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Translations
2025 Dec 30
Balance of power
2025 Dec 17
Let a thousand societies bloom
2025 Nov 25
Plinko PIR tutorial
2025 Nov 07
Galaxy brain resistance
2025 Oct 19
A GKR Tutorial
2025 Oct 05
Memory access is O(N^[1/3])
2025 Sep 24
The importance of full-stack openness and verifiability
2025 Sep 21
Low-risk defi can be for Ethereum what search was for Google
2025 Aug 12
On idea-driven ideas
2025 Aug 12
"I support it only if it's open source" should be a more common viewpoint
2025 Jul 10
My response to AI 2027
2025 Jul 07
Why I used to prefer permissive licenses and now favor copyleft
2025 Jun 28
Does digital ID have risks even if it's ZK-wrapped?
2025 May 11
A simple explanation of a/(b+c) + b/(c+a) + c/(a+b) = 4
2025 May 06
The math of when stage 1 and stage 2 make sense
2025 May 03
Simplifying the L1
2025 Apr 14
Why I support privacy
2025 Mar 29
We should talk less about public goods funding and more about open source funding
2025 Mar 29
The tree ring model of culture and politics
2025 Feb 28
AI as the engine, humans as the steering wheel
2025 Feb 14
Reasons to have higher L1 gas limits even in an L2-heavy Ethereum
2025 Jan 23
Scaling Ethereum L1 and L2s in 2025 and beyond
2025 Jan 05
d/acc: one year later
2024 Dec 03
What I would love to see in a wallet
2024 Nov 09
From prediction markets to info finance
2024 Oct 29
Possible futures of the Ethereum protocol, part 6: The Splurge
2024 Oct 26
Possible futures of the Ethereum protocol, part 5: The Purge
2024 Oct 23
Possible futures of the Ethereum protocol, part 4: The Verge
2024 Oct 20
Possible futures of the Ethereum protocol, part 3: The Scourge
2024 Oct 17
Possible futures of the Ethereum protocol, part 2: The Surge
2024 Oct 14
Possible futures of the Ethereum protocol, part 1: The Merge
2024 Sep 28
Making Ethereum alignment legible
2024 Sep 02
Glue and coprocessor architectures
2024 Aug 21
Plurality philosophy in an incredibly oversized nutshell
2024 Aug 03
Review: museums of the future, Dubai and Tokyo
2024 Jul 23
Exploring circle STARKs
2024 Jul 17
Against choosing your political allegiances based on who is "pro-crypto"
2024 Jun 30
Epochs and slots all the way down: ways to give Ethereum users faster transaction confirmation times
2024 May 31
Some reflections on the Bitcoin block size war
2024 May 29
Layer 2s as cultural extensions of Ethereum
2024 May 23
How do layer 2s really differ from execution sharding?
2024 May 17
The near and mid-term future of improving the Ethereum network's permissionlessness and decentralization
2024 May 09
Multidimensional gas pricing
2024 Apr 29
Binius: highly efficient proofs over binary fields
2024 Apr 01
Degen communism: the only correct political ideology
2024 Mar 29
What else could memecoins be?
2024 Mar 28
Ethereum has blobs. Where do we go from here?
2024 Feb 09
Ask security questions
2024 Jan 31
The end of my childhood
2024 Jan 30
The promise and challenges of crypto + AI applications
2023 Dec 28
Make Ethereum Cypherpunk Again
2023 Nov 27
My techno-optimism
2023 Nov 14
Exit games for EVM validiums: the return of Plasma
2023 Oct 31
Different types of layer 2s
2023 Sep 30
Should Ethereum be okay with enshrining more things in the protocol?
2023 Aug 16
What do I think about Community Notes?
2023 Jul 24
What do I think about biometric proof of personhood?
2023 Jun 20
Deeper dive on cross-L2 reading for wallets and other use cases
2023 Jun 09
The Three Transitions
2023 May 21
Don't overload Ethereum's consensus
2023 Apr 14
Travel time ~= 750 * distance ^ 0.6
2023 Mar 31
How will Ethereum's multi-client philosophy interact with ZK-EVMs?
2023 Feb 28
Some personal user experiences
2023 Jan 20
An incomplete guide to stealth addresses
2022 Dec 30
What even is an institution?
2022 Dec 06
Updating my blog: a quick GPT chatbot coding experiment
2022 Dec 05
What in the Ethereum application ecosystem excites me
2022 Nov 19
Having a safe CEX: proof of solvency and beyond
2022 Oct 28
The Revenue-Evil Curve: a different way to think about prioritizing public goods funding
2022 Sep 20
DAOs are not corporations: where decentralization in autonomous organizations matters
2022 Sep 17
What kind of layer 3s make sense?
2022 Sep 09
Should there be demand-based recurring fees on ENS domains?
2022 Aug 04
The different types of ZK-EVMs
2022 Jul 13
What do I think about network states?
2022 Jun 20
My 40-liter backpack travel guide
2022 Jun 15
Some ways to use ZK-SNARKs for privacy
2022 Jun 12
Where to use a blockchain in non-financial applications?
2022 May 25
Two thought experiments to evaluate automated stablecoins
2022 Apr 01
In Defense of Bitcoin Maximalism
2022 Mar 29
The roads not taken
2022 Mar 14
How do trusted setups work?
2022 Feb 28
Encapsulated vs systemic complexity in protocol design
2022 Jan 26
Soulbound
2021 Dec 19
The bulldozer vs vetocracy political axis
2021 Dec 06
Endgame
2021 Nov 16
Review of Optimism retro funding round 1
2021 Nov 05
Halo and more: exploring incremental verification and SNARKs without pairings
2021 Oct 31
Crypto Cities
2021 Sep 26
On Nathan Schneider on the limits of cryptoeconomics
2021 Aug 22
Alternatives to selling at below-market-clearing prices for achieving fairness (or community sentiment, or fun)
2021 Aug 16
Moving beyond coin voting governance
2021 Jul 29
Against overuse of the Gini coefficient
2021 Jun 18
Verkle trees
2021 May 25
Blockchain voting is overrated among uninformed people but underrated among informed people
2021 May 23
The Limits to Blockchain Scalability
2021 Apr 07
Why sharding is great: demystifying the technical properties
2021 Apr 02
Gitcoin Grants Round 9: The Next Phase of Growth
2021 Mar 23
The Most Important Scarce Resource is Legitimacy
2021 Feb 18
Prediction Markets: Tales from the Election
2021 Jan 26
An approximate introduction to how zk-SNARKs are possible
2021 Jan 11
Why we need wide adoption of social recovery wallets
2021 Jan 05
An Incomplete Guide to Rollups
2020 Dec 28
Endnotes on 2020: Crypto and Beyond
2020 Nov 08
Convex and Concave Dispositions
2020 Nov 06
Why Proof of Stake (Nov 2020)
2020 Oct 18
Gitcoin Grants Round 7 Retrospective
2020 Sep 11
Coordination, Good and Bad
2020 Aug 20
Trust Models
2020 Aug 17
A Philosophy of Blockchain Validation
2020 Jul 22
Gitcoin Grants Round 6 Retrospective
2020 Jul 20
Exploring Fully Homomorphic Encryption
2020 Apr 30
Gitcoin Grants Round 5 Retrospective
2020 Mar 21
A Quick Garbled Circuits Primer
2020 Jan 28
Review of Gitcoin Quadratic Funding Round 4
2019 Dec 26
Base Layers And Functionality Escape Velocity
2019 Dec 24
Christmas Special
2019 Dec 07
Quadratic Payments: A Primer
2019 Nov 22
Hard Problems in Cryptocurrency: Five Years Later
2019 Oct 24
Review of Gitcoin Quadratic Funding Round 3
2019 Oct 01
In-person meatspace protocol to prove unconditional possession of a private key
2019 Sep 22
Understanding PLONK
2019 Aug 28
The Dawn of Hybrid Layer 2 Protocols
2019 Jun 12
Sidechains vs Plasma vs Sharding
2019 May 12
Fast Fourier Transforms
2019 May 09
Control as Liability
2019 Apr 16
On Free Speech
2019 Apr 03
On Collusion
2019 Apr 01
[Mirror] Cantor was Wrong: debunking the infinite set hierarchy
2018 Dec 05
A CBC Casper Tutorial
2018 Nov 25
[Mirror] Central Planning as Overfitting
2018 Aug 26
Layer 1 Should Be Innovative in the Short Term but Less in the Long Term
2018 Aug 07
A Guide to 99% Fault Tolerant Consensus
2018 Jul 21
STARKs, Part 3: Into the Weeds
2018 Apr 20
On Radical Markets
2018 Mar 28
Governance, Part 2: Plutocracy Is Still Bad
2017 Dec 31
Proof of Stake FAQ
2017 Dec 31
Sharding FAQ
2017 Dec 17
Notes on Blockchain Governance
2017 Dec 14
A Quick Gasprice Market Analysis
2017 Nov 22
STARKs, Part II: Thank Goodness It's FRI-day
2017 Nov 09
STARKs, Part I: Proofs with Polynomials
2017 Oct 17
On Medium-of-Exchange Token Valuations
2017 Sep 14
A Prehistory of the Ethereum Protocol
2017 Jul 27
A Note on Metcalfe's Law, Externalities and Ecosystem Splits
2017 Jul 16
The Triangle of Harm
2017 Jun 22
On Path Independence
2017 Jun 09
Analyzing Token Sale Models
2017 May 08
Engineering Security Through Coordination Problems
2017 Mar 14
Hard Forks, Soft Forks, Defaults and Coercion
2017 Mar 11
A Note On Charity Through Marginal Price Discrimination
2017 Feb 01
[Mirror] Zk-SNARKs: Under the Hood
2017 Jan 14
[Mirror] Exploring Elliptic Curve Pairings
2016 Dec 29
[Mirror] A Proof of Stake Design Philosophy
2016 Dec 10
[Mirror] Quadratic Arithmetic Programs: from Zero to Hero
Vitalik Buterin's website
Blockchains Cryptography Economics Fun General Gitcoin Math Philosophy Translations
Balance of power
Let a thousand societies bloom
Plinko PIR tutorial
Galaxy brain resistance
A GKR Tutorial
Memory access is O(N^[1/3])
The importance of full-stack openness and verifiability
Low-risk defi can be for Ethereum what search was for Google
On idea-driven ideas
"I support it only if it's open source" should be a more common viewpoint
My response to AI 2027
Why I used to prefer permissive licenses and now favor copyleft
Does digital ID have risks even if it's ZK-wrapped?
A simple explanation of a/(b+c) + b/(c+a) + c/(a+b) = 4
The math of when stage 1 and stage 2 make sense
Simplifying the L1
Why I support privacy
We should talk less about public goods funding and more about open source funding
The tree ring model of culture and politics
AI as the engine, humans as the steering wheel
Reasons to have higher L1 gas limits even in an L2-heavy Ethereum
Scaling Ethereum L1 and L2s in 2025 and beyond
d/acc: one year later
What I would love to see in a wallet
From prediction markets to info finance
Possible futures of the Ethereum protocol, part 6: The Splurge
Possible futures of the Ethereum protocol, part 5: The Purge
Possible futures of the Ethereum protocol, part 4: The Verge
Possible futures of the Ethereum protocol, part 3: The Scourge
Possible futures of the Ethereum protocol, part 2: The Surge
Possible futures of the Ethereum protocol, part 1: The Merge
Making Ethereum alignment legible
Glue and coprocessor architectures
Plurality philosophy in an incredibly oversized nutshell
Review: museums of the future, Dubai and Tokyo
Exploring circle STARKs
Against choosing your political allegiances based on who is "pro-crypto"
Epochs and slots all the way down: ways to give Ethereum users faster transaction confirmation times
Some reflections on the Bitcoin block size war
Layer 2s as cultural extensions of Ethereum
How do layer 2s really differ from execution sharding?
The near and mid-term future of improving the Ethereum network's permissionlessness and decentralization
Multidimensional gas pricing
Binius: highly efficient proofs over binary fields
Degen communism: the only correct political ideology
What else could memecoins be?
Ethereum has blobs. Where do we go from here?
Ask security questions
The end of my childhood
The promise and challenges of crypto + AI applications
Make Ethereum Cypherpunk Again
My techno-optimism
Exit games for EVM validiums: the return of Plasma
Different types of layer 2s
Should Ethereum be okay with enshrining more things in the protocol?
What do I think about Community Notes?
What do I think about biometric proof of personhood?
Deeper dive on cross-L2 reading for wallets and other use cases
The Three Transitions
Don't overload Ethereum's consensus
Travel time ~= 750 * distance ^ 0.6
How will Ethereum's multi-client philosophy interact with ZK-EVMs?
Some personal user experiences
An incomplete guide to stealth addresses
What even is an institution?
Updating my blog: a quick GPT chatbot coding experiment
What in the Ethereum application ecosystem excites me
Having a safe CEX: proof of solvency and beyond
The Revenue-Evil Curve: a different way to think about prioritizing public goods funding
DAOs are not corporations: where decentralization in autonomous organizations matters
What kind of layer 3s make sense?
Should there be demand-based recurring fees on ENS domains?
The different types of ZK-EVMs
What do I think about network states?
My 40-liter backpack travel guide
Some ways to use ZK-SNARKs for privacy
Where to use a blockchain in non-financial applications?
Two thought experiments to evaluate automated stablecoins
In Defense of Bitcoin Maximalism
The roads not taken
How do trusted setups work?
Encapsulated vs systemic complexity in protocol design
Soulbound
The bulldozer vs vetocracy political axis
Endgame
Review of Optimism retro funding round 1
Halo and more: exploring incremental verification and SNARKs without pairings
Crypto Cities
On Nathan Schneider on the limits of cryptoeconomics
Alternatives to selling at below-market-clearing prices for achieving fairness (or community sentiment, or fun)
Moving beyond coin voting governance
Against overuse of the Gini coefficient
Verkle trees
Blockchain voting is overrated among uninformed people but underrated among informed people
The Limits to Blockchain Scalability
Why sharding is great: demystifying the technical properties
Gitcoin Grants Round 9: The Next Phase of Growth
The Most Important Scarce Resource is Legitimacy
Prediction Markets: Tales from the Election
An approximate introduction to how zk-SNARKs are possible
Why we need wide adoption of social recovery wallets
An Incomplete Guide to Rollups
Endnotes on 2020: Crypto and Beyond
Convex and Concave Dispositions
Why Proof of Stake (Nov 2020)
Gitcoin Grants Round 7 Retrospective
Coordination, Good and Bad
Trust Models
A Philosophy of Blockchain Validation
Gitcoin Grants Round 6 Retrospective
Exploring Fully Homomorphic Encryption
Gitcoin Grants Round 5 Retrospective
A Quick Garbled Circuits Primer
Review of Gitcoin Quadratic Funding Round 4
Base Layers And Functionality Escape Velocity
Christmas Special
Quadratic Payments: A Primer
Hard Problems in Cryptocurrency: Five Years Later
Review of Gitcoin Quadratic Funding Round 3
In-person meatspace protocol to prove unconditional possession of a private key
Understanding PLONK
The Dawn of Hybrid Layer 2 Protocols
Sidechains vs Plasma vs Sharding
Fast Fourier Transforms
Control as Liability
On Free Speech
On Collusion
[Mirror] Cantor was Wrong: debunking the infinite set hierarchy
A CBC Casper Tutorial
[Mirror] Central Planning as Overfitting
Layer 1 Should Be Innovative in the Short Term but Less in the Long Term
A Guide to 99% Fault Tolerant Consensus
STARKs, Part 3: Into the Weeds
On Radical Markets
Governance, Part 2: Plutocracy Is Still Bad
Proof of Stake FAQ
Sharding FAQ
Notes on Blockchain Governance
A Quick Gasprice Market Analysis
STARKs, Part II: Thank Goodness It's FRI-day
STARKs, Part I: Proofs with Polynomials
On Medium-of-Exchange Token Valuations
A Prehistory of the Ethereum Protocol
A Note on Metcalfe's Law, Externalities and Ecosystem Splits
The Triangle of Harm
On Path Independence
Analyzing Token Sale Models
Engineering Security Through Coordination Problems
Hard Forks, Soft Forks, Defaults and Coercion
A Note On Charity Through Marginal Price Discrimination
[Mirror] Zk-SNARKs: Under the Hood
[Mirror] Exploring Elliptic Curve Pairings
[Mirror] A Proof of Stake Design Philosophy
[Mirror] Quadratic Arithmetic Programs: from Zero to Hero