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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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<title>33.12. dis — Python bytecode的反組譯器 — Python 3.7.0 說明文件</title>
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<div class="section" id="module-dis">
<span id="dis-disassembler-for-python-bytecode"></span><h1>33.12. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis</span></code></a> — Python bytecode的反組譯器<a class="headerlink" href="#module-dis" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h1>
<p><strong>原始碼：</strong><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/dis.py">Lib/dis.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis</span></code></a> 模組支援反組譯分析 CPython <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytecode"><span class="xref std std-term">bytecode</span></a>。CPython bytecode 作為輸入的模組被定義於 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Include/opcode.h</span></code> 並且被編譯器和直譯器所使用。</p>
<div class="impl-detail compound">
<p class="compound-first"><strong>CPython implementation detail:</strong> Bytecode is an implementation detail of the CPython interpreter. No
guarantees are made that bytecode will not be added, removed, or changed
between versions of Python. Use of this module should not be considered to
work across Python VMs or Python releases.</p>
<div class="compound-last versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.6 版更變: </span>Use 2 bytes for each instruction. Previously the number of bytes varied
by instruction.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p>Example: Given the function <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">myfunc()</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">myfunc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alist</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alist</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>the following command can be used to display the disassembly of
<code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">myfunc()</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">dis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dis</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">myfunc</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go"> 2 0 LOAD_GLOBAL 0 (len)</span>
<span class="go"> 2 LOAD_FAST 0 (alist)</span>
<span class="go"> 4 CALL_FUNCTION 1</span>
<span class="go"> 6 RETURN_VALUE</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>(The 「2」 is a line number).</p>
<div class="section" id="bytecode-analysis">
<h2>33.12.1. Bytecode analysis<a class="headerlink" href="#bytecode-analysis" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h2>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.4 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
<p>The bytecode analysis API allows pieces of Python code to be wrapped in a
<a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode" title="dis.Bytecode"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Bytecode</span></code></a> object that provides easy access to details of the compiled
code.</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="dis.Bytecode">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">Bytecode</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>x</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>first_line=None</em>, <em>current_offset=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Analyse the bytecode corresponding to a function, generator, asynchronous
generator, coroutine, method, string of source code, or a code object (as
returned by <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#compile" title="compile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile()</span></code></a>).</p>
<p>This is a convenience wrapper around many of the functions listed below, most
notably <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.get_instructions" title="dis.get_instructions"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_instructions()</span></code></a>, as iterating over a <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode" title="dis.Bytecode"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Bytecode</span></code></a>
instance yields the bytecode operations as <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Instruction" title="dis.Instruction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Instruction</span></code></a> instances.</p>
<p>If <em>first_line</em> is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, it indicates the line number that should be
reported for the first source line in the disassembled code. Otherwise, the
source line information (if any) is taken directly from the disassembled code
object.</p>
<p>If <em>current_offset</em> is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, it refers to an instruction offset in the
disassembled code. Setting this means <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode.dis" title="dis.Bytecode.dis"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis()</span></code></a> will display a 「current
instruction」 marker against the specified opcode.</p>
<dl class="classmethod">
<dt id="dis.Bytecode.from_traceback">
<em class="property">classmethod </em><code class="descname">from_traceback</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>tb</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode.from_traceback" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Construct a <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode" title="dis.Bytecode"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Bytecode</span></code></a> instance from the given traceback, setting
<em>current_offset</em> to the instruction responsible for the exception.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.Bytecode.codeobj">
<code class="descname">codeobj</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode.codeobj" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The compiled code object.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.Bytecode.first_line">
<code class="descname">first_line</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode.first_line" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The first source line of the code object (if available)</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="dis.Bytecode.dis">
<code class="descname">dis</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode.dis" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a formatted view of the bytecode operations (the same as printed by
<a class="reference internal" href="#dis.dis" title="dis.dis"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis.dis()</span></code></a>, but returned as a multi-line string).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="dis.Bytecode.info">
<code class="descname">info</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode.info" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a formatted multi-line string with detailed information about the
code object, like <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.code_info" title="dis.code_info"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">code_info()</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.7 版更變: </span>This can now handle coroutine and asynchronous generator objects.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">bytecode</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Bytecode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">myfunc</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">instr</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">bytecode</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instr</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">opname</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="go">LOAD_GLOBAL</span>
<span class="go">LOAD_FAST</span>
<span class="go">CALL_FUNCTION</span>
<span class="go">RETURN_VALUE</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="analysis-functions">
<h2>33.12.2. Analysis functions<a class="headerlink" href="#analysis-functions" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h2>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis</span></code></a> module also defines the following analysis functions that convert
the input directly to the desired output. They can be useful if only a single
operation is being performed, so the intermediate analysis object isn’t useful:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.code_info">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">code_info</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>x</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.code_info" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a formatted multi-line string with detailed code object information
for the supplied function, generator, asynchronous generator, coroutine,
method, source code string or code object.</p>
<p>Note that the exact contents of code info strings are highly implementation
dependent and they may change arbitrarily across Python VMs or Python
releases.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.2 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.7 版更變: </span>This can now handle coroutine and asynchronous generator objects.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.show_code">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">show_code</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>x</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>file=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.show_code" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Print detailed code object information for the supplied function, method,
source code string or code object to <em>file</em> (or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code> if <em>file</em>
is not specified).</p>
<p>This is a convenient shorthand for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print(code_info(x),</span> <span class="pre">file=file)</span></code>,
intended for interactive exploration at the interpreter prompt.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.2 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.4 版更變: </span>Added <em>file</em> parameter.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.dis">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">dis</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>x=None</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>file=None</em>, <em>depth=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.dis" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Disassemble the <em>x</em> object. <em>x</em> can denote either a module, a class, a
method, a function, a generator, an asynchronous generator, a couroutine,
a code object, a string of source code or a byte sequence of raw bytecode.
For a module, it disassembles all functions. For a class, it disassembles
all methods (including class and static methods). For a code object or
sequence of raw bytecode, it prints one line per bytecode instruction.
It also recursively disassembles nested code objects (the code of
comprehensions, generator expressions and nested functions, and the code
used for building nested classes).
Strings are first compiled to code objects with the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#compile" title="compile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile()</span></code></a>
built-in function before being disassembled. If no object is provided, this
function disassembles the last traceback.</p>
<p>The disassembly is written as text to the supplied <em>file</em> argument if
provided and to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code> otherwise.</p>
<p>The maximal depth of recursion is limited by <em>depth</em> unless it is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>.
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">depth=0</span></code> means no recursion.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.4 版更變: </span>Added <em>file</em> parameter.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.7 版更變: </span>Implemented recursive disassembling and added <em>depth</em> parameter.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.7 版更變: </span>This can now handle coroutine and asynchronous generator objects.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.distb">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">distb</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>tb=None</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>file=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.distb" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Disassemble the top-of-stack function of a traceback, using the last
traceback if none was passed. The instruction causing the exception is
indicated.</p>
<p>The disassembly is written as text to the supplied <em>file</em> argument if
provided and to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code> otherwise.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.4 版更變: </span>Added <em>file</em> parameter.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.disassemble">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">disassemble</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>code</em>, <em>lasti=-1</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>file=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.disassemble" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="dis.disco">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">disco</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>code</em>, <em>lasti=-1</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>file=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.disco" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Disassemble a code object, indicating the last instruction if <em>lasti</em> was
provided. The output is divided in the following columns:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>the line number, for the first instruction of each line</li>
<li>the current instruction, indicated as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--></span></code>,</li>
<li>a labelled instruction, indicated with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">>></span></code>,</li>
<li>the address of the instruction,</li>
<li>the operation code name,</li>
<li>operation parameters, and</li>
<li>interpretation of the parameters in parentheses.</li>
</ol>
<p>The parameter interpretation recognizes local and global variable names,
constant values, branch targets, and compare operators.</p>
<p>The disassembly is written as text to the supplied <em>file</em> argument if
provided and to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code> otherwise.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.4 版更變: </span>Added <em>file</em> parameter.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.get_instructions">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">get_instructions</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>x</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>first_line=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.get_instructions" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return an iterator over the instructions in the supplied function, method,
source code string or code object.</p>
<p>The iterator generates a series of <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Instruction" title="dis.Instruction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Instruction</span></code></a> named tuples giving
the details of each operation in the supplied code.</p>
<p>If <em>first_line</em> is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, it indicates the line number that should be
reported for the first source line in the disassembled code. Otherwise, the
source line information (if any) is taken directly from the disassembled code
object.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.4 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.findlinestarts">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">findlinestarts</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>code</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.findlinestarts" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This generator function uses the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_firstlineno</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_lnotab</span></code>
attributes of the code object <em>code</em> to find the offsets which are starts of
lines in the source code. They are generated as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(offset,</span> <span class="pre">lineno)</span></code> pairs.
See <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Objects/lnotab_notes.txt">Objects/lnotab_notes.txt</a> for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_lnotab</span></code> format and
how to decode it.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.6 版更變: </span>Line numbers can be decreasing. Before, they were always increasing.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.findlabels">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">findlabels</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>code</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.findlabels" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Detect all offsets in the code object <em>code</em> which are jump targets, and
return a list of these offsets.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.stack_effect">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">stack_effect</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>opcode</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>oparg</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.stack_effect" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Compute the stack effect of <em>opcode</em> with argument <em>oparg</em>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.4 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="python-bytecode-instructions">
<span id="bytecodes"></span><h2>33.12.3. Python Bytecode Instructions<a class="headerlink" href="#python-bytecode-instructions" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h2>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.get_instructions" title="dis.get_instructions"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_instructions()</span></code></a> function and <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode" title="dis.Bytecode"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Bytecode</span></code></a> class provide
details of bytecode instructions as <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Instruction" title="dis.Instruction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Instruction</span></code></a> instances:</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="dis.Instruction">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">Instruction</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Details for a bytecode operation</p>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.Instruction.opcode">
<code class="descname">opcode</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.opcode" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>numeric code for operation, corresponding to the opcode values listed
below and the bytecode values in the <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-collections"><span class="std std-ref">Opcode collections</span></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.Instruction.opname">
<code class="descname">opname</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.opname" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>human readable name for operation</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.Instruction.arg">
<code class="descname">arg</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.arg" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>numeric argument to operation (if any), otherwise <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.Instruction.argval">
<code class="descname">argval</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.argval" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>resolved arg value (if known), otherwise same as arg</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.Instruction.argrepr">
<code class="descname">argrepr</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.argrepr" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>human readable description of operation argument</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.Instruction.offset">
<code class="descname">offset</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.offset" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>start index of operation within bytecode sequence</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.Instruction.starts_line">
<code class="descname">starts_line</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.starts_line" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>line started by this opcode (if any), otherwise <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.Instruction.is_jump_target">
<code class="descname">is_jump_target</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.is_jump_target" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if other code jumps to here, otherwise <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code></p>
</dd></dl>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.4 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>The Python compiler currently generates the following bytecode instructions.</p>
<p><strong>General instructions</strong></p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-NOP">
<code class="descname">NOP</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-NOP" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Do nothing code. Used as a placeholder by the bytecode optimizer.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-POP_TOP">
<code class="descname">POP_TOP</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_TOP" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Removes the top-of-stack (TOS) item.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-ROT_TWO">
<code class="descname">ROT_TWO</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-ROT_TWO" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Swaps the two top-most stack items.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-ROT_THREE">
<code class="descname">ROT_THREE</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-ROT_THREE" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Lifts second and third stack item one position up, moves top down to position
three.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DUP_TOP">
<code class="descname">DUP_TOP</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DUP_TOP" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Duplicates the reference on top of the stack.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.2 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DUP_TOP_TWO">
<code class="descname">DUP_TOP_TWO</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DUP_TOP_TWO" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Duplicates the two references on top of the stack, leaving them in the
same order.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.2 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p><strong>Unary operations</strong></p>
<p>Unary operations take the top of the stack, apply the operation, and push the
result back on the stack.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-UNARY_POSITIVE">
<code class="descname">UNARY_POSITIVE</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_POSITIVE" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">+TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-UNARY_NEGATIVE">
<code class="descname">UNARY_NEGATIVE</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_NEGATIVE" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">-TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-UNARY_NOT">
<code class="descname">UNARY_NOT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_NOT" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-UNARY_INVERT">
<code class="descname">UNARY_INVERT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_INVERT" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">~TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-GET_ITER">
<code class="descname">GET_ITER</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_ITER" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iter(TOS)</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-GET_YIELD_FROM_ITER">
<code class="descname">GET_YIELD_FROM_ITER</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_YIELD_FROM_ITER" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span></code> is a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-generator-iterator"><span class="xref std std-term">generator iterator</span></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-coroutine"><span class="xref std std-term">coroutine</span></a> object
it is left as is. Otherwise, implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iter(TOS)</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.5 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p><strong>Binary operations</strong></p>
<p>Binary operations remove the top of the stack (TOS) and the second top-most
stack item (TOS1) from the stack. They perform the operation, and put the
result back on the stack.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_POWER">
<code class="descname">BINARY_POWER</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_POWER" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_MULTIPLY">
<code class="descname">BINARY_MULTIPLY</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_MULTIPLY" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_MATRIX_MULTIPLY">
<code class="descname">BINARY_MATRIX_MULTIPLY</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_MATRIX_MULTIPLY" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">@</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.5 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE">
<code class="descname">BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">//</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE">
<code class="descname">BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_MODULO">
<code class="descname">BINARY_MODULO</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_MODULO" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_ADD">
<code class="descname">BINARY_ADD</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_ADD" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_SUBTRACT">
<code class="descname">BINARY_SUBTRACT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_SUBTRACT" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_SUBSCR">
<code class="descname">BINARY_SUBSCR</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_SUBSCR" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1[TOS]</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_LSHIFT">
<code class="descname">BINARY_LSHIFT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_LSHIFT" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre"><<</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_RSHIFT">
<code class="descname">BINARY_RSHIFT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_RSHIFT" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">>></span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_AND">
<code class="descname">BINARY_AND</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_AND" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_XOR">
<code class="descname">BINARY_XOR</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_XOR" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">^</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_OR">
<code class="descname">BINARY_OR</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_OR" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p><strong>In-place operations</strong></p>
<p>In-place operations are like binary operations, in that they remove TOS and
TOS1, and push the result back on the stack, but the operation is done in-place
when TOS1 supports it, and the resulting TOS may be (but does not have to be)
the original TOS1.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_POWER">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_POWER</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_POWER" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_MULTIPLY">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_MULTIPLY</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_MULTIPLY" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_MATRIX_MULTIPLY">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_MATRIX_MULTIPLY</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_MATRIX_MULTIPLY" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">@</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.5 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">//</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_MODULO">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_MODULO</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_MODULO" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_ADD">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_ADD</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_ADD" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_SUBTRACT">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_SUBTRACT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_SUBTRACT" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_LSHIFT">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_LSHIFT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_LSHIFT" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre"><<</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_RSHIFT">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_RSHIFT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_RSHIFT" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">>></span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_AND">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_AND</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_AND" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_XOR">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_XOR</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_XOR" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">^</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_OR">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_OR</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_OR" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_SUBSCR">
<code class="descname">STORE_SUBSCR</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SUBSCR" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS1[TOS]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_SUBSCR">
<code class="descname">DELETE_SUBSCR</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_SUBSCR" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">TOS1[TOS]</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p><strong>Coroutine opcodes</strong></p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-GET_AWAITABLE">
<code class="descname">GET_AWAITABLE</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_AWAITABLE" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">get_awaitable(TOS)</span></code>, where <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_awaitable(o)</span></code>
returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o</span></code> if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o</span></code> is a coroutine object or a generator object with
the CO_ITERABLE_COROUTINE flag, or resolves
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o.__await__</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.5 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-GET_AITER">
<code class="descname">GET_AITER</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_AITER" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS.__aiter__()</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.5 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.7 版更變: </span>Returning awaitable objects from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__aiter__</span></code> is no longer
supported.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-GET_ANEXT">
<code class="descname">GET_ANEXT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_ANEXT" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PUSH(get_awaitable(TOS.__anext__()))</span></code>. See <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GET_AWAITABLE</span></code>
for details about <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_awaitable</span></code></p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.5 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BEFORE_ASYNC_WITH">
<code class="descname">BEFORE_ASYNC_WITH</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BEFORE_ASYNC_WITH" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Resolves <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__aenter__</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__aexit__</span></code> from the object on top of the
stack. Pushes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__aexit__</span></code> and result of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__aenter__()</span></code> to the stack.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.5 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SETUP_ASYNC_WITH">
<code class="descname">SETUP_ASYNC_WITH</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_ASYNC_WITH" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Creates a new frame object.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.5 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p><strong>Miscellaneous opcodes</strong></p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-PRINT_EXPR">
<code class="descname">PRINT_EXPR</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PRINT_EXPR" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements the expression statement for the interactive mode. TOS is removed
from the stack and printed. In non-interactive mode, an expression statement
is terminated with <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-POP_TOP"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">POP_TOP</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BREAK_LOOP">
<code class="descname">BREAK_LOOP</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BREAK_LOOP" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Terminates a loop due to a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#break"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">break</span></code></a> statement.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-CONTINUE_LOOP">
<code class="descname">CONTINUE_LOOP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>target</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CONTINUE_LOOP" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Continues a loop due to a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#continue"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">continue</span></code></a> statement. <em>target</em> is the
address to jump to (which should be a <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-FOR_ITER"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FOR_ITER</span></code></a> instruction).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SET_ADD">
<code class="descname">SET_ADD</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>i</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SET_ADD" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Calls <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set.add(TOS1[-i],</span> <span class="pre">TOS)</span></code>. Used to implement set comprehensions.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LIST_APPEND">
<code class="descname">LIST_APPEND</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>i</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LIST_APPEND" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Calls <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list.append(TOS[-i],</span> <span class="pre">TOS)</span></code>. Used to implement list comprehensions.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-MAP_ADD">
<code class="descname">MAP_ADD</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>i</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MAP_ADD" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Calls <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.setitem(TOS1[-i],</span> <span class="pre">TOS,</span> <span class="pre">TOS1)</span></code>. Used to implement dict
comprehensions.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.1 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>For all of the <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-SET_ADD"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SET_ADD</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-LIST_APPEND"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LIST_APPEND</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-MAP_ADD"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MAP_ADD</span></code></a>
instructions, while the added value or key/value pair is popped off, the
container object remains on the stack so that it is available for further
iterations of the loop.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-RETURN_VALUE">
<code class="descname">RETURN_VALUE</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-RETURN_VALUE" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns with TOS to the caller of the function.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-YIELD_VALUE">
<code class="descname">YIELD_VALUE</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-YIELD_VALUE" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pops TOS and yields it from a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-generator"><span class="xref std std-term">generator</span></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-YIELD_FROM">
<code class="descname">YIELD_FROM</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-YIELD_FROM" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pops TOS and delegates to it as a subiterator from a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-generator"><span class="xref std std-term">generator</span></a>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SETUP_ANNOTATIONS">
<code class="descname">SETUP_ANNOTATIONS</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_ANNOTATIONS" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Checks whether <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__annotations__</span></code> is defined in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">locals()</span></code>, if not it is
set up to an empty <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict</span></code>. This opcode is only emitted if a class
or module body contains <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-variable-annotation"><span class="xref std std-term">variable annotations</span></a>
statically.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.6 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-IMPORT_STAR">
<code class="descname">IMPORT_STAR</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IMPORT_STAR" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Loads all symbols not starting with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'_'</span></code> directly from the module TOS to
the local namespace. The module is popped after loading all names. This
opcode implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">module</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-POP_BLOCK">
<code class="descname">POP_BLOCK</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_BLOCK" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Removes one block from the block stack. Per frame, there is a stack of
blocks, denoting nested loops, try statements, and such.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-POP_EXCEPT">
<code class="descname">POP_EXCEPT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_EXCEPT" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Removes one block from the block stack. The popped block must be an exception
handler block, as implicitly created when entering an except handler. In
addition to popping extraneous values from the frame stack, the last three
popped values are used to restore the exception state.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-END_FINALLY">
<code class="descname">END_FINALLY</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-END_FINALLY" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Terminates a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#finally"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">finally</span></code></a> clause. The interpreter recalls whether the
exception has to be re-raised, or whether the function returns, and continues
with the outer-next block.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_BUILD_CLASS">
<code class="descname">LOAD_BUILD_CLASS</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_BUILD_CLASS" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">builtins.__build_class__()</span></code> onto the stack. It is later called
by <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION</span></code></a> to construct a class.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SETUP_WITH">
<code class="descname">SETUP_WITH</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>delta</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_WITH" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This opcode performs several operations before a with block starts. First,
it loads <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__exit__" title="object.__exit__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__exit__()</span></code></a> from the context manager and pushes it onto
the stack for later use by <code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WITH_CLEANUP</span></code>. Then,
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__enter__" title="object.__enter__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__enter__()</span></code></a> is called, and a finally block pointing to <em>delta</em>
is pushed. Finally, the result of calling the enter method is pushed onto
the stack. The next opcode will either ignore it (<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-POP_TOP"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">POP_TOP</span></code></a>), or
store it in (a) variable(s) (<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_NAME"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STORE_NAME</span></code></a>, or
<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UNPACK_SEQUENCE</span></code></a>).</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.2 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-WITH_CLEANUP_START">
<code class="descname">WITH_CLEANUP_START</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-WITH_CLEANUP_START" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Cleans up the stack when a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#with"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code></a> statement block exits. TOS is the
context manager’s <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__exit__" title="object.__exit__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__exit__()</span></code></a> bound method. Below TOS are 1–3 values
indicating how/why the finally clause was entered:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>SECOND = <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></li>
<li>(SECOND, THIRD) = (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WHY_{RETURN,CONTINUE}</span></code>), retval</li>
<li>SECOND = <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WHY_*</span></code>; no retval below it</li>
<li>(SECOND, THIRD, FOURTH) = exc_info()</li>
</ul>
<p>In the last case, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS(SECOND,</span> <span class="pre">THIRD,</span> <span class="pre">FOURTH)</span></code> is called, otherwise
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS(None,</span> <span class="pre">None,</span> <span class="pre">None)</span></code>. Pushes SECOND and result of the call
to the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-WITH_CLEANUP_FINISH">
<code class="descname">WITH_CLEANUP_FINISH</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-WITH_CLEANUP_FINISH" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pops exception type and result of 『exit』 function call from the stack.</p>
<p>If the stack represents an exception, <em>and</em> the function call returns a
『true』 value, this information is 「zapped」 and replaced with a single
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WHY_SILENCED</span></code> to prevent <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-END_FINALLY"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">END_FINALLY</span></code></a> from re-raising the
exception. (But non-local gotos will still be resumed.)</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>All of the following opcodes use their arguments.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_NAME">
<code class="descname">STORE_NAME</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_NAME" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>. <em>namei</em> is the index of <em>name</em> in the attribute
<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names</span></code> of the code object. The compiler tries to use
<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_GLOBAL"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STORE_GLOBAL</span></code></a> if possible.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_NAME">
<code class="descname">DELETE_NAME</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_NAME" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">name</span></code>, where <em>namei</em> is the index into <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names</span></code>
attribute of the code object.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE">
<code class="descname">UNPACK_SEQUENCE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Unpacks TOS into <em>count</em> individual values, which are put onto the stack
right-to-left.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-UNPACK_EX">
<code class="descname">UNPACK_EX</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>counts</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNPACK_EX" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements assignment with a starred target: Unpacks an iterable in TOS into
individual values, where the total number of values can be smaller than the
number of items in the iterable: one of the new values will be a list of all
leftover items.</p>
<p>The low byte of <em>counts</em> is the number of values before the list value, the
high byte of <em>counts</em> the number of values after it. The resulting values
are put onto the stack right-to-left.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_ATTR">
<code class="descname">STORE_ATTR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_ATTR" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS.name</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span></code>, where <em>namei</em> is the index of name in
<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_ATTR">
<code class="descname">DELETE_ATTR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_ATTR" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">TOS.name</span></code>, using <em>namei</em> as index into <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_GLOBAL">
<code class="descname">STORE_GLOBAL</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_GLOBAL" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Works as <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_NAME"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STORE_NAME</span></code></a>, but stores the name as a global.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_GLOBAL">
<code class="descname">DELETE_GLOBAL</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_GLOBAL" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Works as <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-DELETE_NAME"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DELETE_NAME</span></code></a>, but deletes a global name.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_CONST">
<code class="descname">LOAD_CONST</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>consti</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_CONST" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_consts[consti]</span></code> onto the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_NAME">
<code class="descname">LOAD_NAME</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_NAME" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes the value associated with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></code> onto the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_TUPLE">
<code class="descname">BUILD_TUPLE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_TUPLE" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Creates a tuple consuming <em>count</em> items from the stack, and pushes the
resulting tuple onto the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_LIST">
<code class="descname">BUILD_LIST</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_LIST" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Works as <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-BUILD_TUPLE"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BUILD_TUPLE</span></code></a>, but creates a list.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_SET">
<code class="descname">BUILD_SET</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_SET" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Works as <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-BUILD_TUPLE"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BUILD_TUPLE</span></code></a>, but creates a set.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_MAP">
<code class="descname">BUILD_MAP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_MAP" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes a new dictionary object onto the stack. Pops <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">count</span></code> items
so that the dictionary holds <em>count</em> entries:
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">{...,</span> <span class="pre">TOS3:</span> <span class="pre">TOS2,</span> <span class="pre">TOS1:</span> <span class="pre">TOS}</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.5 版更變: </span>The dictionary is created from stack items instead of creating an
empty dictionary pre-sized to hold <em>count</em> items.</p>
</div>