16 SILICON CHIP www.siliconchip.com.

au
THE SECRET WORLD OF
OSCILLOSCOPE PROBES
Ever wondered how scope probes really work? Most textbooks
treat scope probes as a combination of a resistive divider
in combination with capacitors to provide an extended
frequency response. But as will be revealed, the reality is that
they are much more complex in principle. Read on.
By Doug Ford
T
he oscilloscope is an essential
tool for anyone working in
electronics. Whether youre
working in electronics service, pro-
duction, testing R&D or in your home
workshop, you need an oscilloscope.
If you listen to a bunch of technical
people chatting about their scopes,
theyll talk about their bandwidth or
whether they have colour displays,
depth of memory or portability but the
probes rarely get mentioned.
In fact, most users dont think about
their probes until they hear the sicken-
ing crunch underfoot which tells them
they shouldnt have left them dangling
off the bench onto the oor.
There are many varieties of spe-
cialist probes: active-FET probes,
differential-oating probes, current-
sensing probes are just some we could
mention.
They all have their uses but by far
the most common is the times ten
(x10) passive voltage probe. Typically,
youre given two of them free with
every oscilloscope.
But how much do you really know
about these probes?
A few hours of Googling will yield
countless explanations about basic
operation (voltage division and ca-
pacitance compensation) but you are
unlikely to nd explanations which
show the probes transmission-line
properties.
Nor will you nd any adequate
description of the design differences
between inexpensive 40MHz probes
and much dearer 350MHz probes.
Conventional explanations
Conventional wisdom explains
the operation of a x10 probe with
the equivalent circuit in Fig.1 (above
right).
The scopes input impedance is
assumed to be 1M in parallel with
a small capacitance (somewhere
between 10pF and 50pF). Low-band-
width scopes generally have higher
input capacitances.
The capacitance of the probe cable
may be from 60pF (for a high band-
width probe) to 200pF (for a pretty
average probe).
The factor-of-ten voltage division is
determined at lower frequencies by the
divider formed by the 9M resistor in
the tip of the probe and the 1M scope
input resistance.
The compensation capacitor across
the 9M probe resistor is trimmed to
be 1/9th the combined capacitances of
the scope input and the probe cable.
In the case above, the scope-plus-cable
OCTOBER 2009 17 www.siliconchip.com.au
capacitance is 120pF, so the compensa-
tion cap is trimmed to (120/9) = 13.3pF.
When the capacitive divider formed
by C
COMP
andC
IN
//CCBL has the same
1:10 ratio as the resistive divider
formed by Rin and Rdiv, the frequency
response of the probe should be at
from DC to ultraviolet.
The only limitation to high-frequen-
cy bandwidth should be the interac-
tion of the source impedance (shown
here as 50) with the effective capaci-
tance of the probe tip (12pF), giving a
3dB point of 265MHz.
Note that the frequency scale of
the simulation extends from 10Hz to
10GHz. We dont want to miss any
interesting artefacts, do we?
Trimming the compensation
capacitor
The effect of trimming the compen-
sation capacitor on frequency response
is shown in Fig.2 The capacitor has
been varied from 8pF to 18pF in 1pF
steps.
Note that the gain is unaffected at
frequencies below 300Hz but gain er-
rors in the 3kHz ~ 100MHz range are
large and consistent.
Oscilloscopes are tted with an
internal square-wave generator which
feeds a calibration terminal on the
front panel.
This calibration signal is provided
specically for the purpose of trim-
ming probes. The calibration signal
frequency is usually 1kHz with an
Fig.3: Waveforms seen during compensation trimming of a 1kHz square-wave.
Fig.2: How compensation trimming affects frequency response.
Fig. 4: Probe circuit with xed tip capacitor.
Fig.1: Circuit and response of x10 probe (Conventional explanation).
amplitude of 1V peak-to-peak. The
probe is connected to the calibration
terminal and adjusted to achieve the
squarest waveform display.
Anyone who has trimmed a x10
probe will be familiar with the scope
waveform seen during trimming, as
in Fig.3.
While Fig.1 shows the compensa-
tion trim capacitor connected across
the 9M probe resistor this is actually
very rare.
More typically, the capacitor across
the 9M resistor has a xed value and
trimming is achieved by a trimmer
connected in parallel with the probe
cable and scope input capacitances,
as shown in Fig.4.
At this stage, there doesnt appear
to be much difference between probes
with tip-end or scope-end trimming.
Both types of probe are available, with
bandwidths from 20MHz to 300MHz.
However, higher bandwidth probes
V1
1000Hz
R1 50W
A
Rin
1MW
Cin
20pF
B
SCOPE INPUT
CABLE
CAPACITANCE
100pF
R 9M div W
C
15pF
comp
C 15pF t
PROBE CABLE
PROBE TIP
COMPONENTS
SIGNAL SOURCE
x1/x10
SWITCH
V1
1000Hz
R1 50W
A
Rin
1MW
Cin
20pF
B
SCOPE INPUT
CABLE
CAPACITANCE
100pF
R 9M div W
C 13.3pF comp
PROBE CABLE
PROBE TIP
COMPONENTS
SIGNAL SOURCE
(GROUND CLIP)
18 SILICON CHIP www.siliconchip.com.au
(350MHz and higher) tend to have their
compensation trimmers at the scope
end of the cable.
So far, we have given a fairly simple
description of probe operation using
standard textbook explanations. But
this ignores the fact that the probes
cable is NOT a simple lumped capaci-
tance; it is a transmission line!
The probes coaxial cable has length,
distributed inductance and capaci-
tance, propagation delay and signal
reections from unterminated ends.
Whats the effect of these properties
on the behaviour of a probe?
So lets replace the lumped cable
capacitance in our previous simulation
with a transmission line and see what
happens!
Simulator software
CircuitMaker is a schematic layout
and simulator program originally re-
leased by Microcode.
Ive been told that Microcode bought
the Autotrax franchise from Protel in
the early 90s. In 1998, Protel bought
Microcode, then changed its name to
Altium in 2001. So, CircuitMaker be-
came an Altium product, until Altium
discontinued it in 2001.
This is a pity, because this excellent
simulator was bundled with the PCB
drafting program Traxmaker (a Win-
dows version of Autotrax) and a Gerber
le reader at a very reasonable price.
Simulating a probes cable
Well replace the single 100pF cable
capacitance with a transmission line
in the circuit simulator. The circuit
simulator can simulate any transmis-
sion line, but we need to make a few
guesses about the circuit values to enter
into the simulator.
Typical probe cables are around
1.2m long, although they can be up
to 1.8m. The total capacitance of my
250MHz probes is 85pF, according to
their manufacturers specications.
The specied capacitance is 128pF
for my 60MHz probes, although these
actually measured closer to 170pF. We
will use 100pF in simulations for now,
to maintain parity with the previous
simulations of Fig.1 and Fig.4. Our
cable capacitance will thus be 83pF/m
for a 1.2m cable.
We will assume that the cables
characteristic impedance is 50 for
the moment. The cable inductance (per
unit length) can be calculated from:
Z
O
= (L/C), where L = inductance per
unit length and C = capacitance per unit
length. It doesnt matter what your unit
length is; were using metres here. The
Fig.6: Simple transmission-line
model: Circuit diagram and
frequency response.
calculated inductance, for a 50 line
with 83pF/m capacitance, is 208nH/m.
Since we havent changed the 100pF
cable capacitance, we dont need to
change the 15pF tip capacitor or 15pF
compensation trim.
These values were punched into the
transmission line shown in Fig.6:
The result is an awful frequency
response! The effects of reections
from the unterminated transmission
line will give huge response varia-
tions at the scope above 20MHz (green
trace). The effects of probe loading on
the signal generator (yellow trace) are
similarly large.
So what do probe and scope design-
ers do to address this problem?
I have looked inside several scopes
and probes over the years. And Ive
trodden on a few probes in my time,
resulting in some sad post-mortems and
furtive probe replacements.
Most probes have a discrete low-
value resistor built into the probe tip
extremity, located at the tip in front
of the 9M divider resistor and x1/
x10 switch.
I measured the end-to-end resistance
of some probes (in x1 setting) and found
values in the range 180~ 270. OK,
we will include some probe-tip resist-
ance, say 250 in the simulation.
Similarly, I have seen that in some
older scopes, there is a series 50 resis-
tor between the BNC input socket and
the range switch. We will include this,
as well. See Fig.7.
The frequency response (green) is ob-
viously smoother than in Fig.4 and the
loading effect on the source (yellow) is
Fig.5: compensation trimmer at the scope end (left) and probe end (right).
V1
1000Hz
R1 50W
A
Rin
1MW
Cin
20pF
B
SCOPE INPUT
R 9M div W
C
15pF
comp
1.2m CABLE
PROBE COMPONENTS
SIGNAL SOURCE
(GROUND CLIP)
C 15pF t
50 lossless transmission line,
1.2m length: 83pF/m & 208nH/m
(i.e., 100pF total capacitance)
W
OCTOBER 2009 19 www.siliconchip.com.au
Fig.7: Simple TL model with added
probe & scope resistances: circuit and
frequency response
lower. But the usable bandwidth is still
less than 40MHz. Even if there was a
clever way to smooth the response, it
would still only get to maybe 100MHz
before rolling off.
Tweaking the compensation capaci-
tor has little effect on the frequency
response or the transmission-line
resonance effects. So it is obvious that
the transmission-line characteristics of
the probe cable are potentially respon-
sible for some serious bandwidth and
frequency-response limitations. So,
what is the secret behind the design
of my 250MHz probes, and even my
junkbox 60MHz probes? How DO probe
manufacturers manage to get extreme
bandwidths from probes?
I tried all kinds of tricks in simulator-
land to see how the transmission line
could be tamed and how the response
could be extended. I tried variations to
the cables characteristic impedance,
various component combinations at
the tip or at the scope end of the cable;
all to little effect.
I eventually resorted to examination
of the cable from a defunct probe. I dis-
covered that the cable centre core had
a surprisingly high resistance.
I dissected the cable further and was
surprised to discover that the core wire
appeared to be very thin resistance
wire, with a resistance of around 100
~ 200 per metre! See Fig.8.
This very ne core wire appears to
be made from a single strand and is
crinkled presumably to provide
tolerance to repeated exing. Im guess-
ing that the white foam core insula-
tion gives low dielectric loss, while
the black PVC around the foam gives
mechanical support to the foam (and
no, the black stuff isnt conductive. I
checked!).
The high resistance of the core wire
was the clue I needed. This coax cable
is NOT low-loss; it has been made
deliberately lossy, to reduce the ef-
fects of end-to-end transmission-line
reections!
I now wanted to know the identity
of the unknown, unsung genius who
developed this trick.
So, back to simulator-land. This time,
well give the coaxial cable a resistance
of 165/m (200 total). Well also re-
duce the value of the probe-tip resistor
from 250 to 50. The overall probe
series resistance is still 250, as before.
Also, Im pretty sure that most
modern scopes dont use 50 series
resistors any more, because modern
high bandwidth scopes have very low
input capacitances (10pF ~ 15pF). This
renders the scopes 50 series termina-
tor pretty useless at frequencies around
80MHz, where transmission-line end-
to-end resonance is most problematic.
Its irrelevant so lets get rid of it from
simulations.
Fig.9 shows the magic result: a
smooth and monotonic response,
which is -3dB down at 65MHz with no
nasty reections or response anomalies
just a smooth, usable response!
Even more interesting: the response
of this simulation conforms quite
nicely to the behaviour of a typical
60MHz probe!
OK, so now we know the secret to de-
signing a probe: use lossy transmission-
line cable! But how can the response
be extended?
First: Ill assume that modern high-
bandwidth scopes dont have 50
series termination.
Secondly: Ill use the manufacturers
specs for a 100MHz oscilloscope and
250MHz probe in the simulator.
Thirdly: Ill assume a low-imped-
ance source, instead of the 50 source
impedance used so far.
Fourthly: when I dissected the scope-
end compensation trim of the cable
shown in Fig.8, I found that the trim-
mer capacitor was connected in series
Fig.8: probe cable dissection note the crinkled inner wire.
V1
1000Hz
R1 50W
A
Rin
1MW
Cin
20pF
B
SCOPE INPUT
R 9M div W
C
15pF
comp
1.2m CABLE
PROBE COMPONENTS
SIGNAL SOURCE
(GROUND CLIP)
C 15pF t
50 lossless transmission line,
1.2m length: 83pF/m & 208nH/m
(i.e., 100pF total capacitance)
W
Rtip
250W
Rc 50W
20 SILICON CHIP www.siliconchip.com.au
Transmission lines may take many physical forms: They be in
the form of single conductors near a ground return, such as cop-
per tracks on PC boards, PC striplines and single-wire rural phone
lines. They may be in the form of wire pairs, such as gure-8 cable,
twisted wire pairs or overhead power transmission lines. They may
be in the form of coaxial cables, whether single-conductor, stranded
conductor or shielded twisted pairs.
As a rough rule of thumb, wire conductors will begin to exhibit
transmission-line effects when their length becomes greater than
one-tenth of a wavelength while conductors longer than a quarter
wavelength show denite transmission-line effects.
Mains power lines operating at 50Hz are treated as transmission
lines if their length exceeds a few hundred kilometres. Phone lines
with 3kHz bandwidth are treated as transmission lines if they are
longer than a few kilometres. At 10MHz, any conductor longer than
30cm must be treated as a transmission line!
A property of a transmission line is its characteristic impedance.
When a transmission line is loaded at its far end by a resistor of the
same value as its characteristic impedance, all signals fed into the
line are absorbed by this resistor. If the load at the far end is not the
same as the lines characteristic impedance, signals will be reected
from the far end back to the signal source.
If the line is fed with signals via a resistance equal to the charac-
teristic impedance, it doesnt matter if the far end is not terminated
by the correct resistance; Any reections from the far end will be
absorbed by the source resistance.
If a line is terminated by mismatched impedances at both ends (for
example, driven at one end from a very low impedance source,and
open-circuit or short-circuit at the far end) then signals can ping-pong
up and down the line many times before they are slowly absorbed
by line losses.
Video distribution systems, which send high-frequency signals
through long coaxial cables, terminate both ends of each cable.
Signals are sent into a cable via a series terminating resistor and the
far end of the cable is terminated by a resistor in the appliance (TV
or whatever). This system ensures that a cable is terminated even
when an appliance is unplugged from the far end.
The transmission-line characteristics (including characteristic
impedance) of a conductor are dened by four basic properties of
the wire:
R, the resistance per unit length (/m)
L, the inductance per unit length (H/m)
G, the conductance of the dielectric (insulation) per unit length
(m/)
C, the capacitance per unit length (F/m)
The conductor resistance (R) and insulation conductance (G)
determine the losses in the transmission line. The conductance is
usually low, but can become very signicant in coaxial cable if the
insulation becomes waterlogged.
You can calculate the lines characteristic impedance (Z
O
) from
the inductance and capacitance: Z
O
= (L/C).
In a coaxial cable, L and C are dened by the cable geometry and
Transmission Lines
materials (core diameter, outer diameter and insulation material).
If you make the core wire smaller, you increase its inductance and
reduce its capacitance, so the characteristic impedance becomes
higher. This is why 75 coax has a smaller wire diameter than 50
coax of similar size.
Low-loss coaxial cables usually use foamed insulation around
the core, rather than solid insulation. The gas in the foam reduces
the insulations dielectric constant, reducing capacitance. This al-
lows thicker core wire to be used to achieve the right characteristic
impedance, giving lower resistance and lower loss. In addition,
the foam insulation can sometimes have lower conductivity (lower
loss) than its solid counterpart at least, until moisture seeps in
When you are simulating or measuring the effects of a cable at
low frequencies where no transmission-line effects are seen, you
will be dealing with the bulk cable properties. The bulk properties
of total resistance, total capacitance and total inductance will be all
you require to determine cable effects.
For example, if youre feeding audio signals into a 100m cable
(with 100pF/m capacitance) from a 100 output source, you would
estimate that the high frequency response would be 3dB down at F
= 1/2RC (where R=100 and C = 10nF), or around 160kHz; good
enough for audio!
However, if you were actually going to feed a 160kHz signal down
this same cable, you might want to see if transmission-line effects
are likely. Calculate the wavelength from: Wavelength = Velocity/Fre-
quency. Velocity of signals in a cable are around 80% of light-speed
(rule of thumb!) or about 250 million meters per second. You dont
need much precision for such calculations; just enough informa-
tion to tell you if you DO need to resort to more elaborate analysis!
At 160kHz, one wavelength = 250,000,000/160,000 = 1500-odd
metres. So your 100m cable is one-fteenth of a wavelength long;
You might not have to treat it as a transmission line at 160kHz but
you certainly would if your signal had higher harmonics which
needed to be preserved.
Transmission-line effects can be simulated and/or calculated
by dividing the line into many smaller segments. The inductance,
resistance, conductance and capacitance of each segment is given
by quantity per unit length times cable length, divided by the
number of segments. This approach is called the lumped parameter
method. The equivalent circuit of a lumped-parameter transmission
line is shown below.
The number of segments (lumps?) you use for your simulation
will determine how closely it corresponds with reality. Ten segments
will give only moderate accuracy; Several hundred segments will give
a very high degree of accuracy to simulations and calculations, but
netlist size and computation time can become prohibitive.
Transmission lines are generally modelled in SPICE simulators
by matrix mathematics and recursive convolution, rather than by
the lumped-parameter approach. These methods require much less
computation time than lumped-parameter methods. The maths is
beyond me, but the transmission-line model used by CircuitMaker
certainly responds correctly to test questions which Ive posed.
Rs1 Rs2 Rs3 RsN
Ls1 Ls2 Ls3 LsN
Gp1 Gp2 Gp3 GpN Cp1 Cp2 Cp3 CpN
1st SEGMENT 2nd SEGMENT 3rd SEGMENT Nth SEGMENT
OCTOBER 2009 21 www.siliconchip.com.au
with a 68 resistor. Ill include this
resistor in simulations and nd out
what it does.
Then well juggle the series resist-
ance of the transmission line in the
simulator to see what happens!
A 100MHz scope has an input ca-
pacitance of 15pF, so well use this
value at C
IN
.
My 250MHz probe has a specied
capacitance of 85pF (x1 setting), so
well set the transmission line ca-
pacitance to 71pF/m. For a 50 cable,
the calculated inductance must be
177nH/m.
This probe has a specied capaci-
tance of 15pF (x10 setting), so well
leave the value of the tip capacitor
at 15pF. However, well increase the
value of the compensation trim to
35pF, because of the lower cable ca-
pacitance (85pF vs 100pF).
The simulator circuit using these
values is shown in Fig.10.
The transmission-line resistance in
this circuit was varied from 50/m
to 200/m. This is the kind of ex-
periment where simulators become
so incredibly useful. It would be a
horribly expensive exercise to obtain
the various lossy cables which would
be needed to conduct this series of
experiments at the test bench.
The effect of varying the cable resist-
ance over the range 50 ~ 200 per
meter can also be seen in Fig.10. Low
resistances (50/m) allow transmis-
sion-line reections to build up, giving
a peaking response. Larger resistances
(200/m) give an overdamped, sag-
ging response.
The optimum cable resistance was
found to be around 115/m. This gave
a response which is substantially at
to nearly 600MHz!
The real bandwidth of my 250MHz
probes would be 250MHz, rather than
the 600MHz shown by the simulator.
I havent simulated the small stray
capacitances from each component to
ground or the stray capacitance across
each component, which would reduce
the real bandwidth.
The resistor in series with the
Fig.9: lossy transmission-line model
and frequency response
Fig.10: circuit for high bandwidth
probe transmission-line model,
with the response at right.
V1
1000Hz
R1 50W
A
Rin
1MW
Cin
15pF
B
SCOPE INPUT
R 9M div W
C
35pF
comp
1.2m CABLE
PROBE COMPONENTS
SIGNAL SOURCE
(GROUND CLIP)
C 15pF t
50 lossy transmission line,
71pF/m and 177nH/m
(i.e., 85pF total capacitance)
but resistance varied for effect!
W
Rtip
50W
R
68
comp
W
V1
1000Hz
R1 50W
A
Rin
1MW
Cin
20pF
B
SCOPE INPUT
R 9M div W
C
15pF
comp
1.2m CABLE
PROBE COMPONENTS
SIGNAL SOURCE
(GROUND CLIP)
C 15pF t
50 lossy transmission line,
83pF/m, 208nH/m & 165 /m
(i.e., 100pF total capacitance &
200 total resistance)
W
W
W
Rtip
50W
22 SILICON CHIP www.siliconchip.com.au
compensation trim (R
COMP
in Fig.10)
appears to play a signicant role. It
appears to terminate the lossy trans-
mission line.
For example, if this resistor is
shorted, the 3dB bandwidth is
reduced to 180MHz and the opti-
mum transmission line resistance is
110/m instead of 115/m. If R
COMP

is increased above 68 to (say) 150,
the frequency response shows several
dB of peaking at 200MHz.
Interestingly, it makes little differ-
ence whether the compensation trim-
mer and its 68 resistor are positioned
at the scope end or probe end of the
transmission line.
This indicates that the choice of
trimmer location is probably a manu-
facturing decision rather than perform-
ance issue.
Rise-time and propagation
delay
It is useful to compare the delay
(propagation) times of different
bandwidth probes. Fig.11 shows the
response to a 10V pulse of the 60MHz
probe of Fig.9, and the 250MHz probe
(with 600MHz bandwidth!) of Fig.10.
The 600MHz probe (green) has
a propagation delay of around 4.2ns
while the 60MHz probe (yellow) has
around 5.1ns delay.
The propagation delay is the time
between the input pulse edge and the
start of the pulse edge at the scope end
of the cable.
A difference of less than a nano-
second might not seem much, until
youre chasing race conditions in logic
circuits with mismatched probes.
The rise-time of the scope end wave-
form is the time taken for the voltage
to go from 10% to 90% of the nal
value. The simulated 60MHz probe
shows 5.9ns rise-time; the 600MHz
probe shows 0.7ns rise time.
The effects of faster or slower rise
times are in proportion to the na-
ture of the signals youre observing.
Nanosecond differences in rise time
are irrelevant if youre observing the
squarewave response of audio op amps
with microsecond rise time but they
become vital if youre chasing prob-
lems in high-speed digital circuits.
Probe impedance
Does your x10 probe actually have
a 10M input impedance? Yes but
only at low frequencies.
Fig.12 shows the input imped-
ance in dB re 1 of the 60MHz
probe of Fig.9. The impedance is
140dB (10M) below 1kHz but the
capacitance of the compensation cap
determines the impedance at higher
frequencies.
It is worth noting that when prob-
ing audio circuits at 20kHz, the probe
impedance is less than 1M.
At frequencies above the probes
60MHz bandwidth, the impedance
is no longer dominated by the 15pF
input capacitance.
It attens out at 100, dictated by
the 50 probe tip resistor plus the 50
coax impedance.
Probe grounding and ground
clips
How grounded is the ground clip
on your probe?
A typical probe ground wire with
alligator clip is around 150mm long.
Typical wire inductance is around
1nH/mm, so the ground lead exhibits
150nH of inductance. The probe tips
separation from its ground-lead at-
tachment will add another 50nH or
so. This ground inductance was added
to the high-bandwidth probe circuit,
shown in Fig.13.
The frequency response of this cir-
cuit can be compared to the natural
response of the probe. So our nice, at
600MHz probes response has been
peaked at 100MHz, with premature
rolloff above this.
The transient response isnt pretty
either, as seen in Fig.14.
It is worth noting that since most x10
probes have similar input capacitance
(10pF to 25pF) and most ground clip
leads have a similar length, they will
all exhibit peaking around 100MHz,
irrespective of probe bandwidth.
For this reason, high-bandwidth
probes are generally supplied with
a kit of attachments which allow
the probe ground to be connected to
the circuit via coaxial or other low-
inductance paths.
If youre measuring circuit operation
above tens of MHz or rise times faster
than 50ns, use these ttings!
Fig.11: time-domain responses of 60MHz and 600MHz probes.
Fig.12: Probe input impedance magnitude.
OCTOBER 2009 23 www.siliconchip.com.au
Conclusions
The morals of this tale are:
Trim your probes compensation
capacitor!
Textbook analyses of probe opera-
tion rarely mention transmission-
line effects but these are fundamen-
tal to the design of a probe.
There IS a difference between low-
bandwidth and high-bandwidth
probes. High-bandwidth probes
are designed with carefully tailored
transmission-line cable and to
minimise the effects of end-to-end
transmission-line reections. Much
more attention is paid to stray capac-
itances and build quality.
A x10 probe will only exhibit 10M
impedance at low frequencies. The
impedance at higher frequencies
is mainly determined by the probe
compensating capacitance.
Use identical probes with equal rise
time and bandwidth when inter-
channel timing is important (eg,
chasing race conditions or clock
skew).
Probe ground-lead inductance
can destroy waveform delity and
bandwidth. Use the kit of adaptors
in your probes pouch to ensure low
inductance probe grounds!
Dont let your probes dangle off the
test-bench. Even the good ones break
when you tread on them or run your
ofce chair over them!

As a postscript to this article, I re-
ceived news of the clever fellow who
pioneered the use of lossy cable in
oscilloscope probes.
It was the invention of John Kobbe,
from the halcyon days of Tektronix
in the early years. His patent is long
expired.
I take my hat off to this gentleman
who would have been working with-
out the benet of PCs and simulator
software.
V1 1000Hz A Rin 1MW Cin 15pF B SCOPE INPUT R 9M div W C35pF comp 1.2m CABLE PROBE COMPONENTS LOW IMPEDANCE SIGNAL SOURCE GROUND CLIP INDUCTANCE C 15pF t Rtip 50W R68 comp W 200nH 50 lossy transmission line, 71pF/m, 177nH/m & 115 /m (i.e., 85pF total capacitance & 138 total resistance) W W W
V1
1000Hz
A
Rin
1MW
Cin
15pF
B
SCOPE INPUT
R 9M div W
C
35pF
comp
1.2m CABLE
PROBE COMPONENTS
LOW IMPEDANCE
SIGNAL SOURCE
GROUND CLIP
INDUCTANCE
C 15pF t
50 lossy transmission line,
71pF/m, 177nH/m & 115 /m
(i.e., 85pF total capacitance
& 138 total resistance)
W
W
W
Rtip
50W
R
68
comp
W
200nH
Fig.14: probe waveform with added ground-lead inductance.
Fig.13: high-bandwidth probe with
added ground-clip inductance, with
response at right.
SC
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