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Enum, exceptions
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‎README.md

Lines changed: 19 additions & 9 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -1180,7 +1180,7 @@ class MyOpen():
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def __enter__(self):
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self.file = open(self.filename)
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return self.file
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def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
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def __exit__(self, exc_type, exception, traceback):
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self.file.close()
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```
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@@ -1329,13 +1329,13 @@ Cutlery = Enum('Cutlery', ['fork', 'knife', 'spoon'])
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Cutlery = Enum('Cutlery', {'fork': 1, 'knife': 2, 'spoon': 3})
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```
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#### Functions can not be values, so they must be wrapped:
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#### User-defined functions can not be values, so they must be wrapped:
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```python
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from functools import partial
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LogicOp = Enum('LogicOp', {'AND': partial(lambda l, r: l and r),
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'OR' : partial(lambda l, r: l or r)})
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```
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* **Another solution in this particular case, is to use `'and_'` and `'or_'` functions from module [operator](#operator).**
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* **Another solution in this particular case is to use built-in functions `'and_'` and `'or_'` from the module [operator](#operator).**
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Exceptions
@@ -1381,16 +1381,19 @@ raise <exception>(<el> [, ...])
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#### Re-raising caught exception:
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```python
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except <exception>:
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<code>
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except <exception> as <name>:
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...
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raise
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```
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#### Useful built-in exceptions:
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### Attributes
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```python
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raise TypeError('Argument is of wrong type!')
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raise ValueError('Argument is of right type but inappropriate value!')
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raise RuntimeError('None of above!')
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arguments = <name>.args
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line_num = <name>.__traceback__.tb_lineno
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func_name = <name>.__traceback__.tb_frame.f_code.co_name
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filename = <name>.__traceback__.tb_frame.f_code.co_filename
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line = linecache.getline(filename, line_num)
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error_msg = traceback.format_exc()
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```
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### Common Built-in Exceptions
@@ -1417,6 +1420,13 @@ BaseException
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+-- UnicodeError # Raised when encoding/decoding strings from/to bytes fails.
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```
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#### Useful built-in exceptions:
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```python
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raise TypeError('Argument is of wrong type!')
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raise ValueError('Argument is of right type but inappropriate value!')
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raise RuntimeError('None of above!')
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```
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#### Collections and their exceptions:
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```text
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+-----------+------------+------------+------------+

‎index.html

Lines changed: 17 additions & 9 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -1123,7 +1123,7 @@
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<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">__enter__</span><span class="hljs-params">(self)</span>:</span>
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self.file = open(self.filename)
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<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> self.file
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<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">__exit__</span><span class="hljs-params">(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback)</span>:</span>
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<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">__exit__</span><span class="hljs-params">(self, exc_type, exception, traceback)</span>:</span>
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self.file.close()
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</code></pre></div>
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@@ -1256,13 +1256,13 @@
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Cutlery = Enum(<span class="hljs-string">'Cutlery'</span>, {<span class="hljs-string">'fork'</span>: <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'knife'</span>: <span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'spoon'</span>: <span class="hljs-number">3</span>})
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</code></pre></div>
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<div><h4 id="functionscannotbevaluessotheymustbewrapped">Functions can not be values, so they must be wrapped:</h4><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> functools <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> partial
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<div><h4 id="userdefinedfunctionscannotbevaluessotheymustbewrapped">User-defined functions can not be values, so they must be wrapped:</h4><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> functools <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> partial
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LogicOp = Enum(<span class="hljs-string">'LogicOp'</span>, {<span class="hljs-string">'AND'</span>: partial(<span class="hljs-keyword">lambda</span> l, r: l <span class="hljs-keyword">and</span> r),
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<span class="hljs-string">'OR'</span> : partial(<span class="hljs-keyword">lambda</span> l, r: l <span class="hljs-keyword">or</span> r)})
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</code></pre></div>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>Another solution in this particular case, is to use <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'and_'</span></code> and <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'or_'</span></code> functions from module <a href="#operator">operator</a>.</strong></li>
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<li><strong>Another solution in this particular case is to use built-in functions <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'and_'</span></code> and <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'or_'</span></code> from the module <a href="#operator">operator</a>.</strong></li>
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</ul>
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<div><h2 id="exceptions"><a href="#exceptions" name="exceptions">#</a>Exceptions</h2><div><h3 id="basicexample">Basic Example</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-keyword">try</span>:
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&lt;code&gt;
@@ -1297,14 +1297,17 @@
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<span class="hljs-keyword">raise</span> &lt;exception&gt;(&lt;el&gt; [, ...])
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</code></pre></div>
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<div><h4 id="reraisingcaughtexception">Re-raising caught exception:</h4><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-keyword">except</span> &lt;exception&gt;:
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&lt;code&gt;
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<div><h4 id="reraisingcaughtexception">Re-raising caught exception:</h4><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-keyword">except</span> &lt;exception&gt; <span class="hljs-keyword">as</span> &lt;name&gt;:
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...
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<span class="hljs-keyword">raise</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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<div><h4 id="usefulbuiltinexceptions">Useful built-in exceptions:</h4><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-keyword">raise</span> TypeError(<span class="hljs-string">'Argument is of wrong type!'</span>)
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<span class="hljs-keyword">raise</span> ValueError(<span class="hljs-string">'Argument is of right type but inappropriate value!'</span>)
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<span class="hljs-keyword">raise</span> RuntimeError(<span class="hljs-string">'None of above!'</span>)
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<div><h3 id="attributes-1">Attributes</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs">arguments = &lt;name&gt;.args
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line_num = &lt;name&gt;.__traceback__.tb_lineno
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func_name = &lt;name&gt;.__traceback__.tb_frame.f_code.co_name
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filename = &lt;name&gt;.__traceback__.tb_frame.f_code.co_filename
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line = linecache.getline(filename, line_num)
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error_msg = traceback.format_exc()
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</code></pre></div>
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<div><h3 id="commonbuiltinexceptions">Common Built-in Exceptions</h3><pre><code class="text language-text">BaseException
@@ -1329,6 +1332,11 @@
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+-- UnicodeError # Raised when encoding/decoding strings from/to bytes fails.
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</code></pre></div>
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<div><h4 id="usefulbuiltinexceptions">Useful built-in exceptions:</h4><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-keyword">raise</span> TypeError(<span class="hljs-string">'Argument is of wrong type!'</span>)
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<span class="hljs-keyword">raise</span> ValueError(<span class="hljs-string">'Argument is of right type but inappropriate value!'</span>)
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<span class="hljs-keyword">raise</span> RuntimeError(<span class="hljs-string">'None of above!'</span>)
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</code></pre></div>
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<div><h4 id="collectionsandtheirexceptions">Collections and their exceptions:</h4><pre><code class="text language-text">+-----------+------------+------------+------------+
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| | list | dict | set |
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+-----------+------------+------------+------------+
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<div><h3 id="attributes-1">Attributes</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs">&lt;list&gt; = dir(&lt;object&gt;) <span class="hljs-comment"># Returns names of object's attributes (incl. methods).</span>
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<div><h3 id="attributes-2">Attributes</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs">&lt;list&gt; = dir(&lt;object&gt;) <span class="hljs-comment"># Returns names of object's attributes (incl. methods).</span>
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&lt;dict&gt; = vars(&lt;object&gt;) <span class="hljs-comment"># Returns dict of object's fields. Also &lt;object&gt;.__dict__.</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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