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String, Regex, Format, Duck types, Pygame
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‎README.md‎

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@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ String
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```python
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<list> = <str>.split() # Splits on one or more whitespace characters.
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<list> = <str>.split(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) # Splits on 'sep' str at most 'maxsplit' times.
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<list> = <str>.splitlines(keepends=False) # Splits on \n,\r,\r\n. Keeps them if 'keepends'.
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<list> = <str>.splitlines(keepends=False) # Splits on [\n\r\f\v\x1c\x1d\x1e\x85] and '\r\n'.
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<str> = <str>.join(<coll_of_strings>) # Joins elements using string as a separator.
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```
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@@ -376,12 +376,13 @@ import re
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```
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### Special Sequences
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* **By default digits, alphanumerics and whitespaces from all alphabets are matched, unless `'flags=re.ASCII'` argument is used.**
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* **By default, decimal characters, alphanumerics and whitespaces from all alphabets are matched unless `'flags=re.ASCII'` argument is used.**
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* **As shown below, it restricts special sequence matches to `'[\x00-\x7f]'` and prevents `'\s'` from accepting `'[\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f]'`.**
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* **Use a capital letter for negation.**
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```python
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'\d' == '[0-9]' # Matches any digit.
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'\w' == '[a-zA-Z0-9_]' # Matches any alphanumeric.
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'\s' == '[ \t\n\r\f\v]' # Matches any whitespace.
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'\d' == '[0-9]' # Matches decimal characters.
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'\w' == '[a-zA-Z0-9_]' # Matches alphanumerics and underscore.
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'\s' == '[ \t\n\r\f\v]' # Matches whitespaces.
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```
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@@ -440,33 +441,32 @@ Format
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#### Comparison of presentation types:
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```text
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+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
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| | {<float>} | {<float>:f} | {<float>:e} | {<float>:%} |
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+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
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| 0.000056789 | '5.6789e-05' | '0.000057' | '5.678900e-05' | '0.005679%' |
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| 0.00056789 | '0.00056789' | '0.000568' | '5.678900e-04' | '0.056789%' |
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| 0.0056789 | '0.0056789' | '0.005679' | '5.678900e-03' | '0.567890%' |
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| 0.056789 | '0.056789' | '0.056789' | '5.678900e-02' | '5.678900%' |
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| 0.56789 | '0.56789' | '0.567890' | '5.678900e-01' | '56.789000%' |
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| 5.6789 | '5.6789' | '5.678900' | '5.678900e+00' | '567.890000%' |
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| 56.789 | '56.789' | '56.789000' | '5.678900e+01' | '5678.900000%' |
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| 567.89 | '567.89' | '567.890000' | '5.678900e+02' | '56789.000000%' |
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+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
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+--------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
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| | {<float>} | {<float>:f} | {<float>:e} | {<float>:%} |
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+--------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
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| 0.000056789 | '5.6789e-05' | '0.000057' | '5.678900e-05' | '0.005679%' |
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| 0.00056789 | '0.00056789' | '0.000568' | '5.678900e-04' | '0.056789%' |
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| 0.0056789 | '0.0056789' | '0.005679' | '5.678900e-03' | '0.567890%' |
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| 0.056789 | '0.056789' | '0.056789' | '5.678900e-02' | '5.678900%' |
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| 0.56789 | '0.56789' | '0.567890' | '5.678900e-01' | '56.789000%' |
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| 5.6789 | '5.6789' | '5.678900' | '5.678900e+00' | '567.890000%' |
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| 56.789 | '56.789' | '56.789000' | '5.678900e+01' | '5678.900000%' |
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+--------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
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```
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```text
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+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
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| | {<float>:.2} | {<float>:.2f} | {<float>:.2e} | {<float>:.2%} |
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+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
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| 0.000056789 | '5.7e-05' | '0.00' | '5.68e-05' | '0.01%' |
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| 0.00056789 | '0.00057' | '0.00' | '5.68e-04' | '0.06%' |
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| 0.0056789 | '0.0057' | '0.01' | '5.68e-03' | '0.57%' |
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| 0.056789 | '0.057' | '0.06' | '5.68e-02' | '5.68%' |
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| 0.56789 | '0.57' | '0.57' | '5.68e-01' | '56.79%' |
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| 5.6789 | '5.7' | '5.68' | '5.68e+00' | '567.89%' |
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| 56.789 | '5.7e+01' | '56.79' | '5.68e+01' | '5678.90%' |
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| 567.89 | '5.7e+02' | '567.89' | '5.68e+02' | '56789.00%' |
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+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
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```
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+--------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
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| | {<float>:.2} | {<float>:.2f} | {<float>:.2e} | {<float>:.2%} |
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+--------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
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| 0.000056789 | '5.7e-05' | '0.00' | '5.68e-05' | '0.01%' |
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| 0.00056789 | '0.00057' | '0.00' | '5.68e-04' | '0.06%' |
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| 0.0056789 | '0.0057' | '0.01' | '5.68e-03' | '0.57%' |
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| 0.056789 | '0.057' | '0.06' | '5.68e-02' | '5.68%' |
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| 0.56789 | '0.57' | '0.57' | '5.68e-01' | '56.79%' |
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| 5.6789 | '5.7' | '5.68' | '5.68e+00' | '567.89%' |
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| 56.789 | '5.7e+01' | '56.79' | '5.68e+01' | '5678.90%' |
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+--------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
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```
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* **When both rounding up and rounding down are possible, the one that returns result with even last digit is chosen. That makes `'{6.5:.0f}'` a `'6'` and `'{7.5:.0f}'` an `'8'`.**
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### Ints
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```python
@@ -1140,7 +1140,7 @@ class Counter:
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```
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#### Python has many different iterator objects:
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* **Iterators returned by the [iter()](#iterator) function, such as list\_iterator and set\_iterator.**
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* **Sequence iterators returned by the [iter()](#iterator) function, such as list\_iterator and set\_iterator.**
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* **Objects returned by the [itertools](#itertools) module, such as count, repeat and cycle.**
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* **Generators returned by the [generator functions](#generator) and [generator expressions](#comprehensions).**
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* **File objects returned by the [open()](#open) function, etc.**
@@ -2506,7 +2506,7 @@ def odds_handler(sport):
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# $ pip3 install requests
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>>> import threading, requests
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>>> threading.Thread(target=run, daemon=True).start()
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>>> url = 'http://localhost:8080/odds/football'
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>>> url = 'http://localhost:8080/odds/football'
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>>> data = {'team': 'arsenal f.c.'}
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>>> response = requests.post(url, data=data)
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>>> response.json()
@@ -2899,7 +2899,7 @@ get_pause = lambda seconds: repeat(0, int(seconds * F))
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sin_f = lambda i, hz: math.sin(i * 2 * math.pi * hz / F)
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get_wave = lambda hz, seconds: (sin_f(i, hz) for i in range(int(seconds * F)))
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get_hz = lambda key: 8.176 * 2 ** (int(key) / 12)
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parse_note = lambda note: (get_hz(note[:-1]), 1/4 if '♩' in note else 1/8)
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parse_note = lambda note: (get_hz(note[:2]), 1/4 if '♩' in note else 1/8)
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get_samples = lambda note: get_wave(*parse_note(note)) if note else get_pause(1/8)
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samples_f = chain.from_iterable(get_samples(n) for n in f'{P1}{P1}{P2}'.split(','))
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samples_b = b''.join(struct.pack('<h', int(f * 30000)) for f in samples_f)
@@ -2957,14 +2957,14 @@ while all(event.type != pg.QUIT for event in pg.event.get()):
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```
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```python
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from pygame.transform import *
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from pygame.transform import scale, …
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<Surf> = scale(<Surf>, (width, height)) # Returns scaled surface.
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<Surf> = rotate(<Surf>, degrees) # Returns rotated and scaled surface.
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<Surf> = flip(<Surf>, x_bool, y_bool) # Returns flipped surface.
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```
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```python
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from pygame.draw import *
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from pygame.draw import line, arc, rect
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line(<Surf>, color, (x1, y1), (x2, y2), width) # Draws a line to the surface.
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arc(<Surf>, color, <Rect>, from_rad, to_rad) # Also: ellipse(<Surf>, color, <Rect>)
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rect(<Surf>, color, <Rect>) # Also: polygon(<Surf>, color, points)
@@ -3029,12 +3029,12 @@ def update_speed(mario, tiles, pressed):
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mario.spd = P(*[max(-limit, min(limit, s)) for limit, s in zip(MAX_SPEED, P(x, y))])
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def update_position(mario, tiles):
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p = mario.rect.topleft
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larger_speed = max(abs(s) for s in mario.spd)
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for _ in range(larger_speed):
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x, y = mario.rect.topleft
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n_steps = max(abs(s) for s in mario.spd)
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for _ in range(n_steps):
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mario.spd = stop_on_collision(mario.spd, get_boundaries(mario.rect, tiles))
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p = P(*[a + s/larger_speed for a, s in zip(p, mario.spd)])
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mario.rect.topleft = p
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x, y = x + mario.spd.x/n_steps, y + mario.spd.y/n_steps
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mario.rect.topleft = x, y
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def get_boundaries(rect, tiles):
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deltas = {D.n: P(0, -1), D.e: P(1, 0), D.s: P(0, 1), D.w: P(-1, 0)}

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