Unit L
SDAth NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS o
Network.
The boromuanscabon of ye
a tommon pale a Called nefcork
of: CableTv, TV brad ang, Blighone
Aelvantaget Neloorkin
1. Nehoorks use dutibubed. preeung,!” whieh a
fark io divided — among: mulkrple Loripubers .
3 Gharin, cheba.
Rorouralese- ( both hasdisae > ffs)
3. Shaxing
hb. Lew Go.
5. Soture
6. Rrchangng chk ext x Quick.
1 Qudribuledl able: bare.
@ Farber protlem aehing..
4, Collahovabre. prcesing
‘Hedwk_clanpont
») Privale - wo by a Aioghe person ef coalky fal by
WD Pibbec - 0wn ie
a. Le Pp persone 9) Baned or trarambiion.
i) one be one - ea. Guilehed telephone
1). one & many rood oashog (tv, Reboe)
apler ole
i) Ban Cael Area Nefoes)
Compshent Lomeckel lopatken
oror @ Arull goog mphe
D Mulhrphe Wer
2) Mathner are
3) a we hi capauy [nilion bbe )see)
4 Charmele are ener
§) Baba tramfer tale & high IMbps —leo ribs (Millon bike
4) Bach device. connetted en the- nos Car either ee
ne. ein njv-
) Bib d doting up robot tr bow.
- LAN & @ dab Zemmunicabor nf,
vohice Connecbe mang Bmpubert or voooke.
Atekoat ( Compuber Lorminale. , Prinkene ote)
aro penal exchange of debe Lfo Kan,
cotth ip a building.
wars (wide Aven Nebr)
Multiple. uier compubert Gemreched Bgettor . ae
8. Machine. ane tprend oer a wide geographic region
3. Gmriunccatons chaovele. bfio fhe machined are urvally-
forte ye Thavel — perp le. telephone. Company. ,
Qlollile canrien , pudte alate nf)
4p. Channels cone. op ebb lows capa (a bl sep)
£ Qhannelt are rehvelf error-prone
AN
il in Mehspollon “gimilar WAN
ay col! deomm oh
Pa '
on all in chen
wan, MAN
’
oe heomrchy —— LAN
(oe
asi | wan
Dp Owned prvele boned Ouse .
a cal Region tovored | 0 ‘eal Regeo
° a oe enbye gic i
D Lew complex Hore ample
1) Mone spa0d (bytes |cee) Jess peed (he [se0)
5) Ne nod of Telophone. “Telephone. Connechon-
Conneckion needed
8) Ener pros Brrr Frome
EERE eae dE : : ae : Nesok Tepelegy
A paok plage nofers B the plpweal
pyesd of thee rohsork cn tabich all the. cbonicen abe
conneche
y —
D Pre KH
2 Panay Fr ce
am) Ring.
Qeon Topol i) Merk
2) cy oper be
Shan Tel LA no dohent (neck) we
tee donned civeellp ts a condral
Cen} on
hb 9, Star topolens tu bikredvonad anf
point fe porn
Boh rede paws ap informabon frome & fe
cena) hub, wohicl hen forward the. Informa
fs Ha clebnahion
. Be a Cate atest a
More Suible
Dne rede. soil net affeck ether ;
op node increasee - Server over (0
. Geneon managemenh ue Complere el
pu Hy nal esemaltanee
wm ~~ RWW >
dh Gor more. poder
fhe Server, Chllisten Octurrt and Sprtem hangs
ve. Sf table. brooks —, Nehooth chirconnacls.
a8 deal athe 36 T. Gonecters aro wed &
client] server Sychemr :
Fs I. Masher (server) may be. aleArcabed o2- r0r -
dockicahes!
Gf dedlicataed pif lowe onty- the nofoork speration
24° Novel > 3.2 Versione.
Sf nen dedecasool , It aoe: al} operation
Gr Novel 3.2 x 4. versions
Go bun trpehgs al nodes ere Bnnedbad be a
angle. a leno. Tha. Single. 2m rmunicebon
Dre 8 refered as Bu. 2 mahor. framer. oy
aha. shan are PPG awa. from tha. on un
beth. Arvedbor of the Lut pach’ sbehon on the bur
irgormabon- foramen. aerator acbben dell,
iff oun adblred. GE Re olerfinrahor- achlyors pel
match the ehbronr acblen , tha sfpation bucerds the.
ipormeher- back one the dus Sf He erhraton
wOohe.s matcher Re sbdon asker if accophs Ra.
vee foun anch preets the frame.
‘Ox
ts a Closed leop
3. . ay & feet lechnolegee-
3. No Clable. corver nee ach ar a
ry PERE A Tf ene nocle fuk entre. rho Wl Ae
bo. xf node & power dake & node 5
fut iF power ti peck § , iL will chock & seni
6 pede 4 : Pen it will Check &terd le poole &-
6 Caches fae in one Avvechon
Y. Noaxetmum | te neder .
Merk Topology Te
B®.
be Each pode bs —. “pe woth ofkord ,
& Communi cabo
: Apphrcedhe oy somal a
A. High. Lyp and more. complex
SS one node, fails dolla nfo will nob be
we ©
Open syptem inlerennechon model of 80
Dor Keferoncx Moole,
MOST 4 acceped as ap talernahonal ehanchard
rm 1982
eos: is ued A cbuelep intorachre. a
ye There are Y layora . Wwe Can chminale ex
prorge Some layers. Pub cal, Daba Link &
ashe yes are a
% Pach lager 3 an apen sytem che. Omyrunicabe,
woth Ib equal another open Syten be using |
profocels ified oo an Abardard
+ Dubead ¢ cuss atre. Aah cmnunicaboy
aga Angle mode , The frrk & broker eob-
vatow Aubftarke Each subheok operates ecepvely.
a diferat lagere 4 fhe ammanicabor- arcifectre. > Date
te tanemt- bit ever a medium te provide
mechanical and ebbehical cpecificshons
2) Dak oT lar
Te oxgarixe. bibs tnls fremes. & provide Node 6.
node chlivey wb , errr hardlng and 0
Cobol. 7 0 i
Er
Te reve pacteh fon Source. be desbrahon. and
Te porde. ilenehorog, and etl
A Trans or
dea) prove end ls ard mevage cbelivey &
enor recovery .
5) Seaton layer
“To estableh, manage
Aewion. dialeg manepenod
8) Prezddechon layer
Te Franslade. encrgph and Compret chba.
inchuole- dada Convors'00 ard tebe
and ber minabe.
This
heommceeioe rans lator a? ASCE & EBevie
1. Apphahen layer
eae be pf eh POM eB @
Sass eta :
Soild 7 Techniguet.
Liveuit Soothing
|, Ga ccvcuit seston there. ip A Adicated Bmmuricator
the” sen
pot beboeen and eeviving, Aevicer,
wo Communication Via. Ocreuit™ ctearfeling. touclres, 3 2hepe .
Circuit exbablichmed:
Baba hansler
" Grewit betmenakon .
3. Crtuit pestle (8 main wted for volte tebplons.
nehoork , ¢ # b
x Newage Goitcing
nt is net necouare & pebabbh a dedicated
poh bedveen. Ae cendig and ee: choice
G menage. cnoitehifg te tenclng device. apport
he dleulnaher adchou & the pounge. and paint
ut & fe nehook. . Phe. meteage is Hor
Ayo the. nebroork mm One. mock. & another
Ht} ences the tlencbl erbredlor.
pede yeociver, @ meuepe, stored
t & Re not noole ,
3.
3 Fach witching
it buvofy ard Phen trans aids
A. Prample of mevage witching ate. elechsic.
tnails , Compuler files, febpane ard tramachn
quuce , debgrypop Ke nerpences. Meclium ecou Conbrol (Mac) 7
» When only a. ctrgte channel ayathtle
dokonmnieg- oho Should ge nek} bors much harder.
& Polocols are wal & solve tix problem
x Probe cobe are & cel of veer tab gorerne
olaba Loammunieahion .
4 In 4 Anh orence call 7} Hove ave. & peoply
back. Cur hoa. ard tolk. & all oer The ed
Ithely. Hab when one of Hn ecfepe “pecking, 8 or
more. csill stark talleing at mesm for eszaphe aba
wooly , pare veote once, lodiry t= chaos
* Zn fee & pe meckng , people. geese Hair
Irande & reqeert Permenier & ;
Te tole Hur pobtem rn nwo prtrocols ave
» Broad Cart channel are tomebmer referred
fs ae mulbacces Channel. br varden Lecert Choonels |
x Tha prbocli und & chlorine whe goer
new on & malhy acceci choonal bebnpe & fee siblayer
of te Arba lnk layer celled Mme (Meclicum accor
Corb) ) soblayen
> MAC sulbupr oh expecially rngortant oO
tance of Jkacet choad oe a) Wet ae
A lipet 1. Comnmnard | Reiponte.
2 Token Paning-
3. asa [ed
a. tee (=P
x Prolscod 12 a eb of ouler That goer dota.
Cmmunication ,
SA probrcol defense uekak ommanicabed how
+e Communicabed ‘ard tohon it & See
oe The key elemenly cr protocols ane -sgnbx,
sewarbia. ancl being
oe orefer be He ehuchine. or formal of the
A
Crinmard ]Rerponse. Profical
x A client Znmunicake. votth, ether chen
vaith the permicsion. of Harter.
x» Marker taser Command te te nodog, and
cleent respond ak.
xQepording- time. 4 ead hede & 0. lee ad
aad. lienk pwoaike ibe dum.
ote fe ee, by server.
a+ Time.
» Time 4 ei pollicg.
* Lurgan aommuniahkon inet prossibh.
: geet
Th Wier Eel ed
| El
wt ea
(Fue
lowe
ba [dire |
(Glave
En Cmmard | Response profoeo] ene fy uk celled
ho mather » ancl all the ofkans ave —thver,
A claewe. Can send ihe meu only when,
Ro. marker corde. it a sommd "y
* Golerraph Dever
sf Caso or mere. Abel inderrupl masher
Ainallencously. llesron OCCA.
Seperede- boain hardware Li regvired
& ford Server Inher a.
Cpllivar heer with rrereae & no Gf tool. | Tekon Pauig Peo °
Ty tohen patra all wen can le. rehh
‘cyual in Abad There 2 Re mater [slie Cncapt
A rreunge in ae xpotied freon called chhen.
Conkoining Dp no. ard Derbrabon nede acbheu
ie serd from one wer node & anckkor > 07
Aeyochon «
Dusng His dma. all Re etka neboork
Neder Can oly lider. & the rehash.
Token b paing- Aorkinuonr bl) Re. toler
aired b tke vecedver rede.
Recetver neck — xende. aan aclenocoledgement
tolen it wocerver the toleen .
—— han pasa
fice tad
\ up
en: SE pedo tet wanke 2mmuniate ooh.
node 2 Wb sends a tober. and nota-2 recatvee
wh and clecke ancl pases & node-£. Nab + Pain
and amds an acknovwledgenanh (aaa
uP a)
Catiier env Mulhphe Aeceu with Colliion Delechoo
Eemn Jed)
esr] en augmenks te aborithn E handle.
the Collicton- Ip thus metRocl , a Chadron monitors Ba.
medecum after ib ends A prame & we Z Ho. heansmussion
was Succeufud . Sf «50, tHe. hehon is firvahed . Sf however
doene 2 Colleston , the frome ua enh again.
6 letter urclerstand cemalen » let ua bok
at the feo like teanemiledd tho. tise stochont Jnvelveal
cn Hho. Goilicion. AtiRoygh each Metron conknner [= serdl
bike i Re frame wnat it oblecke the Goleston , we Alec
tohab happens as tke. perk bebe allide, Hq aboes
dahon. fw CE sovowed "9 Alhsion.
; At dima ty , Sabon ibe
porcshene protediave are stots sending. f te te
bis ifs frome At time &, dahon c. has nek yok
“ eenud He foot Lit tena by A. Galion 2 evecuber
Ihe persistence and arbks aondng the
1 bike in hs prame, rsh prpydte Le
|p Ha left ard fer de aglt
he Glisten actus Sonotinca after lo
rabron 2 debede a ell:stoo ab dime. bx ushan it
nat Li} of. Als frome. Staton C
rrecotver fhe
fimo, bub we cuuna—
Immediakaly. for ater Abort
rmmediahely) ahorks transmastion. Stadion A debecta elbeston at time. ty tshon it
weeetvor He Lina bet of #' CS frame, False immediate!
sy J AES frames Palio mally
Pooler at fhe fgue wo we. Rab A chanamits
Ha churabion yb, , @ fremamits for He alurabon
bby.
, The hranamission Al prone Rouge
A ime ba , the Prbnamussrod
Incomplete, vs aboked , af diene ”
Bis pore though infenplle , 0 aboted .
Miniiowm roma Sire :
For esr} on wok We nood a i n
on He frame. “12e- , Before aorcirg
Usdedkvon muak dalek oO
Gomafed Flow agra c hoon in fag tha
hrm pu col, bad ane ave. sc Lifer
© Ta Derek cbperewe’ ts the eadelbar of HO porsetanca
_ We ned |e rene Ka Chamel befme- tne ef
serdine fe frame wing one of fho. persone. prwues
gn) es Cron poresrtonk, 1 pestfent @
a cian va Ro frome fein . dn ftonn
we don dronantt Re tone endive frre
Ken wart fer an achnowledremedd
Dn esmal cn tien and the adlizvon atelechtoy
a conbsrmous proau, We dow ad the endve.
ard How oe fore aellscron . The Slakion tranemats
| Conhauoualy. ad simallencouesly (using a differed
he
rs tie waelmp tb Ato dd denn 3 « dataset,
pews .We natant. pronifer’ in exdor le Acbect one'd
Ko Onclipone . ctor bt transmiceron le fined or
QAlicron is elected. Grier ovedh tpt. taron . lohan
Come oud of fho- loop Jif Ableton bas pot bear. delerhel,
Hb meant PRod drton oF complete. , Ro erdbre. i
Rami lbed, bfhowise a- GA liston 1 ey
Ort att diff 4 sending of a. sh jana
Hab enforer a. Allston 9 cae Le.
fae not woh torsod He Collrcrn .
i B a clliwen, 4 ory ward able Ha. tranemseevon ,
Ths & 70 becomse. the. cdhuhen, one the ortire frome
i ord , does not heap < rat the frome. and
loos nel monitor the lve. for athaton oletecon »
There fre 7 to ame: raion dma. Tp mah
be et leash bso toe fhe mawimum propagahon tna. Tp.
Jebus thik abouk the worst care Scenario ,
—,, sfotrons jpvolved wD & Gollrston = ave
ota a he
mand Ree oft Be
be reach the feat
spat efadvor—
Mapimun Airdance
Jeleen time Tp 5 yeah the 2
Collision takes anether timo. TP
So the requiremed: os hab the te
ie .
put xbit be. fronamitiog after 27 “&
2
The rep [DP proto suite wes darelaped
pror & the oof Model, Trofore te you ov the
tela? petal cuite do net arnactly. match these tte.
OSE mech). The. niger rep [9? probed suite @ad
| afr as having four byew.
Hot: te netsh, internet, teampol. Zend apptcaton
However, shen TeP|EP os cenpared OST. wo can
ay Hab Flo fost-b reboot layer & 2quivalod b the.
Combination of He pte aod date link lagers.
“Tha inberak layer puivnlanh & Re. tho
layer, and the applieabon layer in roughly dong he
gob of ta. senior, prosentahen a applenton legocs with,
fe rans port layer tn rerloPr fabiy fare f- pole
fhe Auber of Re cenion layer. So py Mikagdhetle
goo cuume dap te Ter he profocdd auile t
"ta Hace fagost heyort He ost Hel
howoner ane pr represented un rer |EP yy «yes byor called apptichon layer
Spee -
eae [SCE ser)
EAE oe
se gL tat st-tehoob)
Eee d mberacbre moduler
Ter [EP protocol
gach q wabe pes. = sph finder lner,
He moolules. are aot necuarly tnborolepondod Coherecas lo
Bet moclel specs shih fuachors belong & eck. a ls
layers, Re fhe or [TP pwetee) suite tonharn
geleby 7 proteas Hot aan be. robe and
on the needs fo apten. The.
fem Aecardieal Y reang that topper Lonel prosksiel
- Auppobed & ene oF More, bener level probrcals,
M dhe transpooh L layer Ter keP Aefiner 2
pobeels > Thien aoakel Potro (Te), tuo Debeyme
Protocol (usr) ard Fhream Brtrel Trans tourer Pooeol
ey ef ee ®
Aiferal ly Teper a Phe. Trbernehoorbing Preboeol (1)
ee
The transmission Anko! Protocol (rer) provider
af Rrarspok — yer Aorvites to aappltcathons » TCP
tea qeliable Cheam ‘trantpob pofoed The derm
Sirea , tn Rie Grhert, meank eonnechon - prioaked |
he Connechion mush be estaldisded bfro bef encle. gx
coansmiccron before aithor Can transmit dafa.
At the. dercling— ena focnk transmission ,
ae Sati Le Gh aode Sain
a bh. Fach, yn a
Aequene. amber’ ier EO. receipt
fagetfer with an acknowt camenl- number fr he
meal received . Snel are. cared acess
dhe internal intide 4 xP hap rame . At tho. veeatvir
end , TCP Coblechs each dede gram as iF Bmoe to
anl Yenwlort Ra Axion buod on eg nonce.
punters . Top # drscosw
Wer Dubagran Iadoel_ (un?)
Cre Uap b He cimpbr d the len
Branded 0p [LP benspot joole TRG @ proces
bb pres protocol Hab adds only pot add yeuer
Checksum — exror Conk! , and length informebson ke date from the upper lager .
Grex lorbel Transmission Prboeol
eCtP prrvieles supp pr nawer applradons
fucka yore ever the inlend of ix a dyangpot loyer
piefood Tp enbice tie bed focburoe of upp and
TR.
Frbenebwesting Foboeel (7)
oe a Re transmission mechanism vaca by te.
-we iP protredds Th & an unekalfe. and Caneckorley
patrol — a best effoP delivery service .
the berm best ofPnt meant Hiab EP provider.
Hew erer checbae or tracking . eiceacaternuertal Fhe.
Lorebiahkty gf the tinderlyag layert wo and leas ihe
best & qt we tenemiccion Theeugghe bike debnadion ,
bub voit No quaruleot .
ct ranspobs cabs in packet Oxted clgma
aah colts is trarapoted sseparabely Dekegroas
can travel along. cliffered rules, ancl on artic
cub Sequence or be. obupbbatel IP coer ade
hap Frck of Be whe el bes te fuoily fr
veer: dlatagramd. one ara. at this
bubs. “t The limiled funebooakte- of TP should Se he.
Conitlored a weakner®, howener . LP provides Lave -
boner, fransmicsion funehons Heb free fhe- turer
aad only Rosa. fanisbes. rwcnvog) fore J
appbeaken and Povey. allowe for maxcinuun efPuicncy Dek Lok Lonbel Pobce] &
Tuo Mein frechront of olate lnk layer ate.
Bab. Lik om eo deals worth ae an
Media Aceew = ps :
Mehe. bik. Control rears w ia! a
{low and anor Orkil, ard cofhona inplecrerbal ©
Prtonts cel provide AesR. end! nell, tres of
free. Yo ners:
& protraks ave there . Too for voiceless
(iter) ghannel and 3 frome ckeonels. (pel):
Hy bere) Dele Linke Cont| pote!
Peper bebe oriented goto
Baba Lok lho! Protocol .
HoL.C + chi abtonented _protoud for Emmuntioden
over prnt-b-pemnk and multiple links,
Sh ents ARO bch
AO ( Bubonake nf eee
Brew corel alleys the. ‘eeeryor Inform fe.
Aerder of ad prance loch a damaged (2 theaas miso
ard Coordincrber the qeteens mission of frose fomee
be the Sender - vopers primate & metteds of enor cletechoo
ard hansmicsion .
fme an ener os deleted cr an exchape ,
pees ted feemes are. robrourims tool. This proces i
ng cautomake repeal yepuset CARO)
Csrbequretiona ard Tarafer Modes
Princes Ababon Can serd command ane!
a ery ban only. orp:
WARM cs wesl fe bot poink- le —pomnh and
multe. poiot Ink,
a Seenchey ®
Se condos Sevonchryy
Fama
Clee pe be
<—[Bews) chines. de Boe. Sf ie foot bit
fe aallol “Pall 6b, HBr manne He. eine: can
L-feme . the nowt @ bike are called N(S) chfine
he ropuone. number of tke frane. Nole Rab-
wth 3 kh, We tan tne a pone. 0. bho O&T
but in the atenion fovmat 2a ashich, Ho corkel fell a @ bbe, thie field vx larger . The. lah bibs ,
dalled N( ) upd le the. Acknousledgment no.
a th wed. Tho gindle Lt beleorn
NIg) and Ie ts Called PIF bib. The Phe field
isa ingle bit with. a dual purpose St has moanin
ot whon it i Sob (bteD and Gn mear jel or fine,
eae froma. a ek ly
ce a Aeordan (whan He adohow a
te fa ae gh py
Ho frame is sent by a second: see ye
Gobel Field for SPs
Ssporviserd. fmmer are elle fluo and
giwr Grhel shenower Pa bes i ilar imposcibfe
os Inapprpriake. (25. Se eilher has no
ade 4 tte coon & Serd or niady kod 2 Bomnad ow
yeepense ofka- fran ah acknolepamerd )
@ frame. clo nek have. informabion fink Tf the
ast @ bts oe Jo, this moans #ha
es eda of frame. he hit bhs, called N(R)
Gorrexponda, it Re acknowl number (ACK) w
hegahye. Ackaowdledgmerd- punter (Nak) s
onthe Hoe of 5 frome