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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head xmlns:wcag="https://www.w3.org/WAI/GL/">
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<title>Understanding Abbreviations</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../css/sources.css" class="remove"></link>
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</head>
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<body xmlns:wcag="https://www.w3.org/WAI/GL/">
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<h1>Understanding Abbreviations</h1>
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<blockquote class="scquote" data-include="../../sc/20/abbreviations.html">SC text</blockquote>
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<section class="intent" id="abbreviations-intent">
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<h2>Intent of Abbreviations</h2>
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<p>The intent of this Success Criterion is to ensure that users can access the expanded
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form of abbreviations.
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</p>
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<section class="benefits" id="abbreviations-benefits">
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<h3>Benefits of Abbreviations</h3>
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<p>This Success Criterion may help people who:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>have difficulty decoding words;</li>
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<li>rely on screen magnifiers (magnification may reduce contextual cues);</li>
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<li>have limited memory;</li>
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<li>have difficulty using context to aid understanding.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>
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Abbreviations may confuse some readers in different ways:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Some abbreviations do not look like normal words and cannot be pronounced according
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to the usual rules of the language. For example, the English word "room" is abbreviated
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as "rm," which does not correspond to any English word or phoneme. The user has to
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know that "rm" is an abbreviation for the word "room" in order to say it correctly.
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</li>
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<li>Sometimes, the same abbreviation means different things in different contexts. For
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example, in the English sentence "Dr. Johnson lives on Boswell Dr.," the first "Dr."
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is an abbreviation for "Doctor" and the second instance is an abbreviation for the
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word "Drive" (a word that means "street"). Users must be able to understand the context
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in order to know what the abbreviations mean.
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</li>
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<li>Some acronyms spell common words but are used in different ways. For example, "JAWS"
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is an acronym for a screen reader whose full name is "Job Access with Speech." It
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is also a common English word referring to the part of the mouth that holds the teeth.
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The acronym is used differently than the common word.
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</li>
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<li>Some acronyms sound like common words but are spelled differently. For example, the
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acronym for Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language, S M I L, is pronounced like
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the English word "smile."
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>It would also help people with visual disabilities who:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Lose context when zoomed-in with a screen magnifier</li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section class="examples" id="abbreviations-examples">
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<h2>Examples of Abbreviations</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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<strong>An abbreviation whose expansion is provided the first time the abbreviation appears
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in the content.
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</strong>
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</p>
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<p>The name, "World Wide Web Consortium," appears as the first heading on the organization's
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home page. The abbreviation, "W3C," is enclosed in parentheses in the same heading.
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>
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<strong>A dictionary search form.</strong>
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</p>
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<p>A Web site includes a search form provided by an on-line acronym service. Users enter
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an acronym and the form returns a list of possible expansions from the sources that
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it searched.
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>
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<strong>A medical Web site.</strong>
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</p>
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<p>A medical Web site provides information for both doctors and patients. The site includes
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a set of cascading dictionaries; a very specialized medical dictionary is first,
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followed by a second medical dictionary for the general public. The cascade also includes
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a list of acronyms and abbreviations that are unique to the site, and finally there
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is a standard dictionary as well. The standard dictionary at the end of the list provides
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definitions for most words in the text. The specialized medical dictionary yields
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definitions of unusual medical terms. Definitions for words that appear in more than
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one dictionary are listed in the order of the cascade. The meaning of acronyms and
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abbreviations is provided by the list of acronyms and abbreviations.
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>
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<strong>
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Expanded forms of Abbreviations.
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</strong>
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</p>
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<p>
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The expanded form of each abbreviation is available in a programmatically determinable
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manner. User agents that speak the text can use the expanded form to announce the
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abbreviation. Other user agents might make the expanded form available as a tooltip
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or as contextual help for the abbreviation.
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</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section class="resources" id="abbreviations-resources">
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<h2>Resources for Abbreviations</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<a href="http://www.acronymfinder.com/">Acronym finder</a> - You can search with the exact acronym, the beginning of the acronym, wildcards
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and reverse lookup.
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="http://www.abbreviations.com/">Abbreviations.com</a>.
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</li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section class="techniques" id="abbreviations-techniques">
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<h2>Techniques for Abbreviations</h2>
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<section class="sufficient" id="abbreviations-sufficient">
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<h3>Sufficient Techniques for Abbreviations</h3>
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<section class="situation" id="abbreviations-situation-0">
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<h4>Situation A: If the abbreviation has only one meaning within the Web page:
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</h4>
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<ol>
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<li>
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<p>
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<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/G102">Providing the expansion or explanation of an abbreviation</a> for the first occurrence of the abbreviation in a Web page using one of the following
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techniques:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/G97">Providing the abbreviation immediately following the expanded form</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/G55">Linking to definitions</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/H28">Providing definitions for abbreviations by using the abbr and acronym elements</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/PDF8"></a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>
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<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/G102">Providing the expansion or explanation of an abbreviation</a> for all occurrences of the abbreviation in a Web page using one of the following
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techniques:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/G55">Linking to definitions</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/G62">Providing a Glossary</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/H60">Using the link element to link to a glossary</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/G70">
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Providing a function to search an on-line dictionary
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</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/H28">Providing definitions for abbreviations by using the abbr and acronym elements</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/PDF8"></a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ol>
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</section>
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<section class="situation" id="abbreviations-situation-1">
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<h4>Situation B: If the abbreviation means different things within the same Web page:
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</h4>
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<ol>
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<li>
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<p>
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<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/G102">Providing the expansion or explanation of an abbreviation</a> for all occurrences of abbreviations in a Web page using one of the following techniques:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/G55">Linking to definitions</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/H28">Providing definitions for abbreviations by using the abbr and acronym elements</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/PDF8"></a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ol>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section class="advisory" id="abbreviations-advisory">
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<h3>Additional Techniques (Advisory) for Abbreviations</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>
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Using unique abbreviations in a Web page (future link)
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</li>
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<li>
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Using visual formatting to help users recognize abbreviations (future link)
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</li>
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<li>
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Providing access to a talking dictionary to support users who might have difficulty
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decoding written definitions (future link)
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</li>
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<li>
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Providing a voice-enabled dictionary search so that users who have difficulty typing
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or spelling can speak the word whose definition they need (future link)
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</li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section class="failure" id="abbreviations-failure">
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<h3>Common Failures for Abbreviations</h3>
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</section>
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</section>
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</body></html>

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