Definition of case study
Case study method enables a researcher to closely examine the data within a specific context.
In most cases, a case study method selects a small geographical area or a very limited number
of individuals as the subjects of study. Case studies, in their true essence, explore and case
study as a research method investigate contemporary real-life phenomenon through detailed
contextual analysis of a limited number of events or conditions, and their relationships. Yin
(1984:23) defines the case study research method as an empirical inquiry that investigates a
contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context; when the boundaries between
phenomenon and context are not clearly evident; and in which multiple sources of evidence
are used. In some case studies, an in-depth longitudinal examination of a single case or
event is used. The longitudinal examination provides a systematic way of observing the
events, collecting data, analysing information, and reporting the results over a long period of
time. For instance, studies on child language development can be conducted using this
longitudinal case study method. Data collected through observations are recorded to ascertain
the language development of a child. In another example, a researcher conducting a case
study may examine the reading processes of only one subject over a period of time. In other
words, a case study is a unique way of observing any natural phenomenon which exists in a
set of data (Yin, 1984). By unique it is meant that only a very small geographical area or
number of subjects of interest are examined in detail. Unlike quantitative analysis which
observes patterns in data at the macro level on the basis of the frequency of occurrence of the
phenomena being observed, case studies observe the data at the micro level.