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‎Doc/library/ast.rst‎

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@@ -2457,6 +2457,13 @@ effects on the compilation of a program:
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Generates and returns an abstract syntax tree instead of returning a
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compiled code object.
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.. data:: PyCF_OPTIMIZED_AST
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The returned AST is optimized according to the *optimize* argument
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in :func:`compile` or :func:`ast.parse`.
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.. versionadded:: 3.13
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.. data:: PyCF_TYPE_COMMENTS
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Enables support for :pep:`484` and :pep:`526` style type comments

‎Doc/library/csv.rst‎

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@@ -55,10 +55,11 @@ The :mod:`csv` module defines the following functions:
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.. function:: reader(csvfile, dialect='excel', **fmtparams)
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Return a reader object which will iterate over lines in the given *csvfile*.
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*csvfile* can be any object which supports the :term:`iterator` protocol and returns a
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string each time its :meth:`!__next__` method is called --- :term:`file objects
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<file object>` and list objects are both suitable. If *csvfile* is a file object,
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Return a :ref:`reader object <reader-objects>` that will process
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lines from the given *csvfile*. A csvfile must be an iterable of
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strings, each in the reader's defined csv format.
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A csvfile is most commonly a file-like object or list.
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If *csvfile* is a file object,
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it should be opened with ``newline=''``. [1]_ An optional
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*dialect* parameter can be given which is used to define a set of parameters
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specific to a particular CSV dialect. It may be an instance of a subclass of
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When ``True``, raise exception :exc:`Error` on bad CSV input.
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The default is ``False``.
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.. _reader-objects:
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Reader Objects
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--------------
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‎Doc/library/fractions.rst‎

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@@ -106,6 +106,10 @@ another rational number, or from a string.
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presentation types ``"e"``, ``"E"``, ``"f"``, ``"F"``, ``"g"``, ``"G"``
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and ``"%""``.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.13
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Formatting of :class:`Fraction` instances without a presentation type
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now supports fill, alignment, sign handling, minimum width and grouping.
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.. attribute:: numerator
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Numerator of the Fraction in lowest term.
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.. method:: __format__(format_spec, /)
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Provides support for float-style formatting of :class:`Fraction`
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instances via the :meth:`str.format` method, the :func:`format` built-in
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function, or :ref:`Formatted string literals <f-strings>`. The
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presentation types ``"e"``, ``"E"``, ``"f"``, ``"F"``, ``"g"``, ``"G"``
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and ``"%"`` are supported. For these presentation types, formatting for a
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:class:`Fraction` object ``x`` follows the rules outlined for
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the :class:`float` type in the :ref:`formatspec` section.
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Provides support for formatting of :class:`Fraction` instances via the
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:meth:`str.format` method, the :func:`format` built-in function, or
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:ref:`Formatted string literals <f-strings>`.
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If the ``format_spec`` format specification string does not end with one
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of the presentation types ``'e'``, ``'E'``, ``'f'``, ``'F'``, ``'g'``,
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``'G'`` or ``'%'`` then formatting follows the general rules for fill,
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alignment, sign handling, minimum width, and grouping as described in the
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:ref:`format specification mini-language <formatspec>`. The "alternate
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form" flag ``'#'`` is supported: if present, it forces the output string
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to always include an explicit denominator, even when the value being
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formatted is an exact integer. The zero-fill flag ``'0'`` is not
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supported.
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If the ``format_spec`` format specification string ends with one of
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the presentation types ``'e'``, ``'E'``, ``'f'``, ``'F'``, ``'g'``,
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``'G'`` or ``'%'`` then formatting follows the rules outlined for the
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:class:`float` type in the :ref:`formatspec` section.
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Here are some examples::
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>>> from fractions import Fraction
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>>> format(Fraction(103993, 33102), '_')
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'103_993/33_102'
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>>> format(Fraction(1, 7), '.^+10')
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'...+1/7...'
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>>> format(Fraction(3, 1), '')
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'3'
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>>> format(Fraction(3, 1), '#')
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'3/1'
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>>> format(Fraction(1, 7), '.40g')
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'0.1428571428571428571428571428571428571429'
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>>> format(Fraction('1234567.855'), '_.2f')

‎Doc/library/itertools.rst‎

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Added the optional *initial* parameter.
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.. function:: batched(iterable, n)
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.. function:: batched(iterable, n, *, strict=False)
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Batch data from the *iterable* into tuples of length *n*. The last
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batch may be shorter than *n*.
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If *strict* is true, will raise a :exc:`ValueError` if the final
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batch is shorter than *n*.
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Loops over the input iterable and accumulates data into tuples up to
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size *n*. The input is consumed lazily, just enough to fill a batch.
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The result is yielded as soon as the batch is full or when the input
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Roughly equivalent to::
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def batched(iterable, n):
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def batched(iterable, n, *, strict=False):
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# batched('ABCDEFG', 3) --> ABC DEF G
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if n < 1:
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raise ValueError('n must be at least one')
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it = iter(iterable)
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while batch := tuple(islice(it, n)):
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if strict and len(batch) != n:
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raise ValueError('batched(): incomplete batch')
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yield batch
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.. versionadded:: 3.12
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.. versionchanged:: 3.13
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Added the *strict* option.
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.. function:: chain(*iterables)
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# sum_of_squares([10, 20, 30]) -> 1400
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return math.sumprod(*tee(it))
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def transpose(it):
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"Swap the rows and columns of the input."
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def reshape(matrix, cols):
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"Reshape a 2-D matrix to have a given number of columns."
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# reshape([(0, 1), (2, 3), (4, 5)], 3) --> (0, 1, 2), (3, 4, 5)
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return batched(chain.from_iterable(matrix), cols, strict=True)
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def transpose(matrix):
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"Swap the rows and columns of a 2-D matrix."
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# transpose([(1, 2, 3), (11, 22, 33)]) --> (1, 11) (2, 22) (3, 33)
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return zip(*it, strict=True)
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return zip(*matrix, strict=True)
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def matmul(m1, m2):
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"Multiply two matrices."
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>>> sum_of_squares([10, 20, 30])
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1400
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>>> list(reshape([(0, 1), (2, 3), (4, 5)], 3))
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[(0, 1, 2), (3, 4, 5)]
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>>> M = [(0, 1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6, 7), (8, 9, 10, 11)]
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>>> list(reshape(M, 1))
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[(0,), (1,), (2,), (3,), (4,), (5,), (6,), (7,), (8,), (9,), (10,), (11,)]
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>>> list(reshape(M, 2))
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[(0, 1), (2, 3), (4, 5), (6, 7), (8, 9), (10, 11)]
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>>> list(reshape(M, 3))
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[(0, 1, 2), (3, 4, 5), (6, 7, 8), (9, 10, 11)]
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>>> list(reshape(M, 4))
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[(0, 1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6, 7), (8, 9, 10, 11)]
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>>> list(reshape(M, 5))
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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...
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ValueError: batched(): incomplete batch
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>>> list(reshape(M, 6))
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[(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), (6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11)]
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>>> list(reshape(M, 12))
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[(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11)]
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>>> list(transpose([(1, 2, 3), (11, 22, 33)]))
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[(1, 11), (2, 22), (3, 33)]
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‎Doc/library/os.rst‎

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Most users should use :func:`subprocess.run` instead of :func:`posix_spawn`.
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The positional-only arguments *path*, *args*, and *env* are similar to
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:func:`execve`.
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:func:`execve`. *env* is allowed to be ``None``, in which case current
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process' environment is used.
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The *path* parameter is the path to the executable file. The *path* should
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contain a directory. Use :func:`posix_spawnp` to pass an executable file
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Performs ``os.dup2(fd, new_fd)``.
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.. data:: POSIX_SPAWN_CLOSEFROM
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(``os.POSIX_SPAWN_CLOSEFROM``, *fd*)
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Performs ``os.closerange(fd, INF)``.
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These tuples correspond to the C library
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:c:func:`!posix_spawn_file_actions_addopen`,
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:c:func:`!posix_spawn_file_actions_addclose`, and
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:c:func:`!posix_spawn_file_actions_adddup2` API calls used to prepare
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:c:func:`!posix_spawn_file_actions_addclose`,
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:c:func:`!posix_spawn_file_actions_adddup2`, and
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:c:func:`!posix_spawn_file_actions_addclosefrom_np` API calls used to prepare
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The *setpgroup* argument will set the process group of the child to the value
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.. versionadded:: 3.8
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.. versionchanged:: 3.13
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*env* parameter accepts ``None``.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.13
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``os.POSIX_SPAWN_CLOSEFROM`` is available on platforms where
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:c:func:`!posix_spawn_file_actions_addclosefrom_np` exists.
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.. availability:: Unix, not Emscripten, not WASI.
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.. function:: posix_spawnp(path, argv, env, *, file_actions=None, \

‎Doc/library/tarfile.rst‎

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``'filemode|[compression]'``. :func:`tarfile.open` will return a :class:`TarFile`
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object that processes its data as a stream of blocks. No random seeking will
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be done on the file. If given, *fileobj* may be any object that has a
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:meth:`read` or :meth:`write` method (depending on the *mode*). *bufsize*
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:meth:`~io.TextIOBase.read` or :meth:`~io.TextIOBase.write` method (depending on the *mode*). *bufsize*
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specifies the blocksize and defaults to ``20 * 512`` bytes. Use this variant
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device. However, such a :class:`TarFile` object is limited in that it does
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The default character encoding: ``'utf-8'`` on Windows, the value returned by
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.. data:: REGTYPE
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AREGTYPE
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A regular file :attr:`~TarInfo.type`.
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.. data:: LNKTYPE
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A link (inside tarfile) :attr:`~TarInfo.type`.
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.. data:: SYMTYPE
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A symbolic link :attr:`~TarInfo.type`.
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.. data:: CHRTYPE
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A character special device :attr:`~TarInfo.type`.
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.. data:: BLKTYPE
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A block special device :attr:`~TarInfo.type`.
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.. data:: DIRTYPE
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A directory :attr:`~TarInfo.type`.
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.. data:: FIFOTYPE
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A FIFO special device :attr:`~TarInfo.type`.
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.. data:: CONTTYPE
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A contiguous file :attr:`~TarInfo.type`.
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.. data:: GNUTYPE_LONGNAME
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A GNU tar longname :attr:`~TarInfo.type`.
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.. data:: GNUTYPE_LONGLINK
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A GNU tar longlink :attr:`~TarInfo.type`.
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.. data:: GNUTYPE_SPARSE
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A GNU tar sparse file :attr:`~TarInfo.type`.
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Each of the following constants defines a tar archive format that the
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*name* is the pathname of the archive. *name* may be a :term:`path-like object`.
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It can be omitted if *fileobj* is given.
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In this case, the file object's :attr:`!name` attribute is used if it exists.
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*mode* is either ``'r'`` to read from an existing archive, ``'a'`` to append
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messages). The messages are written to ``sys.stderr``.
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*errorlevel* controls how extraction errors are handled,
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see :attr:`the corresponding attribute <~TarFile.errorlevel>`.
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see :attr:`the corresponding attribute <TarFile.errorlevel>`.
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The *encoding* and *errors* arguments define the character encoding to be
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:meth:`~TarFile.getmember`, :meth:`~TarFile.getmembers` and
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:meth:`~TarFile.gettarinfo`.
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Modifying the objects returned by :meth:`~!TarFile.getmember` or
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:meth:`~!TarFile.getmembers` will affect all subsequent
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Modifying the objects returned by :meth:`~TarFile.getmember` or
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:meth:`~TarFile.getmembers` will affect all subsequent
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operations on the archive.
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A dictionary containing key-value pairs of an associated pax extended header.
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.. method:: TarInfo.replace(name=..., mtime=..., mode=..., linkname=...,
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uid=..., gid=..., uname=..., gname=...,
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.. method:: TarInfo.replace(name=..., mtime=..., mode=..., linkname=..., \
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uid=..., gid=..., uname=..., gname=..., \
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deep=True)
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.. versionadded:: 3.12
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.. method:: TarInfo.isfile()
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Return :const:`True` if the :class:`Tarinfo` object is a regular file.
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Return :const:`True` if the :class:`TarInfo` object is a regular file.
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.. method:: TarInfo.isreg()
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path (after following symlinks) would end up outside the destination.
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This raises :class:`~tarfile.OutsideDestinationError`.
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- Clear high mode bits (setuid, setgid, sticky) and group/other write bits
955-
(:const:`~stat.S_IWGRP`|:const:`~stat.S_IWOTH`).
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(:const:`~stat.S_IWGRP` | :const:`~stat.S_IWOTH`).
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- Set the owner read and write permissions
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(:const:`~stat.S_IRUSR`|:const:`~stat.S_IWUSR`).
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(:const:`~stat.S_IRUSR` | :const:`~stat.S_IWUSR`).
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- Remove the group & other executable permission
982-
(:const:`~stat.S_IXGRP`|:const:`~stat.S_IXOTH`)
1027+
(:const:`~stat.S_IXGRP` | :const:`~stat.S_IXOTH`)
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if the owner doesn’t have it (:const:`~stat.S_IXUSR`).
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- For other files (directories), set ``mode`` to ``None``, so

‎Doc/library/unittest.rst‎

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``python -m unittest discover -s root/namespace -t root``).
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.. versionchanged:: 3.11
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Python 3.11 dropped the :term:`namespace packages <namespace package>`
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support. It has been broken since Python 3.7. Start directory and
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:mod:`unittest` dropped the :term:`namespace packages <namespace package>`
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support in Python 3.11. It has been broken since Python 3.7. Start directory and
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subdirectories containing tests must be regular package that have
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‎Doc/reference/grammar.rst‎

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.. _full-grammar-specification:
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13
Full Grammar specification
24
==========================
35

‎Doc/tools/.nitignore‎

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Doc/library/stdtypes.rst
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Doc/library/string.rst
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Doc/library/subprocess.rst
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Doc/library/tarfile.rst
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Doc/library/termios.rst
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Doc/library/test.rst
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Doc/library/tkinter.rst

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