)

return _coerce_result(result)

def _splitparams(url):

if '/' in url:

i = url.find(';', url.rfind('/'))

if i < 0:

return url, ''

else:

i = url.find(';')

return url[:i], url[i+1:]

def _splitnetloc(url, start=0):

delim = len(url) # position of end of domain part of url, default is end

for c in '/?#': # look for delimiters; the order is NOT important

wdelim = url.find(c, start) # find first of this delim

if wdelim >= 0: # if found

delim = min(delim, wdelim) # use earliest delim position

return url[start:delim], url[delim:] # return (domain, rest)

def urlsplit(url, scheme='', allow_fragments=True):

"""Parse a URL into 5 components:

<scheme>://<netloc>/<path>?<query>#<fragment>

Return a 5-tuple: (scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment).

Note that we don't break the components up in smaller bits

(e.g. netloc is a single string) and we don't expand % escapes."""

url, scheme, _coerce_result = _coerce_args(url, scheme)

allow_fragments = bool(allow_fragments)

key = url, scheme, allow_fragments, type(url), type(scheme)

cached = _parse_cache.get(key, None)

if cached:

return _coerce_result(cached)

if len(_parse_cache) >= MAX_CACHE_SIZE: # avoid runaway growth

clear_cache()

netloc = query = fragment = ''

i = url.find(':')

if i > 0:

if url[:i] == 'http': # optimize the common case

scheme = url[:i].lower()

url = url[i+1:]

if url[:2] == '//':

netloc, url = _splitnetloc(url, 2)

if (('[' in netloc and ']' not in netloc) or

(']' in netloc and '[' not in netloc)):

raise ValueError("Invalid IPv6 URL")

if allow_fragments and '#' in url:

url, fragment = url.split('#', 1)

if '?' in url:

url, query = url.split('?', 1)

v = SplitResult(scheme, netloc, url, query, fragment)

_parse_cache[key] = v

return _coerce_result(v)

for c in url[:i]:

if c not in scheme_chars:

break

else:

# make sure "url" is not actually a port number (in which case

# "scheme" is really part of the path)

rest = url[i+1:]

if not rest or any(c not in '0123456789' for c in rest):

# not a port number

scheme, url = url[:i].lower(), rest

if url[:2] == '//':

netloc, url = _splitnetloc(url, 2)

if (('[' in netloc and ']' not in netloc) or

(']' in netloc and '[' not in netloc)):

raise ValueError("Invalid IPv6 URL")

if allow_fragments and '#' in url:

url, fragment = url.split('#', 1)

if '?' in url:

url, query = url.split('?', 1)

v = SplitResult(scheme, netloc, url, query, fragment)

_parse_cache[key] = v

return _coerce_result(v)

def urlunparse(components):

"""Put a parsed URL back together again. This may result in a

slightly different, but equivalent URL, if the URL that was parsed

originally had redundant delimiters, e.g. a ? with an empty query

(the draft states that these are equivalent)."""

scheme, netloc, url, params, query, fragment, _coerce_result = (

_coerce_args(*components))

if params:

url = "%s;%s" % (url, params)

return _coerce_result(urlunsplit((scheme, netloc, url, query, fragment)))

def urlunsplit(components):

"""Combine the elements of a tuple as returned by urlsplit() into a

complete URL as a string. The data argument can be any five-item iterable.

This may result in a slightly different, but equivalent URL, if the URL that

was parsed originally had unnecessary delimiters (for example, a ? with an

empty query; the RFC states that these are equivalent)."""

scheme, netloc, url, query, fragment, _coerce_result = (

_coerce_args(*components))

if netloc or (scheme and scheme in uses_netloc and url[:2] != '//'):

if url and url[:1] != '/': url = '/' + url

url = '//' + (netloc or '') + url

if scheme:

url = scheme + ':' + url

if query:

url = url + '?' + query

if fragment:

url = url + '#' + fragment

return _coerce_result(url)

def urljoin(base, url, allow_fragments=True):

"""Join a base URL and a possibly relative URL to form an absolute

interpretation of the latter."""

if not base:

return url

if not url:

return base

base, url, _coerce_result = _coerce_args(base, url)

bscheme, bnetloc, bpath, bparams, bquery, bfragment = \

urlparse(base, '', allow_fragments)

scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = \

urlparse(url, bscheme, allow_fragments)

if scheme != bscheme or scheme not in uses_relative:

return _coerce_result(url)

if scheme in uses_netloc:

if netloc:

return _coerce_result(urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path,

params, query, fragment)))

netloc = bnetloc

if path[:1] == '/':

return _coerce_result(urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path,

params, query, fragment)))

if not path and not params:

path = bpath

params = bparams

if not query:

query = bquery

return _coerce_result(urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path,

params, query, fragment)))

segments = bpath.split('/')[:-1] + path.split('/')

# XXX The stuff below is bogus in various ways...

if segments[-1] == '.':

segments[-1] = ''

while '.' in segments:

segments.remove('.')

while 1:

i = 1

n = len(segments) - 1

while i < n:

if (segments[i] == '..'

and segments[i-1] not in ('', '..')):

del segments[i-1:i+1]

break

i = i+1

else:

break

if segments == ['', '..']:

segments[-1] = ''

elif len(segments) >= 2 and segments[-1] == '..':

segments[-2:] = ['']

return _coerce_result(urlunparse((scheme, netloc, '/'.join(segments),

params, query, fragment)))

def urldefrag(url):

"""Removes any existing fragment from URL.

Returns a tuple of the defragmented URL and the fragment. If

the URL contained no fragments, the second element is the

empty string.

"""

url, _coerce_result = _coerce_args(url)

if '#' in url:

s, n, p, a, q, frag = urlparse(url)

defrag = urlunparse((s, n, p, a, q, ''))

else:

frag = ''

defrag = url

return _coerce_result(DefragResult(defrag, frag))

_hexdig = '0123456789ABCDEFabcdef'

_hextobyte = {(a + b).encode(): bytes([int(a + b, 16)])

for a in _hexdig for b in _hexdig}

def unquote_to_bytes(string):

"""unquote_to_bytes('abc%20def') -> b'abc def'."""

# Note: strings are encoded as UTF-8. This is only an issue if it contains

# unescaped non-ASCII characters, which URIs should not.

if not string:

# Is it a string-like object?

string.split

return b''

if isinstance(string, str):

string = string.encode('utf-8')

bits = string.split(b'%')

if len(bits) == 1:

return string

res = [bits[0]]

append = res.append

for item in bits[1:]:

try:

append(_hextobyte[item[:2]])

append(item[2:])

except KeyError:

append(b'%')

append(item)

return b''.join(res)

_asciire = re.compile('([\x00-\x7f]+)')

def unquote(string, encoding='utf-8', errors='replace'):

"""Replace %xx escapes by their single-character equivalent. The optional

encoding and errors parameters specify how to decode percent-encoded

sequences into Unicode characters, as accepted by the bytes.decode()

method.

By default, percent-encoded sequences are decoded with UTF-8, and invalid

sequences are replaced by a placeholder character.

unquote('abc%20def') -> 'abc def'.

"""

if '%' not in string:

string.split

return string

if encoding is None:

encoding = 'utf-8'

if errors is None:

errors = 'replace'

bits = _asciire.split(string)

res = [bits[0]]

append = res.append

for i in range(1, len(bits), 2):

append(unquote_to_bytes(bits[i]).decode(encoding, errors))

append(bits[i + 1])

return ''.join(res)

def parse_qs(qs, keep_blank_values=False, strict_parsing=False,

encoding='utf-8', errors='replace'):

"""Parse a query given as a string argument.

Arguments:

qs: percent-encoded query string to be parsed

keep_blank_values: flag indicating whether blank values in

percent-encoded queries should be treated as blank strings.

A true value indicates that blanks should be retained as

blank strings. The default false value indicates that

blank values are to be ignored and treated as if they were

not included.

strict_parsing: flag indicating what to do with parsing errors.

If false (the default), errors are silently ignored.

If true, errors raise a ValueError exception.

encoding and errors: specify how to decode percent-encoded sequences

into Unicode characters, as accepted by the bytes.decode() method.

"""

parsed_result = {}

pairs = parse_qsl(qs, keep_blank_values, strict_parsing,

encoding=encoding, errors=errors)

for name, value in pairs:

if name in parsed_result:

parsed_result[name].append(value)

else:

parsed_result[name] = [value]

return parsed_result

def parse_qsl(qs, keep_blank_values=False, strict_parsing=False,

encoding='utf-8', errors='replace'):

"""Parse a query given as a string argument.

Arguments:

qs: percent-encoded query string to be parsed

keep_blank_values: flag indicating whether blank values in

percent-encoded queries should be treated as blank strings. A

true value indicates that blanks should be retained as blank

strings. The default false value indicates that blank values

are to be ignored and treated as if they were not included.

strict_parsing: flag indicating what to do with parsing errors. If

false (the default), errors are silently ignored. If true,

errors raise a ValueError exception.

encoding and errors: specify how to decode percent-encoded sequences

into Unicode characters, as accepted by the bytes.decode() method.

Returns a list, as G-d intended.

"""

qs, _coerce_result = _coerce_args(qs)

pairs = [s2 for s1 in qs.split('&') for s2 in s1.split(';')]

r = []

for name_value in pairs:

if not name_value and not strict_parsing:

continue

nv = name_value.split('=', 1)

if len(nv) != 2:

if strict_parsing:

raise ValueError("bad query field: %r" % (name_value,))

# Handle case of a control-name with no equal sign

if keep_blank_values:

nv.append('')

else:

continue

if len(nv[1]) or keep_blank_values:

name = nv[0].replace('+', ' ')

name = unquote(name, encoding=encoding, errors=errors)

name = _coerce_result(name)

value = nv[1].replace('+', ' ')

value = unquote(value, encoding=encoding, errors=errors)

value = _coerce_result(value)

r.append((name, value))

return r

def unquote_plus(string, encoding='utf-8', errors='replace'):

"""Like unquote(), but also replace plus signs by spaces, as required for

unquoting HTML form values.

unquote_plus('%7e/abc+def') -> '~/abc def'

"""

string = string.replace('+', ' ')

return unquote(string, encoding, errors)

_ALWAYS_SAFE = frozenset(b'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'

b'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'

b'0123456789'

b'_.-')

_ALWAYS_SAFE_BYTES = bytes(_ALWAYS_SAFE)

_safe_quoters = {}

class Quoter(collections.defaultdict):

"""A mapping from bytes (in range(0,256)) to strings.

String values are percent-encoded byte values, unless the key < 128, and

in the "safe" set (either the specified safe set, or default set).

"""

# Keeps a cache internally, using defaultdict, for efficiency (lookups

# of cached keys don't call Python code at all).

def __init__(self, safe):

"""safe: bytes object."""

self.safe = _ALWAYS_SAFE.union(safe)

def __repr__(self):

# Without this, will just display as a defaultdict

return "<Quoter %r>" % dict(self)

def __missing__(self, b):

# Handle a cache miss. Store quoted string in cache and return.

res = chr(b) if b in self.safe else '%{:02X}'.format(b)

self[b] = res

return res

def quote(string, safe='/', encoding=None, errors=None):

"""quote('abc def') -> 'abc%20def'

Each part of a URL, e.g. the path info, the query, etc., has a

different set of reserved characters that must be quoted.

RFC 2396 Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax lists

the following reserved characters.

reserved = ";" | "/" | "?" | ":" | "@" | "&" | "=" | "+" |

"$" | ","

Each of these characters is reserved in some component of a URL,

but not necessarily in all of them.

By default, the quote function is intended for quoting the path

section of a URL. Thus, it will not encode '/'. This character

is reserved, but in typical usage the quote function is being

called on a path where the existing slash characters are used as

reserved characters.

string and safe may be either str or bytes objects. encoding must

not be specified if string is a str.

The optional encoding and errors parameters specify how to deal with

non-ASCII characters, as accepted by the str.encode method.

By default, encoding='utf-8' (characters are encoded with UTF-8), and

errors='strict' (unsupported characters raise a UnicodeEncodeError).

"""

if isinstance(string, str):

if not string:

return string

if encoding is None:

encoding = 'utf-8'

if errors is None:

errors = 'strict'

string = string.encode(encoding, errors)

else:

if encoding is not None:

raise TypeError("quote() doesn't support 'encoding' for bytes")

if errors is not None:

raise TypeError("quote() doesn't support 'errors' for bytes")

return quote_from_bytes(string, safe)

def quote_plus(string, safe='', encoding=None, errors=None):

"""Like quote(), but also replace ' ' with '+', as required for quoting

HTML form values. Plus signs in the original string are escaped unless

they are included in safe. It also does not have safe default to '/'.

"""

# Check if ' ' in string, where string may either be a str or bytes. If

# there are no spaces, the regular quote will produce the right answer.

if ((isinstance(string, str) and ' ' not in string) or

(isinstance(string, bytes) and b' ' not in string)):

return quote(string, safe, encoding, errors)

if isinstance(safe, str):

space = ' '

else:

space = b' '

string = quote(string, safe + space, encoding, errors)

return string.replace(' ', '+')

def quote_from_bytes(bs, safe='/'):

"""Like quote(), but accepts a bytes object rather than a str, and does

not perform string-to-bytes encoding. It always returns an ASCII string.

quote_from_bytes(b'abc def\x3f') -> 'abc%20def%3f'

"""

if not isinstance(bs, (bytes, bytearray)):

raise TypeError("quote_from_bytes() expected bytes")

if not bs:

return ''

if isinstance(safe, str):

# Normalize 'safe' by converting to bytes and removing non-ASCII chars

safe = safe.encode('ascii', 'ignore')

else:

safe = bytes([c for c in safe if c < 128])

if not bs.rstrip(_ALWAYS_SAFE_BYTES + safe):

return bs.decode()

try:

quoter = _safe_quoters[safe]

except KeyError:

_safe_quoters[safe] = quoter = Quoter(safe).__getitem__

return ''.join([quoter(char) for char in bs])

def urlencode(query, doseq=False, safe='', encoding=None, errors=None):

"""Encode a dict or sequence of two-element tuples into a URL query string.

If any values in the query arg are sequences and doseq is true, each

sequence element is converted to a separate parameter.

If the query arg is a sequence of two-element tuples, the order of the

parameters in the output will match the order of parameters in the

input.

The components of a query arg may each be either a string or a bytes type.

When a component is a string, the safe, encoding and error parameters are

sent to the quote_plus function for encoding.

"""

if hasattr(query, "items"):

query = query.items()

else:

# It's a bother at times that strings and string-like objects are

# sequences.

try:

# non-sequence items should not work with len()

# non-empty strings will fail this

if len(query) and not isinstance(query[0], tuple):

raise TypeError

# Zero-length sequences of all types will get here and succeed,

# but that's a minor nit. Since the original implementation

# allowed empty dicts that type of behavior probably should be

# preserved for consistency

except TypeError:

ty, va, tb = sys.exc_info()

raise TypeError("not a valid non-string sequence "

"or mapping object").with_traceback(tb)

l = []

if not doseq:

for k, v in query:

if isinstance(k, bytes):

k = quote_plus(k, safe)

else:

k = quote_plus(str(k), safe, encoding, errors)

if isinstance(v, bytes):

v = quote_plus(v, safe)

else:

v = quote_plus(str(v), safe, encoding, errors)

l.append(k + '=' + v)

else:

for k, v in query:

if isinstance(k, bytes):

k = quote_plus(k, safe)

else:

k = quote_plus(str(k), safe, encoding, errors)

if isinstance(v, bytes):

v = quote_plus(v, safe)

l.append(k + '=' + v)

elif isinstance(v, str):

v = quote_plus(v, safe, encoding, errors)

l.append(k + '=' + v)

else:

try:

# Is this a sufficient test for sequence-ness?

x = len(v)

except TypeError:

# not a sequence

v = quote_plus(str(v), safe, encoding, errors)

l.append(k + '=' + v)

else:

# loop over the sequence

for elt in v:

if isinstance(elt, bytes):

elt = quote_plus(elt, safe)

else:

elt = quote_plus(str(elt), safe, encoding, errors)

l.append(k + '=' + elt)

return '&'.join(l)

# Utilities to parse URLs (most of these return None for missing parts):

# unwrap('<URL:type://host/path>') --> 'type://host/path'

# splittype('type:opaquestring') --> 'type', 'opaquestring'

# splithost('//host[:port]/path') --> 'host[:port]', '/path'

# splituser('user[:passwd]@host[:port]') --> 'user[:passwd]', 'host[:port]'

# splitpasswd('user:passwd') -> 'user', 'passwd'

# splitport('host:port') --> 'host', 'port'

# splitquery('/path?query') --> '/path', 'query'

# splittag('/path#tag') --> '/path', 'tag'

# splitattr('/path;attr1=value1;attr2=value2;...') ->

# '/path', ['attr1=value1', 'attr2=value2', ...]

# splitvalue('attr=value') --> 'attr', 'value'

# urllib.parse.unquote('abc%20def') -> 'abc def'

# quote('abc def') -> 'abc%20def')

def to_bytes(url):

"""to_bytes(u"URL") --> 'URL'."""

# Most URL schemes require ASCII. If that changes, the conversion

# can be relaxed.

# XXX get rid of to_bytes()

if isinstance(url, str):

try:

url = url.encode("ASCII").decode()

except UnicodeError:

raise UnicodeError("URL " + repr(url) +

" contains non-ASCII characters")

return url

def unwrap(url):

"""unwrap('<URL:type://host/path>') --> 'type://host/path'."""

url = str(url).strip()

if url[:1] == '<' and url[-1:] == '>':

url = url[1:-1].strip()

if url[:4] == 'URL:': url = url[4:].strip()

return url

_typeprog = None

def splittype(url):

"""splittype('type:opaquestring') --> 'type', 'opaquestring'."""

global _typeprog

if _typeprog is None:

_typeprog = re.compile('^([^/:]+):')

match = _typeprog.match(url)

if match:

scheme = match.group(1)

return scheme.lower(), url[len(scheme) + 1:]

return None, url

_hostprog = None

def splithost(url):

"""splithost('//host[:port]/path') --> 'host[:port]', '/path'."""

global _hostprog

if _hostprog is None:

_hostprog = re.compile('^//([^/?]*)(.*)$')

match = _hostprog.match(url)

if match:

host_port = match.group(1)

path = match.group(2)

if path and not path.startswith('/'):

path = '/' + path

return host_port, path

return None, url

_userprog = None

def splituser(host):

"""splituser('user[:passwd]@host[:port]') --> 'user[:passwd]', 'host[:port]'."""

global _userprog

if _userprog is None:

_userprog = re.compile('^(.*)@(.*)$')

match = _userprog.match(host)

if match: return match.group(1, 2)

return None, host

_passwdprog = None

def splitpasswd(user):

"""splitpasswd('user:passwd') -> 'user', 'passwd'."""

global _passwdprog

if _passwdprog is None:

_passwdprog = re.compile('^([^:]*):(.*)$',re.S)

match = _passwdprog.match(user)

if match: return match.group(1, 2)

return user, None

# splittag('/path#tag') --> '/path', 'tag'

_portprog = None

def splitport(host):

"""splitport('host:port') --> 'host', 'port'."""

global _portprog

if _portprog is None:

_portprog = re.compile('^(.*):([0-9]*)$')

match = _portprog.match(host)

if match:

host, port = match.groups()

if port:

return host, port

return host, None

_nportprog = None

def splitnport(host, defport=-1):

"""Split host and port, returning numeric port.

Return given default port if no ':' found; defaults to -1.

Return numerical port if a valid number are found after ':'.

Return None if ':' but not a valid number."""

global _nportprog

if _nportprog is None:

_nportprog = re.compile('^(.*):(.*)$')

match = _nportprog.match(host)

if match:

host, port = match.group(1, 2)

if port:

try:

nport = int(port)

except ValueError:

nport = None

return host, nport

return host, defport

_queryprog = None

def splitquery(url):

"""splitquery('/path?query') --> '/path', 'query'."""

global _queryprog

if _queryprog is None:

_queryprog = re.compile('^(.*)\?([^?]*)$')

match = _queryprog.match(url)

if match: return match.group(1, 2)

return url, None

_tagprog = None

def splittag(url):

"""splittag('/path#tag') --> '/path', 'tag'."""

global _tagprog

if _tagprog is None:

_tagprog = re.compile('^(.*)#([^#]*)$')

match = _tagprog.match(url)

if match: return match.group(1, 2)

return url, None

def splitattr(url):

"""splitattr('/path;attr1=value1;attr2=value2;...') ->

'/path', ['attr1=value1', 'attr2=value2', ...]."""

words = url.split(';')

return words[0], words[1:]

_valueprog = None

def splitvalue(attr):

"""splitvalue('attr=value') --> 'attr', 'value'."""

global _valueprog

if _valueprog is None:

_valueprog = re.compile('^([^=]*)=(.*)$')

match = _valueprog.match(attr)

if match: return match.group(1, 2)

return attr, None