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<div class="section" id="generic-operating-system-services">
<span id="allos"></span><h1>16. Generic Operating System Services<a class="headerlink" href="#generic-operating-system-services" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h1>
<p>The modules described in this chapter provide interfaces to operating system
features that are available on (almost) all operating systems, such as files and
a clock. The interfaces are generally modeled after the Unix or C interfaces,
but they are available on most other systems as well. Here’s an overview:</p>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html">16.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code> — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#overview">16.2.1. 總覽</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#text-i-o">16.2.1.1. Text I/O</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html">16.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging</span></code> — Logging facility for Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logger-objects">16.6.1. Logger Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logging-levels">16.6.2. Logging Levels</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#handler-objects">16.6.3. Handler Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html">16.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.config</span></code> — Logging configuration</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#dictionary-schema-details">16.7.2.1. Dictionary Schema Details</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#object-connections">16.7.2.3. Object connections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#user-defined-objects">16.7.2.4. User-defined objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html">16.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.handlers</span></code> — Logging handlers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#streamhandler">16.8.1. StreamHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#filehandler">16.8.2. FileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#nullhandler">16.8.3. NullHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#watchedfilehandler">16.8.4. WatchedFileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#baserotatinghandler">16.8.5. BaseRotatingHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#rotatingfilehandler">16.8.6. RotatingFileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#timedrotatingfilehandler">16.8.7. TimedRotatingFileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#sockethandler">16.8.8. SocketHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#datagramhandler">16.8.9. DatagramHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#sysloghandler">16.8.10. SysLogHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#nteventloghandler">16.8.11. NTEventLogHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#smtphandler">16.8.12. SMTPHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#memoryhandler">16.8.13. MemoryHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#httphandler">16.8.14. HTTPHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#queuehandler">16.8.15. QueueHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#queuelistener">16.8.16. QueueListener</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="getpass.html">16.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getpass</span></code> — Portable password input</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html">16.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses</span></code> — Terminal handling for character-cell displays</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#functions">16.10.1. Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#window-objects">16.10.2. Window Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#constants">16.10.3. Constants</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#module-curses.textpad">16.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses.textpad</span></code> — Text input widget for curses programs</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#textbox-objects">16.11.1. Textbox objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.ascii.html">16.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses.ascii</span></code> — Utilities for ASCII characters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.panel.html">16.13. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses.panel</span></code> — A panel stack extension for curses</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.panel.html#functions">16.13.1. Functions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#cross-platform">16.14.1. Cross Platform</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html">16.16. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ctypes</span></code> — A foreign function library for Python</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#calling-functions">16.16.1.3. Calling functions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#calling-functions-continued">16.16.1.5. Calling functions, continued</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#calling-functions-with-your-own-custom-data-types">16.16.1.6. Calling functions with your own custom data types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#specifying-the-required-argument-types-function-prototypes">16.16.1.7. Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#return-types">16.16.1.8. Return types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#passing-pointers-or-passing-parameters-by-reference">16.16.1.9. Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#structures-and-unions">16.16.1.10. Structures and unions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#bit-fields-in-structures-and-unions">16.16.1.12. Bit fields in structures and unions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#arrays">16.16.1.13. Arrays</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#pointers">16.16.1.14. Pointers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#type-conversions">16.16.1.15. Type conversions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#incomplete-types">16.16.1.16. Incomplete Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#callback-functions">16.16.1.17. Callback functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#accessing-values-exported-from-dlls">16.16.1.18. Accessing values exported from dlls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#surprises">16.16.1.19. Surprises</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#variable-sized-data-types">16.16.1.20. Variable-sized data types</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#ctypes-reference">16.16.2. ctypes reference</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#finding-shared-libraries">16.16.2.1. Finding shared libraries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#loading-shared-libraries">16.16.2.2. Loading shared libraries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#foreign-functions">16.16.2.3. Foreign functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#function-prototypes">16.16.2.4. Function prototypes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#utility-functions">16.16.2.5. Utility functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#data-types">16.16.2.6. Data types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#ctypes-fundamental-data-types-2">16.16.2.7. Fundamental data types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#structured-data-types">16.16.2.8. Structured data types</a></li>
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