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‎_sources/library/subprocess.rst.txt

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Notes
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-----
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.. _subprocess-timeout-behavior:
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Timeout Behavior
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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When using the ``timeout`` parameter in functions like :func:`run`,
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:meth:`Popen.wait`, or :meth:`Popen.communicate`,
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users should be aware of the following behaviors:
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1. **Process Creation Delay**: The initial process creation itself cannot be interrupted
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on many platform APIs. This means that even when specifying a timeout, you are not
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guaranteed to see a timeout exception until at least after however long process
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creation takes.
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2. **Extremely Small Timeout Values**: Setting very small timeout values (such as a few
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milliseconds) may result in almost immediate :exc:`TimeoutExpired` exceptions because
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process creation and system scheduling inherently require time.
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.. _converting-argument-sequence:
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Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows

‎_sources/library/threading.rst.txt

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Thread-Local Data
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-----------------
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Thread-local data is data whose values are thread specific. To manage
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thread-local data, just create an instance of :class:`local` (or a
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subclass) and store attributes on it::
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Thread-local data is data whose values are thread specific. If you
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have data that you want to be local to a thread, create a
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:class:`local` object and use its attributes::
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mydata = threading.local()
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mydata.x = 1
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>>> mydata = local()
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>>> mydata.number = 42
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>>> mydata.number
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42
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The instance's values will be different for separate threads.
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You can also access the :class:`local`-object's dictionary::
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>>> mydata.__dict__
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{'number': 42}
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>>> mydata.__dict__.setdefault('widgets', [])
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[]
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>>> mydata.widgets
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[]
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If we access the data in a different thread::
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>>> log = []
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>>> def f():
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... items = sorted(mydata.__dict__.items())
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... log.append(items)
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... mydata.number = 11
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... log.append(mydata.number)
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>>> import threading
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>>> thread = threading.Thread(target=f)
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>>> thread.start()
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>>> thread.join()
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>>> log
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[[], 11]
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we get different data. Furthermore, changes made in the other thread
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don't affect data seen in this thread::
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>>> mydata.number
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42
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Of course, values you get from a :class:`local` object, including their
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:attr:`~object.__dict__` attribute, are for whatever thread was current
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at the time the attribute was read. For that reason, you generally
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don't want to save these values across threads, as they apply only to
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the thread they came from.
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You can create custom :class:`local` objects by subclassing the
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:class:`local` class::
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>>> class MyLocal(local):
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... number = 2
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... def __init__(self, /, **kw):
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... self.__dict__.update(kw)
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... def squared(self):
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... return self.number ** 2
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This can be useful to support default values, methods and
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initialization. Note that if you define an :py:meth:`~object.__init__`
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method, it will be called each time the :class:`local` object is used
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in a separate thread. This is necessary to initialize each thread's
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dictionary.
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Now if we create a :class:`local` object::
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>>> mydata = MyLocal(color='red')
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we have a default number::
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>>> mydata.number
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2
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an initial color::
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>>> mydata.color
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'red'
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>>> del mydata.color
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And a method that operates on the data::
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>>> mydata.squared()
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4
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As before, we can access the data in a separate thread::
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>>> log = []
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>>> thread = threading.Thread(target=f)
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>>> thread.start()
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>>> thread.join()
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>>> log
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[[('color', 'red')], 11]
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without affecting this thread's data::
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>>> mydata.number
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2
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>>> mydata.color
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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...
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AttributeError: 'MyLocal' object has no attribute 'color'
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Note that subclasses can define :term:`__slots__`, but they are not
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thread local. They are shared across threads::
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>>> class MyLocal(local):
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... __slots__ = 'number'
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>>> mydata = MyLocal()
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>>> mydata.number = 42
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>>> mydata.color = 'red'
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So, the separate thread::
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>>> thread = threading.Thread(target=f)
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>>> thread.start()
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>>> thread.join()
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affects what we see::
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>>> mydata.number
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11
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.. class:: local()
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A class that represents thread-local data.
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For more details and extensive examples, see the documentation string of the
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:mod:`!_threading_local` module: :source:`Lib/_threading_local.py`.
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.. _thread-objects:
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‎_sources/library/typing.rst.txt

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Union[Union[int, str], float] == Union[int, str, float]
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However, this does not apply to unions referenced through a type
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alias, to avoid forcing evaluation of the underlying :class:`TypeAliasType`::
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type A = Union[int, str]
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Union[A, float] != Union[int, str, float]
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* Unions of a single argument vanish, e.g.::
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Union[int] == int # The constructor actually returns int
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is allowed as type argument to ``Literal[...]``, but type checkers may
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impose restrictions. See :pep:`586` for more details about literal types.
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Additional details:
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* The arguments must be literal values and there must be at least one.
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* Nested ``Literal`` types are flattened, e.g.::
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assert Literal[Literal[1, 2], 3] == Literal[1, 2, 3]
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However, this does not apply to ``Literal`` types referenced through a type
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alias, to avoid forcing evaluation of the underlying :class:`TypeAliasType`::
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type A = Literal[1, 2]
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assert Literal[A, 3] != Literal[1, 2, 3]
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* Redundant arguments are skipped, e.g.::
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assert Literal[1, 2, 1] == Literal[1, 2]
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* When comparing literals, the argument order is ignored, e.g.::
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assert Literal[1, 2] == Literal[2, 1]
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* You cannot subclass or instantiate a ``Literal``.
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* You cannot write ``Literal[X][Y]``.
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.. versionadded:: 3.8
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.. versionchanged:: 3.9.1
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int, ValueRange(3, 10), ctype("char")
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]
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However, this does not apply to ``Annotated`` types referenced through a type
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alias, to avoid forcing evaluation of the underlying :class:`TypeAliasType`::
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type From3To10[T] = Annotated[T, ValueRange(3, 10)]
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assert Annotated[From3To10[int], ctype("char")] != Annotated[
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int, ValueRange(3, 10), ctype("char")
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]
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Duplicated metadata elements are not removed::
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assert Annotated[int, ValueRange(3, 10)] != Annotated[

‎about.html

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<a href="https://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a>
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‎bugs.html

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</section>
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<section id="getting-started-contributing-to-python-yourself">
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<span id="contributing-to-python"></span><h2>開始讓自己貢獻 Python<a class="headerlink" href="#getting-started-contributing-to-python-yourself" title="連結到這個標頭"></a></h2>
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<p>除了只是回報你所發現的錯誤之外，同樣也歡迎你提交修正它們的修補程式 (patch)。你可以在 <a class="reference external" href="https://mail.python.org/mailman3/lists/core-mentorship.python.org/">Python 開發者指南</a>中找到如何開始修補 Python 的更多資訊。如果你有任何問題，<a class="reference external" href="https://devguide.python.org/">核心導師郵寄清單</a>是一個友善的地方，你可以在那裡得到，關於 Python 修正錯誤的過程中，所有問題的答案。</p>
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<p>除了只是回報你所發現的錯誤之外，同樣也歡迎你提交修正它們的修補程式 (patch)。你可以在 <a class="reference external" href="https://devguide.python.org/">Python 開發者指南</a>中找到如何開始修補 Python 的更多資訊。如果你有任何問題，<a class="reference external" href="https://mail.python.org/mailman3/lists/core-mentorship.python.org/">核心導師郵寄清單</a>是一個友善的地方，你可以在那裡得到，關於 Python 修正錯誤的過程中，所有問題的答案。</p>
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</section>
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</section>
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‎c-api/abstract.html

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‎c-api/allocation.html

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‎c-api/arg.html

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‎c-api/bool.html

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‎c-api/bytearray.html

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‎c-api/bytes.html

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‎c-api/call.html

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‎c-api/capsule.html

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‎c-api/cell.html

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‎c-api/codec.html

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