STATISTICS FORMULAS DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS: MEAN: VARIANCE: STANDARD DEVIATION: STANDARD ERROR: Z-SCORE: REGRESSION LINES: For a data
set , where ( ) are the centroids (means) of the data set, and is the correlation coefficient: LEAST-SQUARES REGRESSION LINE: RESIDUALS: SSM SSE
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HYPOTHESIS TESTING MEANS: STANDARD ERROR: MARGIN OF ERROR: m = CONFIDENCE INTERVAL: C.I. = SAMPLE SIZE FOR A GIVEN m: ONE SAMPLE Z-TEST: TWO SAMPLE Z-TEST: T-TEST: or m =
TWO SAMPLE T-TEST:
SST = SSM+SSE
PROPORTION: STANDARD ERROR:
, where X= number of successes
COEFFICIENT OF DETERMINATION: r = CORRELATION COEFFICIENT: r = SLOPE: INTERCEPT:
MARGIN OF ERROR: m = Z-TEST, ONE-SAMPLE PROPORTION:
STD ERR, 2-SAMP PROP: VARIANCE: STANDARD ERROR b1: SEb1 = PLUS FOUR PROPORTIONS: STANDARD ERROR bo: SEb0 = CONFIDENCE LEVEL FOR THE INTERCEPT CONFIDENCE LEVEL FOR THE SLOPE: PREDICTION INTERVAL: : : t*SEb0 t*SEb1 POOLED PROPORTION: POOLED STD ERR: TWO SAMPLE Z-SCORE: EST DIFF BTWN PROPS: STD DEV: ST DEV: MARGIN OF ERR, 2-SAMP PROP: m =
Reference: Moore DS, McCabe GP & Craig BA. Introduction to the Basic Practice of Statistics. New York: W.H. Freeman & Co, 5 edition.
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DESCRIPTIONS OF STATISTICS FORMULAS MEAN: The mean, symbolized by x-bar, equals one divided by the number of samples multiplied by the sum of all data points, symbolized by x-sub-i. VARIANCE: Variance, symbolized by s squared, equals 1 divided by the number of samples minus one, multiplied by the sum of each data point subtracted by the mean then squared. STANDARD DEVIATION: Standard deviation, symbolized by s, equals the square root of the variance s-squared. STANDARD ERROR: The standard error of the mean equals the standard deviation divided by the square root of the number of samples. Z-SCORE: Z equals the test data minus the population mean, then divided by the population standard deviation. REGRESSION LINES: LEAST-SQUARES REGRESSION LINE: The predicted value, symbolized by y-hat, equals the intercept, symbolized by b-sub-o, plus the slope, symbolized by b-sub-1, times the data point x. RESIDUALS: The residual, symbolized by e-sub-I, equals the data point y, symbolized by y-sub-I, minus the predicted value from the least-squares regression line, symbolized y-hat. SSM, SSE, SST: Sum of square means equals the sum of the centriod, symbolized by y-bar, minus the predicted value of each x data point, symbolized by y-hat sub I. Sum of square errors equal the sum of each y data point, symbolized by y-sub-I, minus the predicted value of each data point, symbolized by y-hat-sub-I, then squared. The Sum of Square Total = Sum of Square Means plus Sum of Square Errors. COEFFICIENT OF DETERMINATION: The coefficient of determination, symbolized r-squared, equals the sum of square means divided by the sum of squares total. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT: The correlation coefficient r equals the square root of the coefficient of determination, symbolized by r-squared. SLOPE: Slope, symbolized b-sub-one, equals the correlation coefficient r multiplied by the ratio of the standard deviation of the x data points to the standard deviation of the y data points. INTERCEPT: Intercept, symbolized by b-sub-zero, equals the mean of the y data points, symbolized by y-bar, minus the slope, symbolized by b-sub-one multiplied by the mean of the x data points, symbolized by x-bar. VARIANCE: Mean of Square Errors, symbolized s-squared or MSE, is equal to the sum of the residuals, symbolized by e-sub-I, squared then divided by the number of data points subtracted by two. STANDARD DEVIATION, symbolized by s, equals the square root of variance. STANDARD ERROR: The standard error of the slope, symbolized by SE-sub-b1, equals the standard deviation, symbolized by s, divided by the square root of the sum of each data point, symbolized by x-sub-I, subtracted from the mean of all x data points, symbolized by s-bar, then squared. The STANDARD ERROR of the intercept, symbolized by SE-sub-bo, equals the standard deviation, symbolized by s, multiplied by the square root of one divided by the number of data points plus the mean of all xs squared, symbolized by x -bar squared, divided by the sum of all x data points, symbolized by x-sub-I minus the mean of all x data points, symbolized by x-bar, squared.
Reference: Moore DS, McCabe GP & Craig BA. Introduction to the Basic Practice of Statistics. Ne w York: W.H. Freeman & Co, 5th edition.
CONFIDENCE LEVEL FOR THE INTERCEPT: The confidence level for the intercept, symbolized beta-sub-zero, equals the sample intercept, symbolized by b-sub-zero, plus or minus the t-score for the interval, symbolized by t, multiplied by the standard error of the intercept. CONFIDENCE LEVEL FOR THE SLOPE: The confidence level for the slope, symbolized by beta-sub-one, equals the sample slope, symbolized by b-sub-one, plus or minus the t-score for the interval, symbolized by t, multiplied by the standard error of the slope. PREDICTION INTERVAL: The prediction interval equals the predicted value of y, symbolized by y-hat, plus or minus the t-score for the interval, symbolized by t, multiplied by the standard error.
Reference: Moore DS, McCabe GP & Craig BA. Introduction to the Basic Practice of Statistics. Ne w York: W.H. Freeman & Co, 5th edition.
