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<div class="section" id="the-python-package-index-pypi">
<span id="package-index"></span><span id="index-0"></span><h1>6. The Python Package Index (PyPI)<a class="headerlink" href="#the-python-package-index-pypi" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h1>
<p>The <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org">Python Package Index (PyPI)</a> stores <a class="reference internal" href="setupscript.html#meta-data"><span class="std std-ref">meta-data</span></a>
describing distributions packaged with distutils, as well as package data like
distribution files if a package author wishes.</p>
<p>Distutils provides the <strong class="command">register</strong> and <strong class="command">upload</strong> commands for
pushing meta-data and distribution files to PyPI, respectively. See
<a class="reference internal" href="#package-commands"><span class="std std-ref">Distutils commands</span></a> for information on these commands.</p>
<div class="section" id="pypi-overview">
<h2>6.1. PyPI overview<a class="headerlink" href="#pypi-overview" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h2>
<p>PyPI lets you submit any number of versions of your distribution to the index.
If you alter the meta-data for a particular version, you can submit it again
and the index will be updated.</p>
<p>PyPI holds a record for each (name, version) combination submitted. The first
user to submit information for a given name is designated the Owner of that
name. Changes can be submitted through the <strong class="command">register</strong> command or
through the web interface. Owners can designate other users as Owners or
Maintainers. Maintainers can edit the package information, but not designate
new Owners or Maintainers.</p>
<p>By default PyPI displays only the newest version of a given package. The web
interface lets one change this default behavior and manually select which
versions to display and hide.</p>
<p>For each version, PyPI displays a home page. The home page is created from
the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long_description</span></code> which can be submitted via the <strong class="command">register</strong>
command. See <a class="reference internal" href="#package-display"><span class="std std-ref">PyPI package display</span></a> for more information.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="distutils-commands">
<span id="package-commands"></span><h2>6.2. Distutils commands<a class="headerlink" href="#distutils-commands" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h2>
<p>Distutils exposes two commands for submitting package data to PyPI: the
<a class="reference internal" href="#package-register"><span class="std std-ref">register</span></a> command for submitting meta-data to PyPI
and the <a class="reference internal" href="#package-upload"><span class="std std-ref">upload</span></a> command for submitting distribution
files. Both commands read configuration data from a special file called a
<a class="reference internal" href="#pypirc"><span class="std std-ref">.pypirc file</span></a>.</p>
<div class="section" id="the-register-command">
<span id="package-register"></span><h3>6.2.1. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">register</span></code> command<a class="headerlink" href="#the-register-command" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h3>
<p>The distutils command <strong class="command">register</strong> is used to submit your distribution’s
meta-data to an index server. It is invoked as follows:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span> <span class="n">setup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="n">register</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Distutils will respond with the following prompt:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">running</span> <span class="n">register</span>
<span class="n">We</span> <span class="n">need</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">know</span> <span class="n">who</span> <span class="n">you</span> <span class="n">are</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">so</span> <span class="n">please</span> <span class="n">choose</span> <span class="n">either</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="mf">1.</span> <span class="n">use</span> <span class="n">your</span> <span class="n">existing</span> <span class="n">login</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="mf">2.</span> <span class="n">register</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="n">new</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="mf">3.</span> <span class="n">have</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">server</span> <span class="n">generate</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="n">new</span> <span class="n">password</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">you</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">email</span> <span class="n">it</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">you</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="ow">or</span>
<span class="mf">4.</span> <span class="n">quit</span>
<span class="n">Your</span> <span class="n">selection</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">default</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]:</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Note: if your username and password are saved locally, you will not see this
menu. Also, refer to <a class="reference internal" href="#pypirc"><span class="std std-ref">The .pypirc file</span></a> for how to store your credentials in a
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pypirc</span></code> file.</p>
<p>If you have not registered with PyPI, then you will need to do so now. You
should choose option 2, and enter your details as required. Soon after
submitting your details, you will receive an email which will be used to confirm
your registration.</p>
<p>Once you are registered, you may choose option 1 from the menu. You will be
prompted for your PyPI username and password, and <strong class="command">register</strong> will then
submit your meta-data to the index.</p>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="#package-cmdoptions"><span class="std std-ref">Additional command options</span></a> for options to the <strong class="command">register</strong> command.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="the-upload-command">
<span id="package-upload"></span><h3>6.2.2. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">upload</span></code> command<a class="headerlink" href="#the-upload-command" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h3>
<p>The distutils command <strong class="command">upload</strong> pushes the distribution files to PyPI.</p>
<p>The command is invoked immediately after building one or more distribution
files. For example, the command</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span> <span class="n">setup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="n">sdist</span> <span class="n">bdist_wininst</span> <span class="n">upload</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>will cause the source distribution and the Windows installer to be uploaded to
PyPI. Note that these will be uploaded even if they are built using an earlier
invocation of <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code>, but that only distributions named on the command
line for the invocation including the <strong class="command">upload</strong> command are uploaded.</p>
<p>If a <strong class="command">register</strong> command was previously called in the same command,
and if the password was entered in the prompt, <strong class="command">upload</strong> will reuse the
entered password. This is useful if you do not want to store a password in
clear text in a <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pypirc</span></code> file.</p>
<p>You can use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--sign</span></code> option to tell <strong class="command">upload</strong> to sign each
uploaded file using GPG (GNU Privacy Guard). The <strong class="program">gpg</strong> program must
be available for execution on the system <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PATH</span></code>. You can also specify
which key to use for signing using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--identity=name</span></code> option.</p>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="#package-cmdoptions"><span class="std std-ref">Additional command options</span></a> for additional options to the <strong class="command">upload</strong>
command.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="additional-command-options">
<span id="package-cmdoptions"></span><h3>6.2.3. Additional command options<a class="headerlink" href="#additional-command-options" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h3>
<p>This section describes options common to both the <strong class="command">register</strong> and
<strong class="command">upload</strong> commands.</p>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--repository</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-r</span></code> option lets you specify a PyPI server
different from the default. For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span> <span class="n">setup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="n">sdist</span> <span class="n">bdist_wininst</span> <span class="n">upload</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">r</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="o">//</span><span class="n">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">pypi</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>For convenience, a name can be used in place of the URL when the
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pypirc</span></code> file is configured to do so. For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span> <span class="n">setup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="n">register</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">r</span> <span class="n">other</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="#pypirc"><span class="std std-ref">The .pypirc file</span></a> for more information on defining alternate servers.</p>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--show-response</span></code> option displays the full response text from the PyPI
server, which is useful when debugging problems with registering and uploading.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="the-pypirc-file">
<span id="pypirc"></span><span id="index-2"></span><h3>6.2.4. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pypirc</span></code> file<a class="headerlink" href="#the-pypirc-file" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h3>
<p>The <strong class="command">register</strong> and <strong class="command">upload</strong> commands both check for the
existence of a <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pypirc</span></code> file at the location <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$HOME/.pypirc</span></code>.
If this file exists, the command uses the username, password, and repository
URL configured in the file. The format of a <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pypirc</span></code> file is as
follows:</p>
<div class="highlight-ini notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">[distutils]</span>
<span class="na">index-servers</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s"></span>
<span class="s"> pypi</span>
<span class="k">[pypi]</span>
<span class="na">repository: <repository-url></span>
<span class="na">username: <username></span>
<span class="na">password: <password></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <em>distutils</em> section defines an <em>index-servers</em> variable that lists the
name of all sections describing a repository.</p>
<p>Each section describing a repository defines three variables:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><dl class="first docutils">
<dt><em>repository</em>, that defines the url of the PyPI server. Defaults to</dt>
<dd><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">https://upload.pypi.org/legacy/</span></code>.</dd>
</dl>
</li>
<li><em>username</em>, which is the registered username on the PyPI server.</li>
<li><dl class="first docutils">
<dt><em>password</em>, that will be used to authenticate. If omitted the user</dt>
<dd>will be prompt to type it when needed.</dd>
</dl>
</li>
</ul>
<p>If you want to define another server a new section can be created and
listed in the <em>index-servers</em> variable:</p>
<div class="highlight-ini notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">[distutils]</span>
<span class="na">index-servers</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s"></span>
<span class="s"> pypi</span>
<span class="s"> other</span>
<span class="k">[pypi]</span>
<span class="na">repository: <repository-url></span>
<span class="na">username: <username></span>
<span class="na">password: <password></span>
<span class="k">[other]</span>
<span class="na">repository: https://example.com/pypi</span>
<span class="na">username: <username></span>
<span class="na">password: <password></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This allows the <strong class="command">register</strong> and <strong class="command">upload</strong> commands to be
called with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--repository</span></code> option as described in
<a class="reference internal" href="#package-cmdoptions"><span class="std std-ref">Additional command options</span></a>.</p>
<p>Specifically, you might want to add the <a class="reference external" href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/TestPyPI">PyPI Test Repository</a> to your <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pypirc</span></code> to facilitate
testing before doing your first upload to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyPI</span></code> itself.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="pypi-package-display">
<span id="package-display"></span><h2>6.3. PyPI package display<a class="headerlink" href="#pypi-package-display" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h2>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long_description</span></code> field plays a special role at PyPI. It is used by
the server to display a home page for the registered package.</p>
<p>If you use the <a class="reference external" href="http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html">reStructuredText</a>
syntax for this field, PyPI will parse it and display an HTML output for
the package home page.</p>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long_description</span></code> field can be attached to a text file located
in the package:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">distutils.core</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">setup</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'README.txt'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">long_description</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Distutils'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">long_description</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">long_description</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In that case, <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">README.txt</span></code> is a regular reStructuredText text file located
in the root of the package besides <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code>.</p>
<p>To prevent registering broken reStructuredText content, you can use the
<strong class="program">rst2html</strong> program that is provided by the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">docutils</span></code> package and
check the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long_description</span></code> from the command line:</p>
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$</span> python setup.py --long-description <span class="p">|</span> rst2html.py > output.html
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">docutils</span></code> will display a warning if there’s something wrong with your
syntax. Because PyPI applies additional checks (e.g. by passing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--no-raw</span></code>
to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rst2html.py</span></code> in the command above), being able to run the command above
without warnings does not guarantee that PyPI will convert the content
successfully.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
<h3><a href="../contents.html">目錄</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">6. The Python Package Index (PyPI)</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#pypi-overview">6.1. PyPI overview</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#distutils-commands">6.2. Distutils commands</a><ul>
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