# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE.
# Copyright (C) 2001-2025, Python Software Foundation
# This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package.
# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
# 
# Translators:
# Rafael Fontenelle <rffontenelle@gmail.com>, 2025
# 
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Python 3.12\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2025-07-25 16:03+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2025-07-18 19:59+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Rafael Fontenelle <rffontenelle@gmail.com>, 2025\n"
"Language-Team: Chinese (China) (https://app.transifex.com/python-doc/teams/5390/zh_CN/)\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Language: zh_CN\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:5
msgid "Errors and Exceptions"
msgstr "错误和异常"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:7
msgid ""
"Until now error messages haven't been more than mentioned, but if you have "
"tried out the examples you have probably seen some.  There are (at least) "
"two distinguishable kinds of errors: *syntax errors* and *exceptions*."
msgstr ""
"至此，本教程还未深入介绍错误信息，但如果您尝试过本教程前文中的例子，应该已经看到过一些错误信息。错误可（至少）被分为两种：*语法错误* 和 *异常*。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:15
msgid "Syntax Errors"
msgstr "语法错误"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:17
msgid ""
"Syntax errors, also known as parsing errors, are perhaps the most common "
"kind of complaint you get while you are still learning Python::"
msgstr "语法错误又称解析错误，是学习 Python 时最常见的错误："

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:20
msgid ""
">>> while True print('Hello world')\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 1\n"
"    while True print('Hello world')\n"
"               ^^^^^\n"
"SyntaxError: invalid syntax"
msgstr ""
">>> while True print('Hello world')\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 1\n"
"    while True print('Hello world')\n"
"               ^^^^^\n"
"SyntaxError: invalid syntax"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:26
msgid ""
"The parser repeats the offending line and displays little arrows pointing at"
" the place where the error was detected.  Note that this is not always the "
"place that needs to be fixed.  In the example, the error is detected at the "
"function :func:`print`, since a colon (``':'``) is missing just before it."
msgstr ""
"解析器会重复出错的行并显示指向检测到错误的位置的小箭头。 请注意这并不一定是需要被修复的位置。 在这个例子中，错误在 :func:`print` "
"上被检测到，原因则是在它之前缺少一个冒号 (``':'``)。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:31
msgid ""
"The file name (``<stdin>`` in our example) and line number are printed so "
"you know where to look in case the input came from a file."
msgstr "将会打印文件名 (在我们的例子中为 ``<stdin>``) 和行号以便你在输入是来自文件时能知道要去哪里查看。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:38
msgid "Exceptions"
msgstr "异常"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:40
msgid ""
"Even if a statement or expression is syntactically correct, it may cause an "
"error when an attempt is made to execute it. Errors detected during "
"execution are called *exceptions* and are not unconditionally fatal: you "
"will soon learn how to handle them in Python programs.  Most exceptions are "
"not handled by programs, however, and result in error messages as shown "
"here::"
msgstr ""
"即使语句或表达式使用了正确的语法，执行时仍可能触发错误。执行时检测到的错误称为 *异常*，异常不一定导致严重的后果：很快我们就能学会如何处理 "
"Python 的异常。大多数异常不会被程序处理，而是显示下列错误信息："

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:46
msgid ""
">>> 10 * (1/0)\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"ZeroDivisionError: division by zero\n"
">>> 4 + spam*3\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"NameError: name 'spam' is not defined\n"
">>> '2' + 2\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"TypeError: can only concatenate str (not \"int\") to str"
msgstr ""
">>> 10 * (1/0)\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"ZeroDivisionError: division by zero\n"
">>> 4 + spam*3\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"NameError: name 'spam' is not defined\n"
">>> '2' + 2\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"TypeError: can only concatenate str (not \"int\") to str"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:59
msgid ""
"The last line of the error message indicates what happened. Exceptions come "
"in different types, and the type is printed as part of the message: the "
"types in the example are :exc:`ZeroDivisionError`, :exc:`NameError` and "
":exc:`TypeError`. The string printed as the exception type is the name of "
"the built-in exception that occurred.  This is true for all built-in "
"exceptions, but need not be true for user-defined exceptions (although it is"
" a useful convention). Standard exception names are built-in identifiers "
"(not reserved keywords)."
msgstr ""
"错误信息的最后一行说明程序遇到了什么类型的错误。异常有不同的类型，而类型名称会作为错误信息的一部分中打印出来：上述示例中的异常类型依次是：:exc:`ZeroDivisionError`，"
" :exc:`NameError` 和 "
":exc:`TypeError`。作为异常类型打印的字符串是发生的内置异常的名称。对于所有内置异常都是如此，但对于用户定义的异常则不一定如此（虽然这种规范很有用）。标准的异常类型是内置的标识符（不是保留关键字）。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:67
msgid ""
"The rest of the line provides detail based on the type of exception and what"
" caused it."
msgstr "此行其余部分根据异常类型，结合出错原因，说明错误细节。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:70
msgid ""
"The preceding part of the error message shows the context where the "
"exception occurred, in the form of a stack traceback. In general it contains"
" a stack traceback listing source lines; however, it will not display lines "
"read from standard input."
msgstr "错误信息开头用堆栈回溯形式展示发生异常的语境。一般会列出源代码行的堆栈回溯；但不会显示从标准输入读取的行。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:75
msgid ""
":ref:`bltin-exceptions` lists the built-in exceptions and their meanings."
msgstr ":ref:`bltin-exceptions` 列出了内置异常及其含义。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:81
msgid "Handling Exceptions"
msgstr "异常的处理"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:83
msgid ""
"It is possible to write programs that handle selected exceptions. Look at "
"the following example, which asks the user for input until a valid integer "
"has been entered, but allows the user to interrupt the program (using "
":kbd:`Control-C` or whatever the operating system supports); note that a "
"user-generated interruption is signalled by raising the "
":exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` exception. ::"
msgstr ""
"可以编写程序处理选定的异常。下例会要求用户一直输入内容，直到输入有效的整数，但允许用户中断程序（使用 :kbd:`Control-C` "
"或操作系统支持的其他操作）；注意，用户中断程序会触发 :exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` 异常。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:89
msgid ""
">>> while True:\n"
"...     try:\n"
"...         x = int(input(\"Please enter a number: \"))\n"
"...         break\n"
"...     except ValueError:\n"
"...         print(\"Oops!  That was no valid number.  Try again...\")\n"
"..."
msgstr ""
">>> while True:\n"
"...     try:\n"
"...         x = int(input(\"Please enter a number: \"))\n"
"...         break\n"
"...     except ValueError:\n"
"...         print(\"Oops!  That was no valid number.  Try again...\")\n"
"..."

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:97
msgid "The :keyword:`try` statement works as follows."
msgstr ":keyword:`try` 语句的工作原理如下："

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:99
msgid ""
"First, the *try clause* (the statement(s) between the :keyword:`try` and "
":keyword:`except` keywords) is executed."
msgstr "首先，执行 *try 子句* （:keyword:`try` 和 :keyword:`except` 关键字之间的（多行）语句）。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:102
msgid ""
"If no exception occurs, the *except clause* is skipped and execution of the "
":keyword:`try` statement is finished."
msgstr "如果没有触发异常，则跳过 *except 子句*，:keyword:`try` 语句执行完毕。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:105
msgid ""
"If an exception occurs during execution of the :keyword:`try` clause, the "
"rest of the clause is skipped.  Then, if its type matches the exception "
"named after the :keyword:`except` keyword, the *except clause* is executed, "
"and then execution continues after the try/except block."
msgstr ""
"如果在执行 :keyword:`try` 子句时发生了异常，则跳过该子句中剩下的部分。  如果异常的类型与 :keyword:`except` "
"关键字后指定的异常相匹配，则会执行 *except 子句*，然后跳到 try/except 代码块之后继续执行。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:110
msgid ""
"If an exception occurs which does not match the exception named in the "
"*except clause*, it is passed on to outer :keyword:`try` statements; if no "
"handler is found, it is an *unhandled exception* and execution stops with an"
" error message."
msgstr ""
"如果发生的异常与 *except 子句* 中指定的异常不匹配，则它会被传递到外层的 :keyword:`try` 语句中；如果没有找到处理器，则它是一个"
" *未处理异常* 且执行将停止并输出一条错误消息。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:114
msgid ""
"A :keyword:`try` statement may have more than one *except clause*, to "
"specify handlers for different exceptions.  At most one handler will be "
"executed. Handlers only handle exceptions that occur in the corresponding "
"*try clause*, not in other handlers of the same :keyword:`!try` statement.  "
"An *except clause* may name multiple exceptions as a parenthesized tuple, "
"for example::"
msgstr ""
":keyword:`try` 语句可以有多个 *except 子句* 来为不同的异常指定处理程序。 但最多只有一个处理程序会被执行。 "
"处理程序只处理对应的 *try 子句* 中发生的异常，而不处理同一 :keyword:`!try` 语句内其他处理程序中的异常。 *except 子句*"
" 可以用带圆括号的元组来指定多个异常，例如::"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:120
msgid ""
"... except (RuntimeError, TypeError, NameError):\n"
"...     pass"
msgstr ""
"... except (RuntimeError, TypeError, NameError):\n"
"...     pass"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:123
msgid ""
"A class in an :keyword:`except` clause matches exceptions which are "
"instances of the class itself or one of its derived classes (but not the "
"other way around --- an *except clause* listing a derived class does not "
"match instances of its base classes). For example, the following code will "
"print B, C, D in that order::"
msgstr ""
"一个 :keyword:`except` 子句中的类匹配的异常将是该类本身的实例或其所派生的类的实例（但反过来则不可以 --- 列出派生类的 "
"*except 子句* 不会匹配其基类的实例）。 例如，下面的代码将依次打印 B, C, D::"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:128
msgid ""
"class B(Exception):\n"
"    pass\n"
"\n"
"class C(B):\n"
"    pass\n"
"\n"
"class D(C):\n"
"    pass\n"
"\n"
"for cls in [B, C, D]:\n"
"    try:\n"
"        raise cls()\n"
"    except D:\n"
"        print(\"D\")\n"
"    except C:\n"
"        print(\"C\")\n"
"    except B:\n"
"        print(\"B\")"
msgstr ""
"class B(Exception):\n"
"    pass\n"
"\n"
"class C(B):\n"
"    pass\n"
"\n"
"class D(C):\n"
"    pass\n"
"\n"
"for cls in [B, C, D]:\n"
"    try:\n"
"        raise cls()\n"
"    except D:\n"
"        print(\"D\")\n"
"    except C:\n"
"        print(\"C\")\n"
"    except B:\n"
"        print(\"B\")"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:147
msgid ""
"Note that if the *except clauses* were reversed (with ``except B`` first), "
"it would have printed B, B, B --- the first matching *except clause* is "
"triggered."
msgstr ""
"请注意如果颠倒 *except 子句* 的顺序（把 ``except B`` 放在最前），则会输出 B, B, B --- 即触发了第一个匹配的 "
"*except 子句*。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:150
msgid ""
"When an exception occurs, it may have associated values, also known as the "
"exception's *arguments*. The presence and types of the arguments depend on "
"the exception type."
msgstr "发生异常时，它可能具有关联值，即异常 *参数* 。是否需要参数，以及参数的类型取决于异常的类型。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:154
msgid ""
"The *except clause* may specify a variable after the exception name.  The "
"variable is bound to the exception instance which typically has an ``args`` "
"attribute that stores the arguments. For convenience, builtin exception "
"types define :meth:`~object.__str__` to print all the arguments without "
"explicitly accessing ``.args``.  ::"
msgstr ""
"*except 子句* 可能会在异常名称后面指定一个变量。 这个变量将被绑定到异常实例，该实例通常会有一个存储参数的 ``args`` 属性。 "
"为了方便起见，内置异常类型定义了 :meth:`~object.__str__` 来打印所有参数而不必显式地访问 ``.args``。 ::"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:160
msgid ""
">>> try:\n"
"...     raise Exception('spam', 'eggs')\n"
"... except Exception as inst:\n"
"...     print(type(inst))    # the exception type\n"
"...     print(inst.args)     # arguments stored in .args\n"
"...     print(inst)          # __str__ allows args to be printed directly,\n"
"...                          # but may be overridden in exception subclasses\n"
"...     x, y = inst.args     # unpack args\n"
"...     print('x =', x)\n"
"...     print('y =', y)\n"
"...\n"
"<class 'Exception'>\n"
"('spam', 'eggs')\n"
"('spam', 'eggs')\n"
"x = spam\n"
"y = eggs"
msgstr ""
">>> try:\n"
"...     raise Exception('spam', 'eggs')\n"
"... except Exception as inst:\n"
"...     print(type(inst))    # 异常的类型\n"
"...     print(inst.args)     # 参数保存在 .args 中\n"
"...     print(inst)          # __str__ 允许 args 被直接打印，\n"
"...                          # 但可能在异常子类中被覆盖\n"
"...     x, y = inst.args     # 解包 args\n"
"...     print('x =', x)\n"
"...     print('y =', y)\n"
"...\n"
"<class 'Exception'>\n"
"('spam', 'eggs')\n"
"('spam', 'eggs')\n"
"x = spam\n"
"y = eggs"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:177
msgid ""
"The exception's :meth:`~object.__str__` output is printed as the last part "
"('detail') of the message for unhandled exceptions."
msgstr "未处理异常的 :meth:`~object.__str__` 输出会被打印为该异常消息的最后部分 ('detail')。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:180
msgid ""
":exc:`BaseException` is the common base class of all exceptions. One of its "
"subclasses, :exc:`Exception`, is the base class of all the non-fatal "
"exceptions. Exceptions which are not subclasses of :exc:`Exception` are not "
"typically handled, because they are used to indicate that the program should"
" terminate. They include :exc:`SystemExit` which is raised by "
":meth:`sys.exit` and :exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` which is raised when a user "
"wishes to interrupt the program."
msgstr ""
":exc:`BaseException` 是所有异常的共同基类。它的一个子类， :exc:`Exception` ，是所有非致命异常的基类。不是 "
":exc:`Exception` 的子类的异常通常不被处理，因为它们被用来指示程序应该终止。它们包括由 :meth:`sys.exit` 引发的 "
":exc:`SystemExit` ，以及当用户希望中断程序时引发的 :exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` 。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:188
msgid ""
":exc:`Exception` can be used as a wildcard that catches (almost) everything."
" However, it is good practice to be as specific as possible with the types "
"of exceptions that we intend to handle, and to allow any unexpected "
"exceptions to propagate on."
msgstr ""
":exc:`Exception` "
"可以被用作通配符，捕获（几乎）一切。然而，好的做法是，尽可能具体地说明我们打算处理的异常类型，并允许任何意外的异常传播下去。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:193
msgid ""
"The most common pattern for handling :exc:`Exception` is to print or log the"
" exception and then re-raise it (allowing a caller to handle the exception "
"as well)::"
msgstr "处理 :exc:`Exception` 最常见的模式是打印或记录异常，然后重新提出（允许调用者也处理异常）::"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:197
msgid ""
"import sys\n"
"\n"
"try:\n"
"    f = open('myfile.txt')\n"
"    s = f.readline()\n"
"    i = int(s.strip())\n"
"except OSError as err:\n"
"    print(\"OS error:\", err)\n"
"except ValueError:\n"
"    print(\"Could not convert data to an integer.\")\n"
"except Exception as err:\n"
"    print(f\"Unexpected {err=}, {type(err)=}\")\n"
"    raise"
msgstr ""
"import sys\n"
"\n"
"try:\n"
"    f = open('myfile.txt')\n"
"    s = f.readline()\n"
"    i = int(s.strip())\n"
"except OSError as err:\n"
"    print(\"OS error:\", err)\n"
"except ValueError:\n"
"    print(\"Could not convert data to an integer.\")\n"
"except Exception as err:\n"
"    print(f\"Unexpected {err=}, {type(err)=}\")\n"
"    raise"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:211
msgid ""
"The :keyword:`try` ... :keyword:`except` statement has an optional *else "
"clause*, which, when present, must follow all *except clauses*.  It is "
"useful for code that must be executed if the *try clause* does not raise an "
"exception. For example::"
msgstr ""
":keyword:`try` ... :keyword:`except` 语句具有可选的 *else 子句*，该子句如果存在，它必须放在所有 "
"*except 子句* 之后。 它适用于 *try 子句* 没有引发异常但又必须要执行的代码。 例如::"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:216
msgid ""
"for arg in sys.argv[1:]:\n"
"    try:\n"
"        f = open(arg, 'r')\n"
"    except OSError:\n"
"        print('cannot open', arg)\n"
"    else:\n"
"        print(arg, 'has', len(f.readlines()), 'lines')\n"
"        f.close()"
msgstr ""
"for arg in sys.argv[1:]:\n"
"    try:\n"
"        f = open(arg, 'r')\n"
"    except OSError:\n"
"        print('cannot open', arg)\n"
"    else:\n"
"        print(arg, 'has', len(f.readlines()), 'lines')\n"
"        f.close()"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:225
msgid ""
"The use of the :keyword:`!else` clause is better than adding additional code"
" to the :keyword:`try` clause because it avoids accidentally catching an "
"exception that wasn't raised by the code being protected by the "
":keyword:`!try` ... :keyword:`!except` statement."
msgstr ""
"使用 :keyword:`!else` 子句比向 :keyword:`try` 子句添加额外的代码要好，可以避免意外捕获非 "
":keyword:`!try` ... :keyword:`!except` 语句保护的代码触发的异常。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:230
msgid ""
"Exception handlers do not handle only exceptions that occur immediately in "
"the *try clause*, but also those that occur inside functions that are called"
" (even indirectly) in the *try clause*. For example::"
msgstr "异常处理程序不仅会处理在 *try 子句* 中立刻发生的异常，还会处理在 *try 子句* 中调用（包括间接调用）的函数。 例如::"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:234
msgid ""
">>> def this_fails():\n"
"...     x = 1/0\n"
"...\n"
">>> try:\n"
"...     this_fails()\n"
"... except ZeroDivisionError as err:\n"
"...     print('Handling run-time error:', err)\n"
"...\n"
"Handling run-time error: division by zero"
msgstr ""
">>> def this_fails():\n"
"...     x = 1/0\n"
"...\n"
">>> try:\n"
"...     this_fails()\n"
"... except ZeroDivisionError as err:\n"
"...     print('Handling run-time error:', err)\n"
"...\n"
"Handling run-time error: division by zero"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:248
msgid "Raising Exceptions"
msgstr "触发异常"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:250
msgid ""
"The :keyword:`raise` statement allows the programmer to force a specified "
"exception to occur. For example::"
msgstr ":keyword:`raise` 语句支持强制触发指定的异常。例如："

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:253
msgid ""
">>> raise NameError('HiThere')\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"NameError: HiThere"
msgstr ""

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:258
msgid ""
"The sole argument to :keyword:`raise` indicates the exception to be raised. "
"This must be either an exception instance or an exception class (a class "
"that derives from :class:`BaseException`, such as :exc:`Exception` or one of"
" its subclasses).  If an exception class is passed, it will be implicitly "
"instantiated by calling its constructor with no arguments::"
msgstr ""
":keyword:`raise` 唯一的参数就是要触发的异常。这个参数必须是异常实例或异常类（派生自 :class:`BaseException` "
"类，例如 :exc:`Exception` 或其子类）。如果传递的是异常类，将通过调用没有参数的构造函数来隐式实例化："

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:264
msgid "raise ValueError  # shorthand for 'raise ValueError()'"
msgstr "raise ValueError  # 'raise ValueError()' 的简化"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:266
msgid ""
"If you need to determine whether an exception was raised but don't intend to"
" handle it, a simpler form of the :keyword:`raise` statement allows you to "
"re-raise the exception::"
msgstr "如果只想判断是否触发了异常，但并不打算处理该异常，则可以使用更简单的 :keyword:`raise` 语句重新触发异常："

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:270
msgid ""
">>> try:\n"
"...     raise NameError('HiThere')\n"
"... except NameError:\n"
"...     print('An exception flew by!')\n"
"...     raise\n"
"...\n"
"An exception flew by!\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 2, in <module>\n"
"NameError: HiThere"
msgstr ""

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:285
msgid "Exception Chaining"
msgstr "异常链"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:287
msgid ""
"If an unhandled exception occurs inside an :keyword:`except` section, it "
"will have the exception being handled attached to it and included in the "
"error message::"
msgstr "如果一个未处理的异常发生在 :keyword:`except` 部分内，它将会有被处理的异常附加到它上面，并包括在错误信息中::"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:291
msgid ""
">>> try:\n"
"...     open(\"database.sqlite\")\n"
"... except OSError:\n"
"...     raise RuntimeError(\"unable to handle error\")\n"
"...\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 2, in <module>\n"
"FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'database.sqlite'\n"
"\n"
"During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:\n"
"\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 4, in <module>\n"
"RuntimeError: unable to handle error"
msgstr ""

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:306
msgid ""
"To indicate that an exception is a direct consequence of another, the "
":keyword:`raise` statement allows an optional :keyword:`from<raise>` "
"clause::"
msgstr ""
"为了表明一个异常是另一个异常的直接后果， :keyword:`raise` 语句允许一个可选的 :keyword:`from<raise>` 子句::"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:309
msgid ""
"# exc must be exception instance or None.\n"
"raise RuntimeError from exc"
msgstr ""
"# exc 必须为异常实例或为 None。\n"
"raise RuntimeError from exc"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:312
msgid "This can be useful when you are transforming exceptions. For example::"
msgstr "转换异常时，这种方式很有用。例如："

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:314
msgid ""
">>> def func():\n"
"...     raise ConnectionError\n"
"...\n"
">>> try:\n"
"...     func()\n"
"... except ConnectionError as exc:\n"
"...     raise RuntimeError('Failed to open database') from exc\n"
"...\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 2, in <module>\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 2, in func\n"
"ConnectionError\n"
"\n"
"The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:\n"
"\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 4, in <module>\n"
"RuntimeError: Failed to open database"
msgstr ""

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:333
msgid ""
"It also allows disabling automatic exception chaining using the ``from "
"None`` idiom::"
msgstr "它还允许使用 ``from None`` 表达禁用自动异常链::"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:336
msgid ""
">>> try:\n"
"...     open('database.sqlite')\n"
"... except OSError:\n"
"...     raise RuntimeError from None\n"
"...\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 4, in <module>\n"
"RuntimeError"
msgstr ""

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:345
msgid ""
"For more information about chaining mechanics, see :ref:`bltin-exceptions`."
msgstr "异常链机制详见 :ref:`bltin-exceptions`。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:351
msgid "User-defined Exceptions"
msgstr "用户自定义异常"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:353
msgid ""
"Programs may name their own exceptions by creating a new exception class "
"(see :ref:`tut-classes` for more about Python classes).  Exceptions should "
"typically be derived from the :exc:`Exception` class, either directly or "
"indirectly."
msgstr ""
"程序可以通过创建新的异常类命名自己的异常（Python 类的内容详见 :ref:`tut-classes`）。不论是以直接还是间接的方式，异常都应从 "
":exc:`Exception` 类派生。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:357
msgid ""
"Exception classes can be defined which do anything any other class can do, "
"but are usually kept simple, often only offering a number of attributes that"
" allow information about the error to be extracted by handlers for the "
"exception."
msgstr "异常类可以被定义成能做其他类所能做的任何事，但通常应当保持简单，它往往只提供一些属性，允许相应的异常处理程序提取有关错误的信息。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:361
msgid ""
"Most exceptions are defined with names that end in \"Error\", similar to the"
" naming of the standard exceptions."
msgstr "大多数异常命名都以 “Error” 结尾，类似标准异常的命名。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:364
msgid ""
"Many standard modules define their own exceptions to report errors that may "
"occur in functions they define."
msgstr "许多标准模块定义了自己的异常，以报告他们定义的函数中可能出现的错误。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:371
msgid "Defining Clean-up Actions"
msgstr "定义清理操作"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:373
msgid ""
"The :keyword:`try` statement has another optional clause which is intended "
"to define clean-up actions that must be executed under all circumstances.  "
"For example::"
msgstr ":keyword:`try` 语句还有一个可选子句，用于定义在所有情况下都必须要执行的清理操作。例如："

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:377
msgid ""
">>> try:\n"
"...     raise KeyboardInterrupt\n"
"... finally:\n"
"...     print('Goodbye, world!')\n"
"...\n"
"Goodbye, world!\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 2, in <module>\n"
"KeyboardInterrupt"
msgstr ""

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:387
msgid ""
"If a :keyword:`finally` clause is present, the :keyword:`!finally` clause "
"will execute as the last task before the :keyword:`try` statement completes."
" The :keyword:`!finally` clause runs whether or not the :keyword:`!try` "
"statement produces an exception. The following points discuss more complex "
"cases when an exception occurs:"
msgstr ""
"如果存在 :keyword:`finally` 子句，则 :keyword:`!finally` 子句是 :keyword:`try` "
"语句结束前执行的最后一项任务。不论 :keyword:`!try` 语句是否触发异常，都会执行 :keyword:`!finally` "
"子句。以下内容介绍了几种比较复杂的触发异常情景："

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:393
msgid ""
"If an exception occurs during execution of the :keyword:`!try` clause, the "
"exception may be handled by an :keyword:`except` clause. If the exception is"
" not handled by an :keyword:`!except` clause, the exception is re-raised "
"after the :keyword:`!finally` clause has been executed."
msgstr ""
"如果执行 :keyword:`!try` 子句期间触发了某个异常，则某个 :keyword:`except` 子句应处理该异常。如果该异常没有 "
":keyword:`!except` 子句处理，在 :keyword:`!finally` 子句执行后会被重新触发。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:399
msgid ""
"An exception could occur during execution of an :keyword:`!except` or "
":keyword:`!else` clause. Again, the exception is re-raised after the "
":keyword:`!finally` clause has been executed."
msgstr ""
":keyword:`!except` 或 :keyword:`!else` 子句执行期间也会触发异常。 同样，该异常会在 "
":keyword:`!finally` 子句执行之后被重新触发。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:403
msgid ""
"If the :keyword:`!finally` clause executes a :keyword:`break`, "
":keyword:`continue` or :keyword:`return` statement, exceptions are not re-"
"raised."
msgstr ""
"如果 :keyword:`!finally` 子句中包含 :keyword:`break`、:keyword:`continue` 或 "
":keyword:`return` 等语句，异常将不会被重新引发。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:407
msgid ""
"If the :keyword:`!try` statement reaches a :keyword:`break`, "
":keyword:`continue` or :keyword:`return` statement, the :keyword:`!finally` "
"clause will execute just prior to the :keyword:`!break`, "
":keyword:`!continue` or :keyword:`!return` statement's execution."
msgstr ""
"如果执行 :keyword:`!try` 语句时遇到 :keyword:`break`,、:keyword:`continue` 或 "
":keyword:`return` 语句，则 :keyword:`!finally` 子句在执行 "
":keyword:`!break`、:keyword:`!continue` 或 :keyword:`!return` 语句之前执行。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:413
msgid ""
"If a :keyword:`!finally` clause includes a :keyword:`!return` statement, the"
" returned value will be the one from the :keyword:`!finally` clause's "
":keyword:`!return` statement, not the value from the :keyword:`!try` "
"clause's :keyword:`!return` statement."
msgstr ""
"如果 :keyword:`!finally` 子句中包含 :keyword:`!return` 语句，则返回值来自 "
":keyword:`!finally` 子句的某个 :keyword:`!return` 语句的返回值，而不是来自 :keyword:`!try` "
"子句的 :keyword:`!return` 语句的返回值。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:419
msgid "For example::"
msgstr "例如："

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:421
msgid ""
">>> def bool_return():\n"
"...     try:\n"
"...         return True\n"
"...     finally:\n"
"...         return False\n"
"...\n"
">>> bool_return()\n"
"False"
msgstr ""
">>> def bool_return():\n"
"...     try:\n"
"...         return True\n"
"...     finally:\n"
"...         return False\n"
"...\n"
">>> bool_return()\n"
"False"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:430
msgid "A more complicated example::"
msgstr "这是一个比较复杂的例子："

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:432
msgid ""
">>> def divide(x, y):\n"
"...     try:\n"
"...         result = x / y\n"
"...     except ZeroDivisionError:\n"
"...         print(\"division by zero!\")\n"
"...     else:\n"
"...         print(\"result is\", result)\n"
"...     finally:\n"
"...         print(\"executing finally clause\")\n"
"...\n"
">>> divide(2, 1)\n"
"result is 2.0\n"
"executing finally clause\n"
">>> divide(2, 0)\n"
"division by zero!\n"
"executing finally clause\n"
">>> divide(\"2\", \"1\")\n"
"executing finally clause\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 3, in divide\n"
"TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'str' and 'str'"
msgstr ""

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:455
msgid ""
"As you can see, the :keyword:`finally` clause is executed in any event.  The"
" :exc:`TypeError` raised by dividing two strings is not handled by the "
":keyword:`except` clause and therefore re-raised after the "
":keyword:`!finally` clause has been executed."
msgstr ""
"如上所示，任何情况下都会执行 :keyword:`finally` 子句。:keyword:`except` 子句不处理两个字符串相除触发的 "
":exc:`TypeError`，因此会在 :keyword:`!finally` 子句执行后被重新触发。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:460
msgid ""
"In real world applications, the :keyword:`finally` clause is useful for "
"releasing external resources (such as files or network connections), "
"regardless of whether the use of the resource was successful."
msgstr "在实际应用程序中，:keyword:`finally` 子句对于释放外部资源（例如文件或者网络连接）非常有用，无论是否成功使用资源。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:468
msgid "Predefined Clean-up Actions"
msgstr "预定义的清理操作"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:470
msgid ""
"Some objects define standard clean-up actions to be undertaken when the "
"object is no longer needed, regardless of whether or not the operation using"
" the object succeeded or failed. Look at the following example, which tries "
"to open a file and print its contents to the screen. ::"
msgstr ""
"某些对象定义了不需要该对象时要执行的标准清理操作。无论使用该对象的操作是否成功，都会执行清理操作。比如，下例要打开一个文件，并输出文件内容："

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:475
msgid ""
"for line in open(\"myfile.txt\"):\n"
"    print(line, end=\"\")"
msgstr ""
"for line in open(\"myfile.txt\"):\n"
"    print(line, end=\"\")"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:478
msgid ""
"The problem with this code is that it leaves the file open for an "
"indeterminate amount of time after this part of the code has finished "
"executing. This is not an issue in simple scripts, but can be a problem for "
"larger applications. The :keyword:`with` statement allows objects like files"
" to be used in a way that ensures they are always cleaned up promptly and "
"correctly. ::"
msgstr ""
"这个代码的问题在于，执行完代码后，文件在一段不确定的时间内处于打开状态。在简单脚本中这没有问题，但对于较大的应用程序来说可能会出问题。:keyword:`with`"
" 语句支持以及时、正确的清理的方式使用文件对象："

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:484
msgid ""
"with open(\"myfile.txt\") as f:\n"
"    for line in f:\n"
"        print(line, end=\"\")"
msgstr ""
"with open(\"myfile.txt\") as f:\n"
"    for line in f:\n"
"        print(line, end=\"\")"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:488
msgid ""
"After the statement is executed, the file *f* is always closed, even if a "
"problem was encountered while processing the lines. Objects which, like "
"files, provide predefined clean-up actions will indicate this in their "
"documentation."
msgstr "语句执行完毕后，即使在处理行时遇到问题，都会关闭文件 *f*。和文件一样，支持预定义清理操作的对象会在文档中指出这一点。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:496
msgid "Raising and Handling Multiple Unrelated Exceptions"
msgstr "引发和处理多个不相关的异常"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:498
msgid ""
"There are situations where it is necessary to report several exceptions that"
" have occurred. This is often the case in concurrency frameworks, when "
"several tasks may have failed in parallel, but there are also other use "
"cases where it is desirable to continue execution and collect multiple "
"errors rather than raise the first exception."
msgstr ""
"在有些情况下，有必要报告几个已经发生的异常。这通常是在并发框架中当几个任务并行失败时的情况，但也有其他的用例，有时需要是继续执行并收集多个错误而不是引发第一个异常。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:504
msgid ""
"The builtin :exc:`ExceptionGroup` wraps a list of exception instances so "
"that they can be raised together. It is an exception itself, so it can be "
"caught like any other exception. ::"
msgstr ""
"内置的 :exc:`ExceptionGroup` "
"打包了一个异常实例的列表，这样它们就可以一起被引发。它本身就是一个异常，所以它可以像其他异常一样被捕获。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:508
msgid ""
">>> def f():\n"
"...     excs = [OSError('error 1'), SystemError('error 2')]\n"
"...     raise ExceptionGroup('there were problems', excs)\n"
"...\n"
">>> f()\n"
"  + Exception Group Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  |   File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"  |   File \"<stdin>\", line 3, in f\n"
"  | ExceptionGroup: there were problems\n"
"  +-+---------------- 1 ----------------\n"
"    | OSError: error 1\n"
"    +---------------- 2 ----------------\n"
"    | SystemError: error 2\n"
"    +------------------------------------\n"
">>> try:\n"
"...     f()\n"
"... except Exception as e:\n"
"...     print(f'caught {type(e)}: e')\n"
"...\n"
"caught <class 'ExceptionGroup'>: e\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:530
msgid ""
"By using ``except*`` instead of ``except``, we can selectively handle only "
"the exceptions in the group that match a certain type. In the following "
"example, which shows a nested exception group, each ``except*`` clause "
"extracts from the group exceptions of a certain type while letting all other"
" exceptions propagate to other clauses and eventually to be reraised. ::"
msgstr ""
"通过使用 ``except*`` 代替 ``except`` "
"，我们可以有选择地只处理组中符合某种类型的异常。在下面的例子中，显示了一个嵌套的异常组，每个 ``except*`` "
"子句都从组中提取了某种类型的异常，而让所有其他的异常传播到其他子句，并最终被重新引发。"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:537
msgid ""
">>> def f():\n"
"...     raise ExceptionGroup(\n"
"...         \"group1\",\n"
"...         [\n"
"...             OSError(1),\n"
"...             SystemError(2),\n"
"...             ExceptionGroup(\n"
"...                 \"group2\",\n"
"...                 [\n"
"...                     OSError(3),\n"
"...                     RecursionError(4)\n"
"...                 ]\n"
"...             )\n"
"...         ]\n"
"...     )\n"
"...\n"
">>> try:\n"
"...     f()\n"
"... except* OSError as e:\n"
"...     print(\"There were OSErrors\")\n"
"... except* SystemError as e:\n"
"...     print(\"There were SystemErrors\")\n"
"...\n"
"There were OSErrors\n"
"There were SystemErrors\n"
"  + Exception Group Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  |   File \"<stdin>\", line 2, in <module>\n"
"  |   File \"<stdin>\", line 2, in f\n"
"  | ExceptionGroup: group1\n"
"  +-+---------------- 1 ----------------\n"
"    | ExceptionGroup: group2\n"
"    +-+---------------- 1 ----------------\n"
"      | RecursionError: 4\n"
"      +------------------------------------\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:573
msgid ""
"Note that the exceptions nested in an exception group must be instances, not"
" types. This is because in practice the exceptions would typically be ones "
"that have already been raised and caught by the program, along the following"
" pattern::"
msgstr "注意，嵌套在一个异常组中的异常必须是实例，而不是类型。这是因为在实践中，这些异常通常是那些已经被程序提出并捕获的异常，其模式如下::"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:578
msgid ""
">>> excs = []\n"
"... for test in tests:\n"
"...     try:\n"
"...         test.run()\n"
"...     except Exception as e:\n"
"...         excs.append(e)\n"
"...\n"
">>> if excs:\n"
"...    raise ExceptionGroup(\"Test Failures\", excs)\n"
"..."
msgstr ""
">>> excs = []\n"
"... for test in tests:\n"
"...     try:\n"
"...         test.run()\n"
"...     except Exception as e:\n"
"...         excs.append(e)\n"
"...\n"
">>> if excs:\n"
"...    raise ExceptionGroup(\"Test Failures\", excs)\n"
"..."

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:593
msgid "Enriching Exceptions with Notes"
msgstr "用注释细化异常情况"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:595
msgid ""
"When an exception is created in order to be raised, it is usually "
"initialized with information that describes the error that has occurred. "
"There are cases where it is useful to add information after the exception "
"was caught. For this purpose, exceptions have a method ``add_note(note)`` "
"that accepts a string and adds it to the exception's notes list. The "
"standard traceback rendering includes all notes, in the order they were "
"added, after the exception. ::"
msgstr ""
"当一个异常被创建以引发时，它通常被初始化为描述所发生错误的信息。在有些情况下，在异常被捕获后添加信息是很有用的。为了这个目的，异常有一个 "
"``add_note(note)`` 方法接受一个字符串，并将其添加到异常的注释列表。标准的回溯在异常之后按照它们被添加的顺序呈现包括所有的注释。 ::"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:602
msgid ""
">>> try:\n"
"...     raise TypeError('bad type')\n"
"... except Exception as e:\n"
"...     e.add_note('Add some information')\n"
"...     e.add_note('Add some more information')\n"
"...     raise\n"
"...\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 2, in <module>\n"
"TypeError: bad type\n"
"Add some information\n"
"Add some more information\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:616
msgid ""
"For example, when collecting exceptions into an exception group, we may want"
" to add context information for the individual errors. In the following each"
" exception in the group has a note indicating when this error has occurred. "
"::"
msgstr ""
"例如，当把异常收集到一个异常组时，我们可能想为各个错误添加上下文信息。在下文中，组中的每个异常都有一个说明，指出这个错误是什么时候发生的。 ::"

#: ../../tutorial/errors.rst:620
msgid ""
">>> def f():\n"
"...     raise OSError('operation failed')\n"
"...\n"
">>> excs = []\n"
">>> for i in range(3):\n"
"...     try:\n"
"...         f()\n"
"...     except Exception as e:\n"
"...         e.add_note(f'Happened in Iteration {i+1}')\n"
"...         excs.append(e)\n"
"...\n"
">>> raise ExceptionGroup('We have some problems', excs)\n"
"  + Exception Group Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  |   File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"  | ExceptionGroup: We have some problems (3 sub-exceptions)\n"
"  +-+---------------- 1 ----------------\n"
"    | Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"    |   File \"<stdin>\", line 3, in <module>\n"
"    |   File \"<stdin>\", line 2, in f\n"
"    | OSError: operation failed\n"
"    | Happened in Iteration 1\n"
"    +---------------- 2 ----------------\n"
"    | Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"    |   File \"<stdin>\", line 3, in <module>\n"
"    |   File \"<stdin>\", line 2, in f\n"
"    | OSError: operation failed\n"
"    | Happened in Iteration 2\n"
"    +---------------- 3 ----------------\n"
"    | Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"    |   File \"<stdin>\", line 3, in <module>\n"
"    |   File \"<stdin>\", line 2, in f\n"
"    | OSError: operation failed\n"
"    | Happened in Iteration 3\n"
"    +------------------------------------\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""