#include "Python.h"

#include "pycore_ceval.h" // _PyEval_SignalReceived()

#include "pycore_initconfig.h" // _PyStatus_OK()

#include "pycore_interp.h" // _Py_RunGC()

#include "pycore_pyerrors.h" // _PyErr_GetRaisedException()

#include "pycore_pylifecycle.h" // _PyErr_Print()

#include "pycore_pymem.h" // _PyMem_IsPtrFreed()

#include "pycore_pystats.h" // _Py_PrintSpecializationStats()

/*

Notes about the implementation:

- The GIL is just a boolean variable (locked) whose access is protected

by a mutex (gil_mutex), and whose changes are signalled by a condition

variable (gil_cond). gil_mutex is taken for short periods of time,

and therefore mostly uncontended.

- In the GIL-holding thread, the main loop (PyEval_EvalFrameEx) must be

able to release the GIL on demand by another thread. A volatile boolean

variable (gil_drop_request) is used for that purpose, which is checked

at every turn of the eval loop. That variable is set after a wait of

`interval` microseconds on `gil_cond` has timed out.

[Actually, another volatile boolean variable (eval_breaker) is used

which ORs several conditions into one. Volatile booleans are

sufficient as inter-thread signalling means since Python is run

on cache-coherent architectures only.]

- A thread wanting to take the GIL will first let pass a given amount of

time (`interval` microseconds) before setting gil_drop_request. This

encourages a defined switching period, but doesn't enforce it since

opcodes can take an arbitrary time to execute.

The `interval` value is available for the user to read and modify

using the Python API `sys.{get,set}switchinterval()`.

- When a thread releases the GIL and gil_drop_request is set, that thread

ensures that another GIL-awaiting thread gets scheduled.

It does so by waiting on a condition variable (switch_cond) until

the value of last_holder is changed to something else than its

own thread state pointer, indicating that another thread was able to

take the GIL.

This is meant to prohibit the latency-adverse behaviour on multi-core

machines where one thread would speculatively release the GIL, but still

run and end up being the first to re-acquire it, making the "timeslices"

much longer than expected.

(Note: this mechanism is enabled with FORCE_SWITCHING above)

*/

// GH-89279: Force inlining by using a macro.

#if defined(_MSC_VER) && SIZEOF_INT == 4

#define _Py_atomic_load_relaxed_int32(ATOMIC_VAL) (assert(sizeof((ATOMIC_VAL)->_value) == 4), *((volatile int*)&((ATOMIC_VAL)->_value)))

#else

#define _Py_atomic_load_relaxed_int32(ATOMIC_VAL) _Py_atomic_load_relaxed(ATOMIC_VAL)

#endif

/* bpo-40010: eval_breaker should be recomputed if there

is a pending signal: signal received by another thread which cannot

handle signals.

Similarly, we set CALLS_TO_DO and ASYNC_EXCEPTION to match the thread.

*/

static inline void

update_eval_breaker_from_thread(PyInterpreterState *interp, PyThreadState *tstate)

{

if (tstate == NULL) {

return;

}

if (_Py_IsMainThread()) {

int32_t calls_to_do = _Py_atomic_load_int32_relaxed(

&_PyRuntime.ceval.pending_mainthread.calls_to_do);

if (calls_to_do) {

_Py_set_eval_breaker_bit(interp, _PY_CALLS_TO_DO_BIT, 1);

}

if (_Py_ThreadCanHandleSignals(interp)) {

if (_Py_atomic_load_int(&_PyRuntime.signals.is_tripped)) {

_Py_set_eval_breaker_bit(interp, _PY_SIGNALS_PENDING_BIT, 1);

}

}

}

if (tstate->async_exc != NULL) {

_Py_set_eval_breaker_bit(interp, _PY_ASYNC_EXCEPTION_BIT, 1);

}

}

static inline void

SET_GIL_DROP_REQUEST(PyInterpreterState *interp)

{

_Py_set_eval_breaker_bit(interp, _PY_GIL_DROP_REQUEST_BIT, 1);

}

static inline void

RESET_GIL_DROP_REQUEST(PyInterpreterState *interp)

{

_Py_set_eval_breaker_bit(interp, _PY_GIL_DROP_REQUEST_BIT, 0);

}

static inline void

SIGNAL_PENDING_CALLS(PyInterpreterState *interp)

{

_Py_set_eval_breaker_bit(interp, _PY_CALLS_TO_DO_BIT, 1);

}

static inline void

UNSIGNAL_PENDING_CALLS(PyInterpreterState *interp)

{

_Py_set_eval_breaker_bit(interp, _PY_CALLS_TO_DO_BIT, 0);

}

/*

* Implementation of the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL).

*/

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <errno.h>

#include "condvar.h"

#define MUTEX_INIT(mut) \

if (PyMUTEX_INIT(&(mut))) { \

Py_FatalError("PyMUTEX_INIT(" #mut ") failed"); };

#define MUTEX_FINI(mut) \

if (PyMUTEX_FINI(&(mut))) { \

Py_FatalError("PyMUTEX_FINI(" #mut ") failed"); };

#define MUTEX_LOCK(mut) \

if (PyMUTEX_LOCK(&(mut))) { \

Py_FatalError("PyMUTEX_LOCK(" #mut ") failed"); };

#define MUTEX_UNLOCK(mut) \

if (PyMUTEX_UNLOCK(&(mut))) { \

Py_FatalError("PyMUTEX_UNLOCK(" #mut ") failed"); };

#define COND_INIT(cond) \

if (PyCOND_INIT(&(cond))) { \

Py_FatalError("PyCOND_INIT(" #cond ") failed"); };

#define COND_FINI(cond) \

if (PyCOND_FINI(&(cond))) { \

Py_FatalError("PyCOND_FINI(" #cond ") failed"); };

#define COND_SIGNAL(cond) \

if (PyCOND_SIGNAL(&(cond))) { \

Py_FatalError("PyCOND_SIGNAL(" #cond ") failed"); };

#define COND_WAIT(cond, mut) \

if (PyCOND_WAIT(&(cond), &(mut))) { \

Py_FatalError("PyCOND_WAIT(" #cond ") failed"); };

#define COND_TIMED_WAIT(cond, mut, microseconds, timeout_result) \

{ \

int r = PyCOND_TIMEDWAIT(&(cond), &(mut), (microseconds)); \

if (r < 0) \

Py_FatalError("PyCOND_WAIT(" #cond ") failed"); \

if (r) /* 1 == timeout, 2 == impl. can't say, so assume timeout */ \

timeout_result = 1; \

else \

timeout_result = 0; \

} \

#define DEFAULT_INTERVAL 5000

static void _gil_initialize(struct _gil_runtime_state *gil)

{

gil->locked = -1;

gil->interval = DEFAULT_INTERVAL;

}

static int gil_created(struct _gil_runtime_state *gil)

{

if (gil == NULL) {

return 0;

}

return (_Py_atomic_load_int_acquire(&gil->locked) >= 0);

}

static void create_gil(struct _gil_runtime_state *gil)

{

MUTEX_INIT(gil->mutex);

#ifdef FORCE_SWITCHING

MUTEX_INIT(gil->switch_mutex);

#endif

COND_INIT(gil->cond);

#ifdef FORCE_SWITCHING

COND_INIT(gil->switch_cond);

#endif

_Py_atomic_store_ptr_relaxed(&gil->last_holder, 0);

_Py_ANNOTATE_RWLOCK_CREATE(&gil->locked);

_Py_atomic_store_int_release(&gil->locked, 0);

}

static void destroy_gil(struct _gil_runtime_state *gil)

{

/* some pthread-like implementations tie the mutex to the cond

* and must have the cond destroyed first.

*/

COND_FINI(gil->cond);

MUTEX_FINI(gil->mutex);

#ifdef FORCE_SWITCHING

COND_FINI(gil->switch_cond);

MUTEX_FINI(gil->switch_mutex);

#endif

_Py_atomic_store_int_release(&gil->locked, -1);

_Py_ANNOTATE_RWLOCK_DESTROY(&gil->locked);

}

#ifdef HAVE_FORK

static void recreate_gil(struct _gil_runtime_state *gil)

{

_Py_ANNOTATE_RWLOCK_DESTROY(&gil->locked);

/* XXX should we destroy the old OS resources here? */

create_gil(gil);

}

#endif

static void

drop_gil(PyInterpreterState *interp, PyThreadState *tstate)

{

struct _ceval_state *ceval = &interp->ceval;

/* If tstate is NULL, the caller is indicating that we're releasing

the GIL for the last time in this thread. This is particularly

relevant when the current thread state is finalizing or its

interpreter is finalizing (either may be in an inconsistent

state). In that case the current thread will definitely

never try to acquire the GIL again. */

// XXX It may be more correct to check tstate->_status.finalizing.

// XXX assert(tstate == NULL || !tstate->_status.cleared);

struct _gil_runtime_state *gil = ceval->gil;

if (!_Py_atomic_load_ptr_relaxed(&gil->locked)) {

Py_FatalError("drop_gil: GIL is not locked");

}

/* tstate is allowed to be NULL (early interpreter init) */

if (tstate != NULL) {

/* Sub-interpreter support: threads might have been switched

under our feet using PyThreadState_Swap(). Fix the GIL last

holder variable so that our heuristics work. */

_Py_atomic_store_ptr_relaxed(&gil->last_holder, tstate);

}

MUTEX_LOCK(gil->mutex);

_Py_ANNOTATE_RWLOCK_RELEASED(&gil->locked, /*is_write=*/1);

_Py_atomic_store_int_relaxed(&gil->locked, 0);

COND_SIGNAL(gil->cond);

MUTEX_UNLOCK(gil->mutex);

#ifdef FORCE_SWITCHING

/* We check tstate first in case we might be releasing the GIL for

the last time in this thread. In that case there's a possible

race with tstate->interp getting deleted after gil->mutex is

unlocked and before the following code runs, leading to a crash.

We can use (tstate == NULL) to indicate the thread is done with

the GIL, and that's the only time we might delete the

interpreter, so checking tstate first prevents the crash.

See https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/104341. */

if (tstate != NULL && _Py_eval_breaker_bit_is_set(interp, _PY_GIL_DROP_REQUEST_BIT)) {

MUTEX_LOCK(gil->switch_mutex);

/* Not switched yet => wait */

if (((PyThreadState*)_Py_atomic_load_ptr_relaxed(&gil->last_holder)) == tstate)

{

assert(_PyThreadState_CheckConsistency(tstate));

RESET_GIL_DROP_REQUEST(tstate->interp);

/* NOTE: if COND_WAIT does not atomically start waiting when

releasing the mutex, another thread can run through, take

the GIL and drop it again, and reset the condition

before we even had a chance to wait for it. */

COND_WAIT(gil->switch_cond, gil->switch_mutex);

}

MUTEX_UNLOCK(gil->switch_mutex);

}

#endif

}

/* Take the GIL.

The function saves errno at entry and restores its value at exit.

tstate must be non-NULL. */

static void

take_gil(PyThreadState *tstate)

{

int err = errno;

assert(tstate != NULL);

/* We shouldn't be using a thread state that isn't viable any more. */

// XXX It may be more correct to check tstate->_status.finalizing.

// XXX assert(!tstate->_status.cleared);

if (_PyThreadState_MustExit(tstate)) {

/* bpo-39877: If Py_Finalize() has been called and tstate is not the

thread which called Py_Finalize(), exit immediately the thread.

This code path can be reached by a daemon thread after Py_Finalize()

completes. In this case, tstate is a dangling pointer: points to

PyThreadState freed memory. */

PyThread_exit_thread();

}

assert(_PyThreadState_CheckConsistency(tstate));

PyInterpreterState *interp = tstate->interp;

struct _gil_runtime_state *gil = interp->ceval.gil;

/* Check that _PyEval_InitThreads() was called to create the lock */

assert(gil_created(gil));

MUTEX_LOCK(gil->mutex);

int drop_requested = 0;

while (_Py_atomic_load_int_relaxed(&gil->locked)) {

unsigned long saved_switchnum = gil->switch_number;

unsigned long interval = (gil->interval >= 1 ? gil->interval : 1);

int timed_out = 0;

COND_TIMED_WAIT(gil->cond, gil->mutex, interval, timed_out);

/* If we timed out and no switch occurred in the meantime, it is time

to ask the GIL-holding thread to drop it. */

if (timed_out &&

_Py_atomic_load_int_relaxed(&gil->locked) &&

gil->switch_number == saved_switchnum)

{

if (_PyThreadState_MustExit(tstate)) {

MUTEX_UNLOCK(gil->mutex);

// gh-96387: If the loop requested a drop request in a previous

// iteration, reset the request. Otherwise, drop_gil() can

// block forever waiting for the thread which exited. Drop

// requests made by other threads are also reset: these threads

// may have to request again a drop request (iterate one more

// time).

if (drop_requested) {

RESET_GIL_DROP_REQUEST(interp);

}

PyThread_exit_thread();

}

assert(_PyThreadState_CheckConsistency(tstate));

SET_GIL_DROP_REQUEST(interp);

drop_requested = 1;

}

}

#ifdef FORCE_SWITCHING

/* This mutex must be taken before modifying gil->last_holder:

see drop_gil(). */

MUTEX_LOCK(gil->switch_mutex);

#endif

/* We now hold the GIL */

_Py_atomic_store_int_relaxed(&gil->locked, 1);

_Py_ANNOTATE_RWLOCK_ACQUIRED(&gil->locked, /*is_write=*/1);

if (tstate != (PyThreadState*)_Py_atomic_load_ptr_relaxed(&gil->last_holder)) {

_Py_atomic_store_ptr_relaxed(&gil->last_holder, tstate);

++gil->switch_number;

}

#ifdef FORCE_SWITCHING

COND_SIGNAL(gil->switch_cond);

MUTEX_UNLOCK(gil->switch_mutex);

#endif

if (_PyThreadState_MustExit(tstate)) {

/* bpo-36475: If Py_Finalize() has been called and tstate is not

the thread which called Py_Finalize(), exit immediately the

thread.

This code path can be reached by a daemon thread which was waiting

in take_gil() while the main thread called

wait_for_thread_shutdown() from Py_Finalize(). */

MUTEX_UNLOCK(gil->mutex);

drop_gil(interp, tstate);

PyThread_exit_thread();

}

assert(_PyThreadState_CheckConsistency(tstate));

RESET_GIL_DROP_REQUEST(interp);

update_eval_breaker_from_thread(interp, tstate);

MUTEX_UNLOCK(gil->mutex);

errno = err;

}

void _PyEval_SetSwitchInterval(unsigned long microseconds)

{

PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();

struct _gil_runtime_state *gil = interp->ceval.gil;

assert(gil != NULL);

gil->interval = microseconds;

}

unsigned long _PyEval_GetSwitchInterval(void)

{

PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();

struct _gil_runtime_state *gil = interp->ceval.gil;

assert(gil != NULL);

return gil->interval;

}

int

_PyEval_ThreadsInitialized(void)

{

/* XXX This is only needed for an assert in PyGILState_Ensure(),

* which currently does not work with subinterpreters.

* Thus we only use the main interpreter. */

PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_Main();

if (interp == NULL) {

return 0;

}

struct _gil_runtime_state *gil = interp->ceval.gil;

return gil_created(gil);

}

// Function removed in the Python 3.13 API but kept in the stable ABI.

PyAPI_FUNC(int)

PyEval_ThreadsInitialized(void)

{

return _PyEval_ThreadsInitialized();

}

static inline int

current_thread_holds_gil(struct _gil_runtime_state *gil, PyThreadState *tstate)

{

if (((PyThreadState*)_Py_atomic_load_ptr_relaxed(&gil->last_holder)) != tstate) {

return 0;

}

return _Py_atomic_load_int_relaxed(&gil->locked);

}

static void

init_shared_gil(PyInterpreterState *interp, struct _gil_runtime_state *gil)

{

assert(gil_created(gil));

interp->ceval.gil = gil;

interp->ceval.own_gil = 0;

}

static void

init_own_gil(PyInterpreterState *interp, struct _gil_runtime_state *gil)

{

assert(!gil_created(gil));

create_gil(gil);

assert(gil_created(gil));

interp->ceval.gil = gil;

interp->ceval.own_gil = 1;

}

void

_PyEval_InitGIL(PyThreadState *tstate, int own_gil)

{

assert(tstate->interp->ceval.gil == NULL);

if (!own_gil) {

/* The interpreter will share the main interpreter's instead. */

PyInterpreterState *main_interp = _PyInterpreterState_Main();

assert(tstate->interp != main_interp);

struct _gil_runtime_state *gil = main_interp->ceval.gil;

init_shared_gil(tstate->interp, gil);

assert(!current_thread_holds_gil(gil, tstate));

}

else {

PyThread_init_thread();

init_own_gil(tstate->interp, &tstate->interp->_gil);

}

// Lock the GIL and mark the current thread as attached.

_PyThreadState_Attach(tstate);

}

void

_PyEval_FiniGIL(PyInterpreterState *interp)

{

struct _gil_runtime_state *gil = interp->ceval.gil;

if (gil == NULL) {

/* It was already finalized (or hasn't been initialized yet). */

assert(!interp->ceval.own_gil);

return;

}

else if (!interp->ceval.own_gil) {

#ifdef Py_DEBUG

PyInterpreterState *main_interp = _PyInterpreterState_Main();

assert(main_interp != NULL && interp != main_interp);

assert(interp->ceval.gil == main_interp->ceval.gil);

#endif

interp->ceval.gil = NULL;

return;

}

if (!gil_created(gil)) {

/* First Py_InitializeFromConfig() call: the GIL doesn't exist

yet: do nothing. */

return;

}

destroy_gil(gil);

assert(!gil_created(gil));

interp->ceval.gil = NULL;

}

// Function removed in the Python 3.13 API but kept in the stable ABI.

PyAPI_FUNC(void)

PyEval_InitThreads(void)

{

/* Do nothing: kept for backward compatibility */

}

void

_PyEval_Fini(void)

{

#ifdef Py_STATS

_Py_PrintSpecializationStats(1);

#endif

}

// Function removed in the Python 3.13 API but kept in the stable ABI.

PyAPI_FUNC(void)

PyEval_AcquireLock(void)

{

PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();

_Py_EnsureTstateNotNULL(tstate);

take_gil(tstate);

}

// Function removed in the Python 3.13 API but kept in the stable ABI.

PyAPI_FUNC(void)

PyEval_ReleaseLock(void)

{

PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();

/* This function must succeed when the current thread state is NULL.

We therefore avoid PyThreadState_Get() which dumps a fatal error

in debug mode. */

drop_gil(tstate->interp, tstate);

}

void

_PyEval_AcquireLock(PyThreadState *tstate)

{

_Py_EnsureTstateNotNULL(tstate);

take_gil(tstate);

}

void

_PyEval_ReleaseLock(PyInterpreterState *interp, PyThreadState *tstate)

{

/* If tstate is NULL then we do not expect the current thread

to acquire the GIL ever again. */

assert(tstate == NULL || tstate->interp == interp);

drop_gil(interp, tstate);

}

void

PyEval_AcquireThread(PyThreadState *tstate)

{

_Py_EnsureTstateNotNULL(tstate);

_PyThreadState_Attach(tstate);

}

void

PyEval_ReleaseThread(PyThreadState *tstate)

{

assert(_PyThreadState_CheckConsistency(tstate));

_PyThreadState_Detach(tstate);

}

#ifdef HAVE_FORK

/* This function is called from PyOS_AfterFork_Child to destroy all threads

which are not running in the child process, and clear internal locks

which might be held by those threads. */

PyStatus

_PyEval_ReInitThreads(PyThreadState *tstate)

{

assert(tstate->interp == _PyInterpreterState_Main());

struct _gil_runtime_state *gil = tstate->interp->ceval.gil;

if (!gil_created(gil)) {

return _PyStatus_OK();

}

recreate_gil(gil);

take_gil(tstate);

struct _pending_calls *pending = &tstate->interp->ceval.pending;

_PyMutex_at_fork_reinit(&pending->mutex);

/* Destroy all threads except the current one */

_PyThreadState_DeleteExcept(tstate);

return _PyStatus_OK();

}

#endif

/* This function is used to signal that async exceptions are waiting to be

raised. */

void

_PyEval_SignalAsyncExc(PyInterpreterState *interp)

{

_Py_set_eval_breaker_bit(interp, _PY_ASYNC_EXCEPTION_BIT, 1);

}

PyThreadState *

PyEval_SaveThread(void)

{

PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();

_PyThreadState_Detach(tstate);

return tstate;

}

void

PyEval_RestoreThread(PyThreadState *tstate)

{

_Py_EnsureTstateNotNULL(tstate);

_PyThreadState_Attach(tstate);

}

/* Mechanism whereby asynchronously executing callbacks (e.g. UNIX

signal handlers or Mac I/O completion routines) can schedule calls

to a function to be called synchronously.

The synchronous function is called with one void* argument.

It should return 0 for success or -1 for failure -- failure should

be accompanied by an exception.

If registry succeeds, the registry function returns 0; if it fails

(e.g. due to too many pending calls) it returns -1 (without setting

an exception condition).

Note that because registry may occur from within signal handlers,

or other asynchronous events, calling malloc() is unsafe!

Any thread can schedule pending calls, but only the main thread

will execute them.

There is no facility to schedule calls to a particular thread, but

that should be easy to change, should that ever be required. In

that case, the static variables here should go into the python

threadstate.

*/

void

_PyEval_SignalReceived(PyInterpreterState *interp)

{

if (_Py_ThreadCanHandleSignals(interp)) {

_Py_set_eval_breaker_bit(interp, _PY_SIGNALS_PENDING_BIT, 1);

}

}

/* Push one item onto the queue while holding the lock. */

static int

_push_pending_call(struct _pending_calls *pending,

_Py_pending_call_func func, void *arg, int flags)

{

int i = pending->last;

int j = (i + 1) % NPENDINGCALLS;

if (j == pending->first) {

return -1; /* Queue full */

}

pending->calls[i].func = func;

pending->calls[i].arg = arg;

pending->calls[i].flags = flags;

pending->last = j;

assert(pending->calls_to_do < NPENDINGCALLS);

pending->calls_to_do++;

return 0;

}

static int

_next_pending_call(struct _pending_calls *pending,

int (**func)(void *), void **arg, int *flags)

{

int i = pending->first;

if (i == pending->last) {

/* Queue empty */

assert(pending->calls[i].func == NULL);

return -1;

}

*func = pending->calls[i].func;

*arg = pending->calls[i].arg;

*flags = pending->calls[i].flags;

return i;

}

/* Pop one item off the queue while holding the lock. */

static void

_pop_pending_call(struct _pending_calls *pending,

int (**func)(void *), void **arg, int *flags)

{

int i = _next_pending_call(pending, func, arg, flags);

if (i >= 0) {

pending->calls[i] = (struct _pending_call){0};

pending->first = (i + 1) % NPENDINGCALLS;

assert(pending->calls_to_do > 0);

pending->calls_to_do--;

}

}

/* This implementation is thread-safe. It allows

scheduling to be made from any thread, and even from an executing

callback.

*/

int

_PyEval_AddPendingCall(PyInterpreterState *interp,

_Py_pending_call_func func, void *arg, int flags)

{

assert(!(flags & _Py_PENDING_MAINTHREADONLY)

|| _Py_IsMainInterpreter(interp));

struct _pending_calls *pending = &interp->ceval.pending;

if (flags & _Py_PENDING_MAINTHREADONLY) {

/* The main thread only exists in the main interpreter. */

assert(_Py_IsMainInterpreter(interp));

pending = &_PyRuntime.ceval.pending_mainthread;

}

PyMutex_Lock(&pending->mutex);

int result = _push_pending_call(pending, func, arg, flags);

PyMutex_Unlock(&pending->mutex);

/* signal main loop */

SIGNAL_PENDING_CALLS(interp);

return result;

}

int

Py_AddPendingCall(_Py_pending_call_func func, void *arg)

{

/* Legacy users of this API will continue to target the main thread

(of the main interpreter). */

PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_Main();

return _PyEval_AddPendingCall(interp, func, arg, _Py_PENDING_MAINTHREADONLY);

}

static int

handle_signals(PyThreadState *tstate)

{

assert(_PyThreadState_CheckConsistency(tstate));

_Py_set_eval_breaker_bit(tstate->interp, _PY_SIGNALS_PENDING_BIT, 0);

if (!_Py_ThreadCanHandleSignals(tstate->interp)) {

return 0;

}

if (_PyErr_CheckSignalsTstate(tstate) < 0) {

/* On failure, re-schedule a call to handle_signals(). */

_Py_set_eval_breaker_bit(tstate->interp, _PY_SIGNALS_PENDING_BIT, 1);

return -1;

}

return 0;

}

static int

_make_pending_calls(struct _pending_calls *pending)

{

/* perform a bounded number of calls, in case of recursion */

for (int i=0; i<NPENDINGCALLS; i++) {

_Py_pending_call_func func = NULL;

void *arg = NULL;

int flags = 0;

/* pop one item off the queue while holding the lock */

PyMutex_Lock(&pending->mutex);

_pop_pending_call(pending, &func, &arg, &flags);

PyMutex_Unlock(&pending->mutex);

/* having released the lock, perform the callback */

if (func == NULL) {

break;

}

int res = func(arg);

if ((flags & _Py_PENDING_RAWFREE) && arg != NULL) {

PyMem_RawFree(arg);

}

if (res != 0) {

return -1;

}

}

return 0;

}

static int

make_pending_calls(PyInterpreterState *interp)

{

struct _pending_calls *pending = &interp->ceval.pending;

struct _pending_calls *pending_main = &_PyRuntime.ceval.pending_mainthread;

/* Only one thread (per interpreter) may run the pending calls

at once. In the same way, we don't do recursive pending calls. */

PyMutex_Lock(&pending->mutex);

if (pending->busy) {

/* A pending call was added after another thread was already

handling the pending calls (and had already "unsignaled").

Once that thread is done, it may have taken care of all the

pending calls, or there might be some still waiting.

Regardless, this interpreter's pending calls will stay

"signaled" until that first thread has finished. At that

point the next thread to trip the eval breaker will take

care of any remaining pending calls. Until then, though,

all the interpreter's threads will be tripping the eval

breaker every time it's checked. */

PyMutex_Unlock(&pending->mutex);

return 0;

}

pending->busy = 1;

PyMutex_Unlock(&pending->mutex);

/* unsignal before starting to call callbacks, so that any callback

added in-between re-signals */

UNSIGNAL_PENDING_CALLS(interp);

if (_make_pending_calls(pending) != 0) {

pending->busy = 0;

/* There might not be more calls to make, but we play it safe. */

SIGNAL_PENDING_CALLS(interp);

return -1;

}

if (_Py_IsMainThread() && _Py_IsMainInterpreter(interp)) {

if (_make_pending_calls(pending_main) != 0) {

pending->busy = 0;

/* There might not be more calls to make, but we play it safe. */

SIGNAL_PENDING_CALLS(interp);

return -1;

}

}

pending->busy = 0;

return 0;

}

void

_Py_FinishPendingCalls(PyThreadState *tstate)

{

assert(PyGILState_Check());

assert(_PyThreadState_CheckConsistency(tstate));

if (make_pending_calls(tstate->interp) < 0) {

PyObject *exc = _PyErr_GetRaisedException(tstate);

PyErr_BadInternalCall();

_PyErr_ChainExceptions1(exc);

_PyErr_Print(tstate);

}

}

int

_PyEval_MakePendingCalls(PyThreadState *tstate)

{

int res;

if (_Py_IsMainThread() && _Py_IsMainInterpreter(tstate->interp)) {

/* Python signal handler doesn't really queue a callback:

it only signals that a signal was received,

see _PyEval_SignalReceived(). */

res = handle_signals(tstate);

if (res != 0) {

return res;

}

}

res = make_pending_calls(tstate->interp);

if (res != 0) {

return res;

}

return 0;

}

/* Py_MakePendingCalls() is a simple wrapper for the sake

of backward-compatibility. */

int

Py_MakePendingCalls(void)

{

assert(PyGILState_Check());

PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();

assert(_PyThreadState_CheckConsistency(tstate));

/* Only execute pending calls on the main thread. */

if (!_Py_IsMainThread() || !_Py_IsMainInterpreter(tstate->interp)) {

return 0;

}

return _PyEval_MakePendingCalls(tstate);

}

void

_PyEval_InitState(PyInterpreterState *interp)

{

_gil_initialize(&interp->_gil);

}

/* Do periodic things, like check for signals and async I/0.

* We need to do reasonably frequently, but not too frequently.

* All loops should include a check of the eval breaker.

* We also check on return from any builtin function.

*

* ## More Details ###

*

* The eval loop (this function) normally executes the instructions

* of a code object sequentially. However, the runtime supports a

* number of out-of-band execution scenarios that may pause that

* sequential execution long enough to do that out-of-band work

* in the current thread using the current PyThreadState.

*

* The scenarios include:

*

* - cyclic garbage collection

* - GIL drop requests

* - "async" exceptions

* - "pending calls" (some only in the main thread)

* - signal handling (only in the main thread)

*

* When the need for one of the above is detected, the eval loop

* pauses long enough to handle the detected case. Then, if doing

* so didn't trigger an exception, the eval loop resumes executing

* the sequential instructions.

*

* To make this work, the eval loop periodically checks if any

* of the above needs to happen. The individual checks can be

* expensive if computed each time, so a while back we switched

* to using pre-computed, per-interpreter variables for the checks,

* and later consolidated that to a single "eval breaker" variable

* (now a PyInterpreterState field).

*

* For the longest time, the eval breaker check would happen

* frequently, every 5 or so times through the loop, regardless

* of what instruction ran last or what would run next. Then, in

* early 2021 (gh-18334, commit 4958f5d), we switched to checking

* the eval breaker less frequently, by hard-coding the check to

* specific places in the eval loop (e.g. certain instructions).

* The intent then was to check after returning from calls

* and on the back edges of loops.

*

* In addition to being more efficient, that approach keeps

* the eval loop from running arbitrary code between instructions

* that don't handle that well. (See gh-74174.)

*

* Currently, the eval breaker check happens on back edges in

* the control flow graph, which pretty much applies to all loops,

* and most calls.

* (See bytecodes.c for exact information.)

*

* One consequence of this approach is that it might not be obvious

* how to force any specific thread to pick up the eval breaker,

* or for any specific thread to not pick it up. Mostly this

* involves judicious uses of locks and careful ordering of code,

* while avoiding code that might trigger the eval breaker

* until so desired.

*/

int

_Py_HandlePending(PyThreadState *tstate)

{

PyInterpreterState *interp = tstate->interp;

/* Stop-the-world */

if (_Py_eval_breaker_bit_is_set(interp, _PY_EVAL_PLEASE_STOP_BIT)) {

_Py_set_eval_breaker_bit(interp, _PY_EVAL_PLEASE_STOP_BIT, 0);

_PyThreadState_Suspend(tstate);

/* The attach blocks until the stop-the-world event is complete. */

_PyThreadState_Attach(tstate);

}

/* Pending signals */

if (_Py_eval_breaker_bit_is_set(interp, _PY_SIGNALS_PENDING_BIT)) {

if (handle_signals(tstate) != 0) {

return -1;

}

}

/* Pending calls */

if (_Py_eval_breaker_bit_is_set(interp, _PY_CALLS_TO_DO_BIT)) {

if (make_pending_calls(interp) != 0) {

return -1;

}

}

/* GC scheduled to run */

if (_Py_eval_breaker_bit_is_set(interp, _PY_GC_SCHEDULED_BIT)) {

_Py_set_eval_breaker_bit(interp, _PY_GC_SCHEDULED_BIT, 0);

_Py_RunGC(tstate);

}

/* GIL drop request */

if (_Py_eval_breaker_bit_is_set(interp, _PY_GIL_DROP_REQUEST_BIT)) {

/* Give another thread a chance */

_PyThreadState_Detach(tstate);

/* Other threads may run now */

_PyThreadState_Attach(tstate);

}

/* Check for asynchronous exception. */

if (_Py_eval_breaker_bit_is_set(interp, _PY_ASYNC_EXCEPTION_BIT)) {

_Py_set_eval_breaker_bit(interp, _PY_ASYNC_EXCEPTION_BIT, 0);

if (tstate->async_exc != NULL) {

PyObject *exc = tstate->async_exc;

tstate->async_exc = NULL;

_PyErr_SetNone(tstate, exc);

Py_DECREF(exc);

return -1;

}