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‎.buildinfo

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# Sphinx build info version 1
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# This file hashes the configuration used when building these files. When it is not found, a full rebuild will be done.
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config: 0c4186e2a1145bd5ce018bf076bcde5c
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config: a106bc1aa0adf41da663be30441342a4
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tags: 645f666f9bcd5a90fca523b33c5a78b7

‎_sources/c-api/code.rst.txt

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Return the line number of the instruction that occurs on or before ``byte_offset`` and ends after it.
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If you just need the line number of a frame, use :c:func:`PyFrame_GetLineNumber` instead.
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For efficiently iterating over the line numbers in a code object, use `the API described in PEP 626
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<https://peps.python.org/pep-0626/#out-of-process-debuggers-and-profilers>`_.
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For efficiently iterating over the line numbers in a code object, use :pep:`the API described in PEP 626
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<0626#out-of-process-debuggers-and-profilers>`.
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.. c:function:: int PyCode_Addr2Location(PyObject *co, int byte_offset, int *start_line, int *start_column, int *end_line, int *end_column)
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‎_sources/c-api/refcounting.rst.txt

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``NULL``, use :c:func:`Py_XINCREF`.
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Do not expect this function to actually modify *o* in any way.
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For at least `some objects <https://peps.python.org/pep-0683/>`_,
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For at least :pep:`some objects <0683>`,
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this function has no effect.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.12
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ of Python objects.
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use :c:func:`Py_XDECREF`.
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Do not expect this function to actually modify *o* in any way.
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For at least `some objects <https://peps.python.org/pep-0683/>`_,
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For at least :pep:`some objects <683>`,
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this function has no effect.
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.. warning::

‎_sources/faq/design.rst.txt

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@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ Can Python be compiled to machine code, C or some other language?
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-----------------------------------------------------------------
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`Cython <https://cython.org/>`_ compiles a modified version of Python with
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optional annotations into C extensions. `Nuitka <https://www.nuitka.net/>`_ is
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optional annotations into C extensions. `Nuitka <https://nuitka.net/>`_ is
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an up-and-coming compiler of Python into C++ code, aiming to support the full
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Python language.
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@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ to perform a garbage collection, obtain debugging statistics, and tune the
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collector's parameters.
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Other implementations (such as `Jython <https://www.jython.org>`_ or
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`PyPy <https://www.pypy.org>`_), however, can rely on a different mechanism
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`PyPy <https://pypy.org>`_), however, can rely on a different mechanism
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such as a full-blown garbage collector. This difference can cause some
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subtle porting problems if your Python code depends on the behavior of the
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reference counting implementation.

‎_sources/faq/general.rst.txt

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@@ -311,8 +311,8 @@ releases.
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The latest stable releases can always be found on the `Python download page
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<https://www.python.org/downloads/>`_. There are two production-ready versions
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of Python: 2.x and 3.x. The recommended version is 3.x, which is supported by
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most widely used libraries. Although 2.x is still widely used, `it is not
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maintained anymore <https://peps.python.org/pep-0373/>`_.
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most widely used libraries. Although 2.x is still widely used, :pep:`it is not
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maintained anymore <0373>`.
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How many people are using Python?
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---------------------------------

‎_sources/library/ast.rst.txt

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* ``name`` is a raw string for the class name
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* ``bases`` is a list of nodes for explicitly specified base classes.
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* ``keywords`` is a list of :class:`.keyword` nodes, principally for 'metaclass'.
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Other keywords will be passed to the metaclass, as per `PEP-3115
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<https://peps.python.org/pep-3115/>`_.
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Other keywords will be passed to the metaclass, as per :pep:`3115`.
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* ``body`` is a list of nodes representing the code within the class
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definition.
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* ``decorator_list`` is a list of nodes, as in :class:`FunctionDef`.

‎_sources/library/ctypes.rst.txt

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Here are some examples for Windows. Note that ``msvcrt`` is the MS standard C
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library containing most standard C functions, and uses the cdecl calling
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library containing most standard C functions, and uses the ``cdecl`` calling
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convention::
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>>> from ctypes import *

‎_sources/library/functools.rst.txt

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cache. See :ref:`faq-cache-method-calls`
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An `LRU (least recently used) cache
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<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_replacement_policies#Least_recently_used_(LRU)>`_
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<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_replacement_policies#Least_Recently_Used_(LRU)>`_
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works best when the most recent calls are the best predictors of upcoming
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calls (for example, the most popular articles on a news server tend to
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change each day). The cache's size limit assures that the cache does not

‎_sources/library/hashlib.rst.txt

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by the signer.
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(`NIST SP-800-106 "Randomized Hashing for Digital Signatures"
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<https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-106/archive/2009-02-25>`_)
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<https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/sp/800/106/final>`_)
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In BLAKE2 the salt is processed as a one-time input to the hash function during
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initialization, rather than as an input to each compression function.
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.. _NIST-SP-800-132: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-132.pdf
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.. _stackexchange pbkdf2 iterations question: https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/3959/recommended-of-iterations-when-using-pbkdf2-sha256/
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.. _Attacks on cryptographic hash algorithms: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function#Attacks_on_cryptographic_hash_algorithms
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.. _the FIPS 180-4 standard: https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/fips/180/4/final
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.. _the FIPS 202 standard: https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/fips/202/final
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.. _the FIPS 180-4 standard: https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/fips/180-4/upd1/final
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.. _the FIPS 202 standard: https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/fips/202/final
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.. _HACL\* project: https://github.com/hacl-star/hacl-star
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https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/fips/nist.fips.180-4.pdf
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The FIPS 180-4 publication on Secure Hash Algorithms.
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https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/fips/202/final
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https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/fips/202/final
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The FIPS 202 publication on the SHA-3 Standard.
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https://www.blake2.net/

‎_sources/library/http.cookiejar.rst.txt

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The Netscape protocol with the bugs fixed. Uses :mailheader:`Set-Cookie2` in
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place of :mailheader:`Set-Cookie`. Not widely used.
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http://kristol.org/cookie/errata.html
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https://kristol.org/cookie/errata.html
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Unfinished errata to :rfc:`2965`.
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:rfc:`2964` - Use of HTTP State Management

‎_sources/library/json.rst.txt

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`JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) <https://json.org>`_, specified by
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:rfc:`7159` (which obsoletes :rfc:`4627`) and by
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`ECMA-404 <https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-404/>`_,
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`ECMA-404 <https://ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-404/>`_,
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is a lightweight data interchange format inspired by
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`JavaScript <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript>`_ object literal syntax
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(although it is not a strict subset of JavaScript [#rfc-errata]_ ).
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----------------------------------------
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The JSON format is specified by :rfc:`7159` and by
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`ECMA-404 <https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-404/>`_.
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`ECMA-404 <https://ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-404/>`_.
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This section details this module's level of compliance with the RFC.
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For simplicity, :class:`JSONEncoder` and :class:`JSONDecoder` subclasses, and
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parameters other than those explicitly mentioned, are not considered.

‎_sources/library/sqlite3.rst.txt

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The mappings from SQLite threading modes to DB-API 2.0 threadsafety levels
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are as follows:
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+------------------+-----------------+----------------------+-------------------------------+
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| SQLite threading | `threadsafety`_ | `SQLITE_THREADSAFE`_ | DB-API 2.0 meaning |
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| mode | | | |
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+==================+=================+======================+===============================+
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| single-thread | 0 | 0 | Threads may not share the |
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| | | | module |
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+------------------+-----------------+----------------------+-------------------------------+
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| multi-thread | 1 | 2 | Threads may share the module, |
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| | | | but not connections |
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+------------------+-----------------+----------------------+-------------------------------+
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| serialized | 3 | 1 | Threads may share the module, |
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| | | | connections and cursors |
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+------------------+-----------------+----------------------+-------------------------------+
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.. _threadsafety: https://peps.python.org/pep-0249/#threadsafety
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+------------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------+
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| SQLite threading | :pep:`threadsafety | `SQLITE_THREADSAFE`_ | DB-API 2.0 meaning |
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| mode | <0249#threadsafety>` | | |
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+==================+======================+======================+===============================+
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| single-thread | 0 | 0 | Threads may not share the |
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| | | | module |
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+------------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------+
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| multi-thread | 1 | 2 | Threads may share the module, |
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| | | | but not connections |
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+------------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------+
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| serialized | 3 | 1 | Threads may share the module, |
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| | | | connections and cursors |
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+------------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------+
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.. _SQLITE_THREADSAFE: https://sqlite.org/compile.html#threadsafe
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.. versionchanged:: 3.11

‎_sources/library/ssl.rst.txt

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The *capath* string, if present, is
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the path to a directory containing several CA certificates in PEM format,
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following an `OpenSSL specific layout
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<https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man3/SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations.html>`_.
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<https://docs.openssl.org/master/man3/SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations/>`_.
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The *cadata* object, if present, is either an ASCII string of one or more
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PEM-encoded certificates or a :term:`bytes-like object` of DER-encoded
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Set the available ciphers for sockets created with this context.
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It should be a string in the `OpenSSL cipher list format
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<https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/ciphers.html>`_.
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<https://docs.openssl.org/master/man1/ciphers/>`_.
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If no cipher can be selected (because compile-time options or other
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configuration forbids use of all the specified ciphers), an
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:class:`SSLError` will be raised.
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.. method:: SSLContext.session_stats()
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Get statistics about the SSL sessions created or managed by this context.
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A dictionary is returned which maps the names of each `piece of information <https://www.openssl.org/docs/man1.1.1/man3/SSL_CTX_sess_number.html>`_ to their
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A dictionary is returned which maps the names of each `piece of information <https://docs.openssl.org/1.1.1/man3/SSL_CTX_sess_number/>`_ to their
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.. attribute:: SSLContext.security_level
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An integer representing the `security level
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<https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man3/SSL_CTX_get_security_level.html>`_
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<https://docs.openssl.org/master/man3/SSL_CTX_get_security_level/>`_
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for the context. This attribute is read-only.
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.. versionadded:: 3.10
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:meth:`SSLContext.set_ciphers` method. Starting from Python 3.2.3, the
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ssl module disables certain weak ciphers by default, but you may want
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to further restrict the cipher choice. Be sure to read OpenSSL's documentation
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about the `cipher list format <https://www.openssl.org/docs/man1.1.1/man1/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`_.
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about the `cipher list format <https://docs.openssl.org/1.1.1/man1/ciphers/#cipher-list-format>`_.
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If you want to check which ciphers are enabled by a given cipher list, use
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:meth:`SSLContext.get_ciphers` or the ``openssl ciphers`` command on your
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‎_sources/library/tkinter.rst.txt

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* `Modern Tkinter for Busy Python Developers <https://tkdocs.com/book.html>`_
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* `Python GUI programming with Tkinter <https://www.packtpub.com/product/python-gui-programming-with-tkinter/9781788835886>`_
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* `Python GUI programming with Tkinter <https://www.packtpub.com/en-us/product/python-gui-programming-with-tkinter-9781788835886>`_
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By Alan D. Moore. (ISBN 978-1788835886)
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* `Programming Python <https://learning-python.com/about-pp4e.html>`_

‎_sources/library/typing.rst.txt

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.. seealso::
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`Unreachable Code and Exhaustiveness Checking
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<https://typing.readthedocs.io/en/latest/source/unreachable.html>`__ has more
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<https://typing.readthedocs.io/en/latest/guides/unreachable.html>`__ has more
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.. versionadded:: 3.11

‎_sources/library/wsgiref.rst.txt

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.. class:: StartResponse()
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A :class:`typing.Protocol` describing `start_response()
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<https://peps.python.org/pep-3333/#the-start-response-callable>`_
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A :class:`typing.Protocol` describing :pep:`start_response()
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<3333#the-start-response-callable>`
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.. data:: WSGIEnvironment
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.. class:: InputStream()
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A :class:`typing.Protocol` describing a `WSGI Input Stream
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<https://peps.python.org/pep-3333/#input-and-error-streams>`_.
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A :class:`typing.Protocol` describing a :pep:`WSGI Input Stream
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<3333#input-and-error-streams>`.
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.. class:: ErrorStream()
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A :class:`typing.Protocol` describing a `WSGI Error Stream
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<https://peps.python.org/pep-3333/#input-and-error-streams>`_.
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A :class:`typing.Protocol` describing a :pep:`WSGI Error Stream
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<3333#input-and-error-streams>`.
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.. class:: FileWrapper()
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A :class:`typing.Protocol` describing a `file wrapper
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<https://peps.python.org/pep-3333/#optional-platform-specific-file-handling>`_.
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A :class:`typing.Protocol` describing a :pep:`file wrapper
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<3333#optional-platform-specific-file-handling>`.
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‎_sources/library/xmlrpc.client.rst.txt

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A good description of XML-RPC operation and client software in several languages.
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Contains pretty much everything an XML-RPC client developer needs to know.
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`XML-RPC Introspection <https://xmlrpc-c.sourceforge.net/introspection.html>`_
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`XML-RPC Introspection <https://xmlrpc-c.sourceforge.io/introspection.html>`_
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Describes the XML-RPC protocol extension for introspection.
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`XML-RPC Specification <http://xmlrpc.scripting.com/spec.html>`_

‎_sources/reference/introduction.rst.txt

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and a Just in Time compiler. One of the goals of the project is to encourage
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interpreter (since it is written in Python). Additional information is
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available on `the PyPy project's home page <https://www.pypy.org/>`_.
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available on `the PyPy project's home page <https://pypy.org/>`_.
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Each of these implementations varies in some way from the language as documented
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in this manual, or introduces specific information beyond what's covered in the

‎_sources/using/mac.rst.txt

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@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ https://www.activestate.com; it can also be built from source.
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A number of alternative macOS GUI toolkits are available:
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* `PySide <https://www.qt.io/qt-for-python>`__: Official Python bindings to the
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`Qt GUI toolkit <https://qt.io>`__.
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`Qt GUI toolkit <https://www.qt.io>`__.
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* `PyQt <https://riverbankcomputing.com/software/pyqt/intro>`__: Alternative
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Python bindings to Qt.

‎_sources/using/windows.rst.txt

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Popular scientific modules (such as numpy, scipy and pandas) and the
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``conda`` package manager.
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`Enthought Deployment Manager <https://www.enthought.com/edm/>`_
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`Enthought Deployment Manager <https://assets.enthought.com/downloads/edm/>`_
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"The Next Generation Python Environment and Package Manager".
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Previously Enthought provided Canopy, but it `reached end of life in 2016
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.. seealso::
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`Win32 How Do I...? <http://timgolden.me.uk/python/win32_how_do_i.html>`_
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`Win32 How Do I...? <https://timgolden.me.uk/python/win32_how_do_i.html>`_
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by Tim Golden
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`Python and COM <https://www.boddie.org.uk/python/COM.html>`_

‎_sources/whatsnew/2.4.rst.txt

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Written by Facundo Batista and implemented by Facundo Batista, Eric Price,
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Raymond Hettinger, Aahz, and Tim Peters.
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http://www.lahey.com/float.htm
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`http://www.lahey.com/float.htm <https://web.archive.org/web/20230604072523/http://www.lahey.com/float.htm>`__
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The article uses Fortran code to illustrate many of the problems that
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floating-point inaccuracy can cause.
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http://speleotrove.com/decimal/
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https://speleotrove.com/decimal/
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A description of a decimal-based representation. This representation is being
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proposed as a standard, and underlies the new Python decimal type. Much of this
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material was written by Mike Cowlishaw, designer of the Rexx language.
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:c:expr:`double` to an ASCII string.
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The code for these functions came from the GLib library
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(https://developer-old.gnome.org/glib/2.26/), whose developers kindly
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(`https://developer-old.gnome.org/glib/2.26/ <http://web.archive.org/web/20210306104320/https://developer.gnome.org/glib/2.26/>`__), whose developers kindly
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relicensed the relevant functions and donated them to the Python Software
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Foundation. The :mod:`locale` module can now change the numeric locale,
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letting extensions such as GTK+ produce the correct results.

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